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From threat to opportunity: Gaming the algorithmic system as a service external link
Abstract
Gaming the system – i.e., strategic attempts to manipulate the input(s) for, or one’s interactions with, an algorithmic system to try to secure a better outcome than intended by the system’s design – is commonly portrayed as a threat to online platforms and services. Tech companies often use this gaming concern to justify their reluctance to provide algorithmic transparency. In this paper, however, we will explore a new business model in the digital economy we call gaming-the-system-as-a-service (GaaS). In this model, transparency promises are wrapped into an assisted gaming service and sold as a premium feature. This way, the alleged risk of transparency – gaming the system – is turned into a monetisation feature for service providers. As such, GaaS is a typical example of how tech companies can attempt to turn regulatory pressures (e.g., to provide more insight into how its algorithmic curation and recommendation systems work) into a commercial opportunity. To begin to rethink our normative and regulatory approaches to the interface of transparency and gaming, we perform a first exploration of several potential challenges posed by this new business model. First, GaaS is entwined with an incentive structure that is hostile to consumers and exploitative in nature. Second, GaaS is essentially a pay-to-win feature, raising questions of equality and fairness. Third, the commodification of transparency through GaaS can ‘taint’ and erode transparency as an important democratic value.
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False sense of security and a flurry of misplaced trust: the construction of trust in and by Facebook external link
Abstract
In this research, we highlight the fundamental forces that shape the dynamics of trust in the digital society by examining how platform-specific and platform-mediated trust is constructed on Facebook. We define three potential pillars of trust considerations on which user trust in and on the platform may rest: (1) self-confidence in recognizing and hedging platform-related risks, (2) trust in the platform’s self-regulatory capacity, and (3) governmental platform regulation. We test our hypotheses on a unique cross-national survey covering seven European countries. Our results show that platform-specific trust is based on the perceived trustworthiness of the operating company and self-confidence in protection, but these two factors are less effective in building trust when either of them is lower, suggesting their amplifying rather than complementing role in building trust.
trust
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A systematic literature review of security and privacy by design principles, norms, and strategies for digital technologies external link
Abstract
This paper offers a comparative systematic literature review of the key principles, norms, and strategies associated with Security by Design (SbD) and Privacy by Design (PbD). Both frameworks are grounded in the idea that security and privacy should be integral components of digital technologies from the very beginning of the design process. Following PRISMA guidelines, we reviewed 82 documents sourced from databases such as the ACM Digital Library, EBSCO Library, IEEE Xplore, ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science. Our analysis reveals that SbD and PbD share four fundamental principles: prevention/proactiveness, embeddedness, user-centricity, and transparency. The review also highlights the solid regulatory foundation of PbD, particularly under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), compared to the emerging regulatory context for SbD. Additionally, we explore a range of strategies, from organizational cultural changes to technical interventions, that illustrate the nuanced approaches taken to implement these paradigms. We conclude by discussing the broader implications of these findings and suggesting directions for future research, aiming to contribute to the development of technologies that are both secure and respectful of privacy, while also advocating for integrated frameworks that enhance digital trust.
Privacy, Software design
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AI governance in the spotlight: an empirical analysis of Dutch political parties’ strategies for the 2023 elections external link
Abstract
AI-based technologies are having an increasing impact on society, which raises the question of how this technology will be addressed politically. Thereby, political actors have a dual role to play: They can provide investment to enhance the development and subsequent adoption of these systems while also bearing the responsibility of safeguarding citizens from harm. Hereby, the degree of politicization of the topic, i.e. if a topic is part of the public and political debate, has an immense influence on the political approach to tackle the issue. The more a topic is politicized, the more urgency political parties experience to develop concrete governance approaches. Yet, existing research has not analyzed party programs in terms of discourse around artificial intelligence and policy recommendations. This study focuses on the Netherlands and explores how Dutch political parties discuss AI in their political programs for the 2023 election. We conducted a manual content analysis of all party manifestos for the 2023 elections. Our analysis shows that most parties do not place a big emphasis on AI. And if so, most of the policy proposals are rather reactive to issues that happened in the past, rather than taking a prospective governance approach.
Artificial intelligence, governance, Politics
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The Harmonized Law of Streaming in the Eu – A Copyright and Related Rights Perspective download
Abstract
EU law does not contain a distinct set of rules seeking to regulate various types of streaming services. Instead, the harmonized rules governing streaming services follow from individual pieces of EU legislation – ranging from rules on online broadcasting to a specific liability regime for platforms allowing users to upload and share content – and decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union (‘CJEU’). The following analysis, first, provides an overview of the exclusive rights that must be taken into account in streaming scenarios. This discussion also addresses the exemption of temporary acts of copying that may cover the reception of streaming content by users (section 2). Rights clearance questions occupy centre stage in sections 3 (general services, such as Netflix) and 4 (platforms for user-generated content (‘UGC’), such as YouTube). Section 5 raises the issue of content filtering obligations in the specific legal regime for on-demand streaming of content uploaded by users. Section 6 takes a closer look at copyright limitations that may become relevant in streaming cases, including private copying rules and the exemption of quotations, parodies and pastiches. Section 7 explains the remarkable extension of the concept of ‘communication to the public’ to the provision of streaming equipment for illegal content and infrastructures for illegal file-sharing. It also examines the legal framework for website blocking. In section 8, the results of the analysis will be summarized.
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Copyright
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Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie 4 oktober 2024 (Maximilian Schrems / Meta Platforms Ireland) download
Abstract
Verzoek om een prejudiciële beslissing krachtens artikel 267 VWEU, ingediend door het Oberste Gerichtshof (hoogste federale rechter in burgerlijke en strafzaken, Oostenrijk) bij beslissing van 23 juni 2021. Bescherming van natuurlijke personen in verband met de verwerking van persoonsgegevens. Online sociale netwerken. Algemene gebruiksvoorwaarden in verband met overeenkomsten tussen een digitaal platform en een gebruiker. Gepersonaliseerde reclame. Beginsel van doelbinding. Beginsel van minimale gegevensverwerking. Verwerking van bijzondere categorieën van persoonsgegevens. Gegevens betreffende de seksuele geaardheid. Gegevens die door de betrokkene openbaar zijn gemaakt.
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Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie van de EU 4 oktober 2024 (Koninklijke Nederlandse Lawn Tennisbond / Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens) download
Abstract
Verzoek om een prejudiciële beslissing ingediend door de Rechtbank Amsterdam (Nederland) bij beslissing van 22 september 2022. Bescherming van natuurlijke personen in verband met de verwerking van persoonsgegevens. Rechtmatigheid van de verwerking. Verwerking die noodzakelijk is voor de behartiging van de gerechtvaardigde belangen van de verwerkingsverantwoordelijke of van een derde. Begrip ‘gerechtvaardigd belang’. Commercieel belang. Sportbond. Mededeling tegen betaling van de persoonsgegevens van de leden van een sportbond aan sponsoren zonder de toestemming van die leden.
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Access to Justice and LLMs external link
Abstract
The legal system can be a fortress. While anyone can freely read their country’s laws, much more is needed to grasp the complexity of the legal system. Lawyers train for years to gain the skills to engage with the law. Yet, LLM-based chatbots provide billions of people now with access to this, often almost esoteric, type of knowledge. Though far from perfect, LLMs have nevertheless produced a societal revolution in the provision of legal services and access to justice for years to come.