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Cultural diversity in the digital age: EU competences, policies and regulations for diverse audiovisual and online content external link
Abstract
Cultural diversity is a multifaceted concept that differs from the notion of media pluralism. However, the two concepts share important concerns particularly as regards content production, content distribution and access to content. This chapter considers the EU’s role in contributing to diverse audiovisual and online content and assesses its limits.<br />
Although a signatory of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, the ability of the EU to foster cultural diversity in the digital environment is confined on account of its constrained competences in the field of audiovisual media and online content. Notwithstanding, the EU develops a number of substantive policies that benefit the creation and circulation of cultural content either in an explicit or in an implicit manner. Following a value-chain approach, this chapter discusses the complementary role of various EU sectoral regulations towards this aim. The analysis focuses on the Audiovisual Media Services (AVMS) Directive (Directive 2007/65/EC – 2010/13/EU) and various aspects of the EU regulatory framework for electronic communications, particularly in relation to non-discriminatory access to bottlenecks in the distribution infrastructure and online platforms.<br />
The chapter advances the argument that existing EU policies have an important role to play for ensuring the free circulation of, and access to, cultural content. At the same time, aside from the cultural quotas in the above mentioned AVMS Directive, EU activity is less prominent in the field of content production. The analysis concludes by stressing the complexity of promoting cultural diversity in light of both cultural content supply and demand considerations. It also emphasises the importance of emerging policy issues, in particular net neutrality and findability.
audiovisual content, competences, cultural diversity, European Union, Mediarecht, online content
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Accountability unchained: Bulk Data Retention, Preemptive Surveillance, and Transatlantic Data Protection external link
Abstract
The innovations on which today’s Internet proliferated have been a major gift from its founders and the US government to the world. Ever since the rise of the Internet it has attracted utopian ideas of a free and borderless cyberspace, a men-made global commons that serves an international community of users. First commercialization and now the prevalence of state surveillance have significantly depreciated the utopist patina. Internet’s borderless nature which was once heralded to rise above the nation state has actually enabled some states to rise above their borders when engaging in mass surveillance that affects users on a global scale. International human rights law and emerging Internet governance principles have not been authoritative enough to protect users’ privacy and the confidentiality of communications.
More or less openly, Western democracies embarked on the path of mass surveillance with the aim to fight crime and defend national security. This chapter’s focus is on the safeguards and accountability of mass surveillance in Europe and the US and how this affects transatlantic relations. It queries whether national systems of checks and balances are still adequate in relation to the growth and the globalization of surveillance capabilities. Lacking safeguards and accountability at the national level can exacerbate in the context of transnational surveillance. It can lead to asymmetries between countries which are precisely at the core of the transatlantic rift over mass surveillance. The chapter concludes with a brief review of proposals how to reduce them.
accountability, Democracy, electronic communications, Grondrechten, Privacy, Surveillance
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International Assistance and Media Democratization in the Western Balkans: A Cross-National Comparison external link
Abstract
International media assistance programs accompanied the democratic media transition in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia and Serbia with varying intensity. These countries untertook a range of media reforms to conform with accession requirements of the European Union (EU) and the standards of the Council of Europe, among others. This article explores the nexus between the democratic transformation of the media and international media assistance (IMA) as constrained by the local political conditions in the five countries of the Western Balkans. It aims to enhance the understanding of conditions and factors that influence media institution building in the region and evaluates the role of international assistance programs and conditionality mechanisms herein.
The cross-national analysis concludes that the effects of IMA are highly constrained by the local context. A decade of IMA of varying intensity is not sufficient to construct media institutions when, in order to function properly, they have to outperform their local context. From today’s vantage point it becomes obvious, that in the short-term scaling-up IMA does not necessarily improve outcomes. The experiences in the region suggest that imported solutions have not been sufficiently cognitive of all aspects of local conditions and international strategies have tended to be rather schematic and have lacked strategic approaches to promote media policy stability, credible media reform and implementation. To a certain extent, the loss of IMA effectiveness is also self-inflicted.
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cross-national comparison, Democratic transformation, international media assistance, media institutions, Mediarecht, Western Balkan countries
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Privacy in het Post-NSA tijdperk: tijd voor een fundamentele herziening? external link
Abstract
De recente NSA-affaire heeft een brede technologische ontwikkeling blootgelegd waarin zeer grote hoeveelheden persoonsgegevens worden verzameld, opgeslagen en verwerkt, zonder dat dit een vooraf en helder bepaald doel heeft. Alhoewel dit evidente privacyproblemen met zich meebrengt, lijken de meeste privacydoctrines, waarvan in Europa de belangrijkste artikel 8 EVRM is, niet toegesneden op deze nieuwe ontwikkeling.
Grondrechten, Privacy
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Privacy in the Post-NSA Era: Time for a Fundamental Revision? external link
Abstract
Big Brother Watch and others have filed a complaint against the United Kingdom under the European Convention on Human Rights about a violation of Article 8, the right to privacy. It regards the NSA affair and UK-based surveillance activities operated by secret services. The question is whether it will be declared admissible and, if so, whether the European Court of Human Rights will find a violation. This article discusses three possible challenges for these types of complaints and analyses whether the current privacy paradigm is still adequate in view of the development known as Big Data.
Grondrechten, Privacy
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Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 3 april 2014 (Hi Hotel / Spoering) external link
Abstract
Internationale bevoegdheid rechter bij grensoverschrijdende inbreuk auteursrecht. EEX-Verordening (EG) nr. 44/2001. Bepaling van plaats waar schadebrengende feit zich heeft voorgedaan. Plaats van intreden beweerde schade.
Auteursrecht, EEX-Verordening nr. 44/2001, grensoverschrijdende inbreuk, Intellectuele eigendom, plaats van intreden schade
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Annotatie bij Vzr. Rb. Den Haag 24 februari 2014 (SDC Verifier / Femto Engineering) external link
Abstract
Vordering wapperverbod. Software door auteurs in meerdere landen gemaakt. Internationaal privaatrecht. Conflictregel. Vraag aan wie auteursrechten toekomen beheerst door recht van elk land waarvoor bescherming wordt ingeroepen (lex protectionis).
Auteursrecht, conflictregel, Intellectuele eigendom, internationaal privaatrecht, lex protectionis, Software, wapperverbod
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Deltaplan voor online privacy & beveiliging external link
Filteren is gewoon censuur, en daarmee basta external link
Abstract
De informele methoden waarmee Justitie en politie de toegang tot bepaalde sites proberen te beletten zijn een vorm van door de Grondwet verboden censuur.
Grondrechten, Vrijheid van meningsuiting