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Laying Competition to Waste: The Economics of Resale, Recycling, and Upcycling download
Abstract
This chapter analyzes upcycling through an economic lens. First, it discusses the similarities and differences between resale, recycling, and upcycling from an economic perspective. Next, it analyzes the incentives for producers in the primary market to engage with these markets further down the lifecycle of a product. The author argues that companies with sufficient market power in their primary market often have an incentive to try to control such aftermarkets, particularly in the case of resale or upcycling, in order to price discriminate in the primary market or to reduce competition in their primary market. Subsequently, the chapter discusses the role of IPRs in this and analyzes from a normative economic perspective (incentive rationale for IPRs), whether IPRs should grant producers control over resale and upcycling.
competition, economical aspects, upcycling
RIS
Bibtex
Platform Governance and Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence: Positioning the DSA in the EU’s Legal Framework external link
Abstract
This post examines technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) as a systemic phenomenon and maps the main EU legal instruments available to address it—including the AI Act, the GDPR, the Directive on combating violence against women and domestic violence, and the DSA. It argues that while the DSA’s systemic risk framework is particularly well suited to tackling the structural drivers of TFGBV, its promise has yet to be realised in practice through implementation and enforcement.
Digital Services Act (DSA), platform governance
RIS
Bibtex
Misleading Claims about the Secondary Publication Right external link
The governance of technology, the government of the self and of others external link
Copyright, Freedom of Expression and the World Cup: Opening keynote speech delivered at ALAI Congress 2026, Copyright and Free Expression in the Age of Algorithms, The Hague, 18 June 2026 download
EU copyright law roundup – second trimester of 2026 external link
Who Do Parties Target?: Worldwide Evidence on Political Microtargeting external link
Abstract
This chapter examines how political parties around the world design and implement targeting strategies in their digital campaigns, highlighting both common practices and important differences across contexts. It asks: How prevalent is political microtargeting across the globe, and how does its use vary across countries and parties? To answer this, the chapter draws on a unique dataset of Facebook and Instagram political advertisements placed during 113 national elections in 95 countries between 2020 and 2022, covering more than 54,000 advertisers and 2.5 million ads. The analysis shows that digital targeting has become a near-universal campaign feature, though its specific use reflects institutional, regulatory, and political conditions. Most campaigns employ relatively simple criteria such as location and demographics, rather than the highly sophisticated methods often assumed in public debates. The chapter concludes by discussing implications for research and regulation, stressing the need to link studies of digital campaigning more closely with theories of party competition and democratic accountability.
Links
political microtargeting
RIS
Bibtex
Private Enforcement of the Digital Services Act (DSA)
Abstract
The Digital Services Act (DSA) represents a significant shift in EU digital regulation, aiming to create a safe, predictable, and trustworthy online environment whilst protecting fundamental rights. While public oversight and co-regulation by the European Commission and national Digital Services Coordinators (DSCs) have already attracted significant attention, this paper considers the underappreciated role of private litigation in enforcing the DSA. It examines a spectrum of DSA provisions – Articles 14, 25 and 35 – that could play a key role in the private enforcement of platform obligations and user rights. We situate these provisions within broader European private law debates, connecting them to principles of procedural autonomy, the effectiveness of EU law, and established doctrines of tort and contract liability. By analysing different DSA obligations across a range of topics, from content moderation to systemic risk management, we aim to identify potential pathways, as well as obstacles, for tech accountability through European courts.
Links
Digital Services Act (DSA), enforcement, Regulation