@article{nokey,

title = {No Trademark Protection for Artworks in the Public Domain \textendash A Practical Guide to the Application of Public Order and Morality as Grounds for Refusal},

author = {Senftleben, M.},

url = {https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/71/1/3/6349172

https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/grurint_2022_1.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikab107},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-11},

journal = {GRUR International},

volume = {71},

number = {1},

pages = {3-17},

abstract = {With its 2017 landmark decision in Vigeland, the Court of Justice of the European Free Trade Association States (EFTA Court) has paved the way for the invocation of public order and morality as grounds for refusal when trademark protection is sought for cultural expressions in the public domain. Dealing with an attempt to register artworks of the famous Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland as trademarks, the EFTA Court took this step to safeguard the public domain status of literary and artistic works after the expiry of copyright, shield cultural creations against ‘commercial greed’ and ensure the freedom of the arts.1 Trademark examiners and judges seeking to follow in the footsteps of the EFTA Court, however, may find it difficult to operationalize the Vigeland criteria and put corresponding arguments for refusal into practice. Against this background, the following analysis provides guidelines for the practical application of public order and morality arguments in cultural heritage cases. It describes problems arising from the grant of trademark rights in cultural public domain material (Section I) and the traditional reluctance of trademark offices and courts to rely on public order and morality considerations in this context (Section II). After this statement of the problem, the criteria following from the Vigeland decision will be introduced (Section III) before we explore the practical implementation of the EFTA Court’s morality (Section IV) and public order (Section V) arguments in more detail. The final Section VI summarizes the results of the analysis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {The rise of NFTs: These aren't the droids you're looking for},

author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Giannopoulou, A. and Quintais, J. and Mezei, P.},

url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4000423},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-04},

journal = {European Intellectual Property Review},

abstract = {Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are hailed as revolutionary tools that will empower artists and revolutionize copyright management and remuneration. This article explores their copyright relevance, and it describes how copyright might apply in relation to NFT creation and trading. In doing so, it provides an overview of the ecosystem of actors built around NFTs, and it analyzes the role of these actors according to the European copyright normative framework.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {EU copyright law round up \textendash fourth trimester of 2021},

author = {Trapova, A. and Quintais, J.},

url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/12/27/eu-copyright-law-round-up-fourth-trimester-of-2021/},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-12-27},

journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Choice Architectures in the Digital Economy: Towards a New Understanding of Digital Vulnerability},

author = {Helberger, N. and Sax, M. and Strycharz, J. and Micklitz, H.-W.},

url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10603-021-09500-5},

doi = {10.1007/s10603-021-09500-5},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-12-22},

journal = {Journal of Consumer Policy},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Social Welfare, Risk Profiling and Fundamental Rights: The Case of SyRI in the Netherlands},

author = {Appelman, N. and Fahy, R. and van Hoboken, J.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/jipitec_2021_4.pdf

https://www.jipitec.eu/issues/jipitec-12-4-2021/5407},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-12-16},

journal = {JIPITEC},

volume = {12},

number = {4},

pages = {257-271},

abstract = {This article discusses the use of automated decisioning-making (ADM) systems by public administrative bodies, particularly systems designed to combat social-welfare fraud, from a European fundamental rights law perspective. The article begins by outlining the emerging fundamental rights issues in relation to ADM systems used by public administrative bodies. Building upon this, the article critically analyses a recent landmark judgment from the Netherlands and uses this as a case study for discussion of the application of fundamental rights law to ADM systems by public authorities more generally. In the so-called SyRI judgment, the District Court of The Hague held that a controversial automated welfare-fraud detection system (SyRI), which allows the linking and analysing of data from an array of government agencies to generate fraud-risk reports on people, violated the right to private life, guaranteed under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The Court held that SyRI was insufficiently transparent, and contained insufficient safeguards, to protect the right to privacy, in violation of Article 8 ECHR. This was one of the first times an ADM system being used by welfare authorities has been halted on the basis of Article 8 ECHR. The article critically analyses the SyRI judgment from a fundamental rights perspective, including by examining how the Court brought principles contained in the General Data Protection Regulation within the rubric of Article 8 ECHR as well as the importance the Court attaches to the principle of transparency under Article 8 ECHR. Finally, the article discusses how the Dutch government responded to the judgment. and discusses proposed new legislation, which is arguably more invasive, with the article concluding with some lessons that can be drawn for the broader policy and legal debate on ADM systems used by public authorities. implications.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {YouTube Copyright Transparency Report: Overblocking is real},

author = {Keller, P.},

url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/12/09/youtube-copyright-transparency-report-overblocking-is-real/},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-12-10},

urldate = {2021-12-10},

journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 25 mei 2021 (Big Brother Watch e.a. / Verenigd Koninkrijk) en Hof van Justitie EU 6 oktober 2020 (La Quadrature du Net e.a. / Premier ministre e.a.)},

author = {Dommering, E.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_2021_362.pdf},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-12-07},

journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie},

number = {49},

pages = {6225-6237},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Annotatie bij Hof Arnhem-Leeuwarden 25 mei 2021 (Atlantic/Marell Boats)},

author = {van Eechoud, M.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_Auteursrecht_2021_4.pdf},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-12-02},

journal = {Auteursrecht},

number = {4},

pages = {228-229},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@inbook{nokey,

title = {AI-JAX},

author = {Gervais, D.J.},

isbn = {9789403537337},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-30},

booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},

pages = {437-448},

publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},

series = {Information Law Series},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{nokey,

title = {'Voetbal Hoort niet bij Robots': Attitudes Regarding the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Refereeing},

author = {Helberger, N. and Zarouali, B.},

isbn = {9789403537337},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-30},

booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},

pages = {395-409},

publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},

series = {Information Law Series},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{nokey,

title = {Database Rights in the EU's Data Strategy: A Question of Sport?},

author = {van Eechoud, M.},

isbn = {9789403537337},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-30},

booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},

pages = {251-261},

publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},

series = {Information Law Series},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{nokey,

title = {Sacrificing the Gods on the Altar of Sports: The Redefinition of Cultural Symbols in the Sports Sector},

author = {Senftleben, M.},

isbn = {9789403537337},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-30},

booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},

pages = {233-247},

publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},

series = {Information Law Series},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{nokey,

title = {An Economic Note on Reselling Tickets},

author = {Poort, J.},

isbn = {9789403537337},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-30},

booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},

pages = {211-216},

publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},

series = {Information Law Series},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{nokey,

title = {Do We Need More Copyright Protection for Sports Events?},

author = {Quintais, J.},

isbn = {9789403537337},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-30},

booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},

pages = {143-156},

publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},

series = {Information Law Series},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{nokey,

title = {Sports as Policy Levers in Intellectual Property Lawmaking},

author = {van Gompel, S.},

isbn = {9789403537337},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-30},

urldate = {2021-11-30},

booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},

pages = {119-130},

publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},

series = {Information Law Series},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{nokey,

title = {'The Portrait of a Gentleman'- The Cruijff Case},

author = {Dommering, E.},

isbn = {9789403537337},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-30},

booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},

pages = {75-84},

publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},

series = {Information Law Series},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{nokey,

title = {Introduction: An Information Law Approach to Intellectual Property and Sports},

author = {Senftleben, M. and Poort, J. and van Eechoud, M. and van Gompel, S. and Helberger, N.},

isbn = {9789403537337},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-30},

urldate = {2021-11-30},

booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},

pages = {3-11},

publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},

series = {Information Law Series},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Het coronabeleid is onconstitutioneel},

author = {Dommering, E.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/NJB_Opinie_2021.pdf},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-25},

journal = {Nederlands Juristenblad (NJB)},

number = {41},

pages = {3396-3398},

abstract = {De Staat is verplicht om in te grijpen bij het uitbreken van een pandemie van een gevaarlijke ziekte en moet dan maatregelen treffen om deze zoveel mogelijk in te dammen. Maar daarbij hoort een ingewikkelde afweging van conflicterende fundamentele rechten, belangen en redelijkerwijze van de ingreep te verwachten gevolgen. Deze noodzakelijke grondrechtelijke toetsing was, is en blijft maar achterwege bij de coronamaat-regelen die in Nederland uitgevaardigd worden.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@online{nokey,

title = {The Regulatory Landscape for Copyright Content Moderation: Evaluation and Future Trajectories},

author = {Quintais, J. and Kowalewska Jahromi, H. and Mezei, P. and Priora, G. and Reda, J. and Riis, T. and Schwemer, S. and Szkalej, K.},

url = {https://www.recreating.eu/2021/10/19/webinar-16-november-the-regulatory-landscape-for-copyright-content-moderation-evaluation-and-future-trajectories/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HketusMjEFk},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-25},

abstract = {This webinar took place on 16 November 2021 and addressed the current status and future avenues for copyright content moderation in EU law, including a discussion on the rules on liability for online content-sharing service providers.},

note = {Webinar ReCreating Europe 16 November 2021},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {online}

}

@techreport{nokey,

title = {Webharvesting},

author = {Senftleben, M. and van Gompel, S. and Helmond, A. and Schumacher, L.D. and Ausloos, J. and van Hoboken, J. and Quintais, J.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Webharvesting_WODC.pdf},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-25},

urldate = {2021-11-25},

abstract = {Aan het volgende onderzoeksrapport ligt de doelstelling ten grondslag om te inventariseren wat juridisch, beleidsmatig en technisch nodig is om webharvesting mogelijk te maken, onder meer in de vorm van een zogenaamde nationale “domeincrawl”: het systematische kopi\"{e}ren en archiveren van webpagina’s die een afspiegeling vormen van de Nederlandse sociale, culturele, economische, juridische, politieke en wetenschappelijke geschiedenis online.},

note = {Onderzoek in opdracht van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum (WODC), 20 september 2021, WODC rapport 3142.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{nokey,

title = {Study on emerging issues on collective licensing practices in the digital environment},

author = {Bulayenko, O. and van Gompel, S. and and Handke, C. and Peeters, R. and Poort, J. and Quintais, J. and Regeczi, D.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Study_on_collective_practices_in_the_digital_environment.pdf

https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/reports-collective-management-and-extended-licensing},

doi = {10.2759/611658},

isbn = {978-92-76-39981-0},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-25},

abstract = {Collective management of copyright and related rights is an important element of the copyright system. First and foremost, it can ensure that rightholders reap greater rewards. By exploiting economies of scale and network effects, collective management can also make markets for copyright licences more efficient, to benefit users and other stakeholders. This study examines two central aspects of collective management of copyright and related rights in Europe.

Part I documents the development of multi-territorial licensing of online rights in musical works in the European Economic Area (EEA) under Title III of Directive 2014/26/EU on Collective management of copyright and related rights and multi-territorial licensing of rights in musical works for online use in the internal market (CRM Directive). It highlights the consequences of legal and regulatory reform, based on pervasive quantitative and qualitative data \textendash produced in surveys, interviews and a workshop with stakeholders \textendash and collected among collective management organisations (CMOs), rightholders, online music service providers, and national competent authorities.

Part II examines national mechanisms of collective licensing with an extended effect and comprehensive network of national experts, complemented by surveys of CMOs, as well as interviews with national competent authorities. 

The present study provides a legal and economic analysis that can serve as input for the European Commission to draft the reports required by Article 40 of the CRM Directive and Article 12(6) of the Directive 2019/790/EU on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market (DSM Directive).



},

note = {Study written by Ecorys, IViR and Erasmus University Rotterdam, commissioned by the European Commission.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 8 september 2020 (RAAP/PPI)},

author = {van Eechoud, M.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_Auteursrecht_2021_2.pdf},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-23},

journal = {Auteursrecht},

volume = {2021},

number = {2},

pages = {77-79},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {The perils of legally defining disinformation},

author = {Fahy, R. and Helberger, N. and Appelman, N.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/InternetPolicyReview_2021.pdf},

doi = {10.14763/2021.4.1584},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-12},

journal = {Internet Policy Review},

volume = {10},

number = {4},

abstract = {EU policy considers disinformation to be harmful content, rather than illegal content. However, EU member states have recently been making disinformation illegal. This article discusses the definitions that form the basis of EU disinformation policy, and analyses national legislation in EU member states applicable to the definitions of disinformation, in light of freedom of expression and the proposed Digital Services Act. The article discusses the perils of defining disinformation in EU legislation, and including provisions on online platforms being required to remove illegal content, which may end up being applicable to overbroad national laws criminalising false news and false information.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@techreport{nokey,

title = {Evaluatie PNR Wet},

author = {Irion, K. and Es, R. van and Meeren, K. van der and Dijkman, D.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/evaluatie-pnr-wet-1.pdf

https://repository.wodc.nl/handle/20.500.12832/3118},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-11},

abstract = {Op 18 juni 2019 is de Wet gebruik van passagiersgegevens voor de bestrijding van terroristische en ernstige misdrijven (PNR-wet) in werking getreden. Deze wet verplicht de luchtvaartmaatschappijen om passagiersgegevens van elke vlucht die in Nederland vertrekt of aankomt te verstrekken aan de Passagiersinformatie-eenheid Nederland (Pi-NL). De Pi-NL mag krachtens deze wet verzamelde passagiersgegevens uitsluitend verwerken voor het voorkomen, opsporen, onderzoeken en vervolgen van terroristische misdrijven en ernstige criminaliteit. Met de aanname van de PNR-wet voldoet de Nederlandse wetgever aan zijn plicht om de EU-richtlijn 2016/681 (PNR-richtlijn) te implementeren. Dit onderzoek vervult de verplichting uit artikel 25 van de PNR-wet dat twee jaar na de inwerkingtreding van de wet een evaluatie dient plaats te vinden van de doeltreffendheid en de effecten van deze wet in de praktijk. Deze evaluatie is ook gericht op de naleving van de privacywaarborgen en op de verwerking van passagiersgegevens van intra-EU-vluchten. De periode waarop deze evaluatie betrekking heeft, loopt van de inwerkingtreding van de wet op 18 juni 2019 tot 5 juli 2021},

note = {WODC Rapport 3181, geschreven door K. Irion, R. van Es (IViR), K. van der Meeren & D. Dijkman (It's Public), november 2021},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@inbook{nokey,

title = {From Risk to Reward? The DSA's risk-based approach to disinformation},

author = {Pentney, K. and McGonagle, T.},

url = {https://rm.coe.int/iris-special-2021-01en-dsa-package/1680a43e45},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-28},

urldate = {2021-10-28},

booktitle = {Unravelling the Digital Services Act package', M. Cappello (ed.), IRIS Special, Strasbourg: European Audiovisual Observatory},

pages = {40-57},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@article{Janssen2021c,

title = {Persoonlijke PIMS: privacyfort of luchtkasteel?},

author = {Janssen, H.},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-28},

journal = {Privacy & Informatie},

number = {5},

pages = {214-225},

abstract = {Persoonsgegevens worden thans veelal op ondoorzichtige wijze, buiten de controle van de betrokkenen verwerkt. Persoonlijke informatiebeheersystemen (PIMS) willen betrokkenen technologische toepassingen aanreiken, die hun meer controle geven over de verwerking van hun persoonsgegevens. PIMS presenteren zich als alternatief voor de huidige, ‘gecentraliseerde’ wijze van gegevensverwerking, waarbij (grote) organisaties persoonsgegevens op meestal ondoorzichtige wijze verzamelen, analyseren en doorgeven aan derden. PIMS bieden betrokkenen technische instrumenten waarmee zij zelf kunnen controleren en bepalen wanneer en aan wie zijn hun gegevens overdragen, en/of analyses over hun gegevens kunnen laten uitvoeren. Hoewel argumenten voor deze ‘decentralisatie’

aantrekkelijk klinken, rijzen vragen over de mate waarin PIMS de problemen met de huidige gegevensverwerking effectief kunnen bestrijden. In dit artikel ligt de focus bij de vraag in hoeverre deze PIMS de machtsongelijkheid tussen betrokkenen en grote organisaties daadwerkelijk kunnen bestrijden, die als gevolg van de huidige gegevensverwerkingspraktijk zijn ontstaan. PIMS kunnen enig inzicht in en controle over gegevensverwerking bieden, maar desondanks zal de machtsongelijkheid grotendeels blijven voortbestaan.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@techreport{Daalen2021,

title = {The new rules for export control of cyber-surveillance items in the EU},

author = {van Daalen, O. and van Hoboken, J. and Koot, M. and Rucz, M.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Report-on-cybersurveillance-items.pdf},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-28},

abstract = {The European Union recently adopted new rules for the export control of dual use goods - the recast Dual Use Regulation. These rules also contain a new framework for export control of cyber-surveillance items. The Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs engaged the Institute for Information Law to write a report on the scope of this term and the application of this framework.



The study provides valuable insights on the application of the new Dual Use Regulation. One part of the study focuses on the definition. Most importantly, the authors contend that the term 'cyber-surveillance item' must be understood in light of the aim of the new framework, which is to prevent human rights infringements. In the report, an assessment is made whether five technologies fall within the scope of the definition. Another part focuses on the authorisation requirements. Here, the authors contend that inspiration can be drawn from the guidance on military export control, the Council Common Position. Finally, the authors suggest that the European Commission together with member states must provide further guidance on this new framework.  The report has been sent to the Dutch Parliament and presented to delegates of the European member states at the Dual Use Working Party.

},

note = {A report for the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs Amsterdam, June 2021},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@article{Giannopoulou2021,

title = {Putting Data Protection by Design on the Blockchain},

author = {Giannopoulou, A.},

doi = {10.21552/edpl/2021/3/7},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-22},

urldate = {2021-10-22},

journal = {European Data Protection Law Review},

volume = {7},

number = {3},

pages = {388-399},

abstract = {The principle of data protection by design, as it is enshrined in article 25 of the GDPR, is difficult to apply in blockchains. This article will assess how the reliance on asymmetric encryption and other privacy enhancing technological architectures -necessary in a blockchain-based system- approach both user control and data protection by design compliance from the single scope of anonymization and unlinkability. Data subjects’ rights, accountability, and the potential shortcomings of applied technological constraints are thus sidelined. Ultimately, this limited understanding of technological privacy, acts as a misguiding set of principles for technological co-regulation through standardisation in blockchains. The standardization of these choices without a holistic analysis of data protection by design imperatives could ultimately weaken the position of data subjects, whose trust in the technological protections of personal data might prove to be relatively misplaced.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bod\'{o}2021b,

title = {Personal data ordering in context: the interaction of meso-level data governance regimes with macro frameworks},

author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Irion, K. and Janssen, H. and Giannopoulou, A.},

url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/personal-data-ordering-context-interaction-meso-level-data-governance-regimes},

doi = {10.14763/2021.3.1581},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-11},

urldate = {2021-10-11},

journal = {Internet Policy Review},

volume = {10},

number = {3},

abstract = {The technological infrastructures enabling the collection, processing, and trading of data have fuelled a rapid innovation of data governance models. We differentiate between macro, meso, and micro level models, which correspond to major political blocks; societal-, industry-, or community level systems, and individual approaches, respectively. We focus on meso-level models, which coalesce around: (1) organisations prioritising their own interests over interests of other stakeholders; (2) organisations offering technological and legal tools aiming to empower individuals; (3) community-based data intermediaries fostering collective rights and interests. In this article we assess these meso-level models, and discuss their interaction with the macro-level legal frameworks that have evolved in the US, the EU, and China. The legal landscape has largely remained inconsistent and fragmented, with enforcement struggling to keep up with the latest developments. We argue, first, that the success of meso-logics is largely defined by global economic competition, and, second, that these meso-logics may potentially put the EU’s macro-level framework with its mixed internal market and fundamental rights-oriented model under pressure. We conclude that, given the relative absence of a strong macro level-framework and an intensive competition of governance models at meso-level, it may be challenging to avoid compromises to the European macro framework. },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Irion2021e,

title = {Governing “European values” inside data flows: : interdisciplinary perspectives},

author = {Irion, K. and Kolk, A. and Buri, M. and Milan, S.},

url = {https://policyreview.info/european-values},

doi = {10.14763/2021.3.1582},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-11},

urldate = {2021-10-11},

journal = {Internet Policy Review},

volume = {10},

number = {3},

abstract = {This editorial introduces ten research articles, which form part of this special issue, exploring the governance of “European values” inside data flows. Protecting fundamental human rights and critical public interests that undergird European societies in a global digital ecosystem poses complex challenges, especially because the United States and China are leading in novel technologies. We envision a research agenda calling upon different disciplines to further identify and understand European values that can adequately perform under conditions of transnational data flows.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@online{Trapova2021c,

title = {EU copyright law round up \textendash third trimester of 2021},

author = {Trapova, A. and Quintais, J.},

url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/10/07/eu-copyright-law-round-up-third-trimester-of-2021/},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-07},

journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {online}

}

@article{Hugenholtz2021d,

title = {Copyright and Artificial Creation: Does EU Copyright Law Protect AI-Assisted Output?},

author = {Hugenholtz, P. and Quintais, J.},

url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-021-01115-0},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-021-01115-0},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-07},

urldate = {2021-10-07},

journal = {IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law },

volume = {52},

number = {9},

pages = {1190-1216},

abstract = {This article queries whether and to what extent works produced with the aid of AI systems \textendash AI-assisted output \textendash are protected under EU copyright standards. We carry out a doctrinal legal analysis to scrutinise the concepts of “work”, “originality” and “creative freedom”, as well as the notion of authorship, as set forth in the EU copyright acquis and developed in the case-law of the Court of Justice. On this basis, we develop a four-step test to assess whether AI-assisted output qualifies as an original work of authorship under EU law, and how the existing rules on authorship may apply. Our conclusion is that current EU copyright rules are generally suitable and sufficiently flexible to deal with the challenges posed by AI-assisted output.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Senftleben2021b,

title = {The Siren Song of the Subtle Copycat - Revisiting Trademark Law with Insights from Consumer Research},

author = {Senftleben, M. and Horen, F. van},

url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3922568

https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/TheTrademarkReporter_2021_4.pdf},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-01},

journal = {The Trademark Reporter},

volume = {111},

number = {4},

pages = {739-777},

abstract = {The architecture of trademark protection systems rests on the assumption that brand imitation strategies are particularly harmful when they seek to achieve a high level of similarity by copying specific trademarked features of the original brand. Marketing research, however, shows that this assumption is doubtful. Subtle, theme-based imitation strategies \textendash aiming at a modest degree of similarity \textendash may allow copycats to garner greater profits and manipulate consumers’ purchasing decisions. Like an enchanting siren song, they may lure customers away from the original products of brand owners. Against this background, the paper discusses the question whether trademark law should be recalibrated.

To lay groundwork for this discussion, the analysis outlines central functions of trademarks in today’s market economy before describing, on the basis of EU trademark law, the traditional approach to copycat strategies from a marketing and legal perspective. Introducing insights from recent marketing research, the paper explains why subtle, theme-based strategies may be more harmful than blatant, feature-based copying. The further examination places this insight in a legal context. Contrasting the empirical findings of marketing research with traditional assessment schemes in EU trademark law, it becomes apparent that there is a remarkable mismatch between legal theory and market reality. Current trademark provisions are not aligned with “real life” consumer perception. As a result, copycats with a subtle imitation strategy remain under the radar of applicable infringement tests. This dilemma is taken as a starting point to discuss the need for reforms in trademark law.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@book{Sax2021f,

title = {Between Empowerment and Manipulation: The Ethics and Regulation of For-Profit Health Apps},

author = {Sax, M.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/sax_info_47-2/},

isbn = {9789403537917},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-30},

urldate = {2021-09-30},

publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},

series = {Information Law Series},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {book}

}

@article{Reda2021bb,

title = {A Proposal to leverage Article 17 to build a public repository of Public Domain and openly licensed works},

author = {Reda, J. and Keller, P.},

url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/09/23/a-proposal-to-leverage-article-17-to-build-a-public-repository-of-public-domain-and-openly-licensed-works/},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-23},

journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Angelopoulos2021,

title = {De reikwijdte van artikel 17 DSM-richtlijn in het licht van het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen: een Odyssee},

author = {Angelopoulos, C. and Senftleben, M. and Thije, P. ten},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Auteursrecht_2021_3.pdf},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-21},

journal = {Auteursrecht},

number = {3},

pages = {120-142},

abstract = {Met de Richtlijn auteursrechten en naburige rechten in de digitale eengemaakte markt (‘DSM-RL’) zijn nieuwe wettelijke verplichtingen op het terrein van het filteren van online content ontstaan. Aanbieders van onlinediensten voor het delen van content (‘OCSSPs’) dienen \textendash op basis van door rechthebbenden verstrekte informatie \textendash ervoor te zorgen dat beschermd materiaal niet beschikbaar is op hun platforms. Tegelijkertijd bevestigt artikel 17 lid 8 DSM-RL dat de nieuwe auteursrechtelijke regels niet tot een algemene toezichtverplichting moeten leiden. Ondanks de nieuwe filterverplichtingen heeft de Uniewetgever het traditionele verbod op een algemene toezichtverplichting \textendash dat al 20 jaar deel uitmaakt van de regeling van aansprakelijkheidsprivileges in de Richtlijn inzake elektronische handel (‘REH’) \textendash uitdrukkelijk overeind gehouden. Ook het voorstel van de Europese Commissie voor een Digital Services Act (‘DSA’) houdt het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen in stand. Tegen deze achtergrond rijst de vraag hoe de nieuwe auteursrechtelijke filterverplichtingen moeten worden uitgelegd om een verboden algemene toezichtverplichting te voorkomen. De volgende analyse geeft antwoord op deze vraag op basis van een nadere bespreking van het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen in de REH, de DSM-RL en het DSA-voorstel. Naast relevante rechtspraak van het HvJ EU komt het nauwe verband tussen het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen en fundamentele rechten aan de orde.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Editorial independence in an automated media system},

author = {Drunen, M. van},

url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/editorial-independence-automated-media-system},

doi = {10.14763/2021.3.1569},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-13},

journal = {Internet Policy Review},

volume = {10},

number = {3},

abstract = {The media has increasingly grown to rely on automated decision-making to produce and distribute news. This trend challenges our understanding of editorial independence by transforming the role of human editorial judgment and creating new dependencies on external software and data providers, engineers, and platforms. Recent policy initiatives such as the EU’s Media Action Plan and Digital Services Act are now beginning to revisit the way law can enable the media to act independently in the context of new technological tools and actors. Fully understanding and addressing the challenges automation poses to editorial independence, however, first requires better normative insight into the functions editorial independence performs in European media policy. This article provides a normative framework of editorial independence’s functions in European media policy and uses it to explore the new challenges posed by the automation of editorial decision-making.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Helberger2021bb,

title = {Conditions for technological solutions in a COVID-19 exit strategy, with particular focus on the legal and societal conditions},

author = {Helberger, N. and Eskens, S. and Strycharz, J. and Bouch\`{e}, G. and van Hoboken, J. and Mil, J. van and Toh, J. },

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/covid-report-1.pdf},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-13},

abstract = {Which legal, ethical and societal conditions need to be fulfilled for the use of digital solutions in managing the COVID-19 exit-strategy? This was the central question of this research. Digital technologies can be part of solutions to societal challenges, for example to manage the pandemic and lead the Netherlands out of the COVID-19 crisis. One set of technologies that figured particularly prominently in that debate was the use of contact tracing apps like the CoronaMelder, as well as digital vaccination passports (CoronaCheck app).  

In the Netherlands, Europe and worldwide, the introduction of apps such as the CoronaMelder or the CoronaCheck app was met by criticism from experts, politicians, civil society and academics. Concerns range from the lack of evidence for the effectiveness of such apps, uncertainty about the conditions that need to be fulfilled to reach their goal, our growing dependency on technology companies up to worries about the fundamental rights and adverse effects for vulnerable groups, such as elderly or users without a smart phone. 

The overall goal of the research was to monitor the societal, ethical and legal implications of implementing apps like the CoronaMelder, and from that draw lessons for the future use of ‘technology-assisted governance solutions’. One important conclusion from the report is that ‘there are no easy technological fixes, and in order for a technological solution to work, it needs to be part of a broader vision on what such a solution needs to function in society, achieve its intended goals and respect the fundamental rights of users as well as non-users.’ The report also offers critical reflections on the need for democratic legitimisation and accountability, the role of big tech and insights on the societal impact of the CoronaMelder and other technological solutions.

},

note = {Report for ZonMw, written by N. Helberger, S. Eskens, J. Strycharz, G. Bouch\`{e}, J. van Hoboken, J. van Mil, J. Toh, with N. Appelman, J. van Apeldoorn, M. van Eechoud, N. van Doorn, M. Sax & C. de Vreese, September 2021, Amsterdam},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@book{ils2021,

title = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},

author = {Senftleben, M. and Poort, J. and van Eechoud, M. and van Gompel, S. and Helberger, N.},

url = {https://lrus.wolterskluwer.com/store/product/intellectual-property-and-sports-essays-in-honour-of-p-bernt-hugenholtz/},

isbn = {9789403537337},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-09},

urldate = {2021-09-09},

volume = {46},

publisher = {Kluwer Law International},

series = {Information Law Series},

abstract = {Intellectual Property and Sports celebrates the enormous achievements of Professor Bernt Hugenholtz in the field of intellectual property and information law. Renowned intellectual property law expert Bernt Hugenholtz once warned, chiding the voracity of copyright, that reducing the subject matter test to mere originality and personal stamp might lead to ‘infinite expansion of the concept of the work of authorship. Anything touched by human hand, including for instance sports performances, would be deemed a work’. Focus on sports-related intellectual property issues offers an ideal starting point for exploring core questions on information law. Legal rules in sports and intellectual property evolve in a climate pervaded by powerful lobby pressures with new technologies that have a profound impact on developments in the sports arena. Indeed, the applicability of copyright law on sports events and players’ moves is one of the many topics discussed in this volume, which spans issues from those related to players and their performances and achievements, via those relevant to sports event organisers and clubs, to questions concerning event reporting and data and the growing role of AI technologies in sports.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {book}

}

@online{Appelman2021,

title = {Using Terms and Conditions to apply Fundamental Rights to Content Moderation: Is Article 12 DSA a Paper Tiger?},

author = {Appelman, N. and Quintais, J. and Fahy, R.},

editor = {Verfassungsblog},

url = {https://verfassungsblog.de/power-dsa-dma-06/},

doi = {10.17176/20210901-233103-0.},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-01},

organization = {Verfassungsblog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {online}

}

@article{Helberger2021bb,

title = {Towards Unfair Political Practices Law: Learning lessons from the regulation of unfair commercial practices for online political advertising},

author = {Helberger, N. and Dobber, T. and Vreese, C.H. de},

url = {https://www.jipitec.eu/issues/jipitec-12-3-2021/5338},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-08-26},

journal = {JIPITEC},

volume = {12},

number = {3},

pages = {273-296},

abstract = {Online political advertising operates in a tense forcefield between political and commercial elements and thus presents regulators with a difficult conundrum: because online political advertising is political rather than commercial speech, it is destined to follow a different regulatory tradition than commercial advertising. And yet many of the tools used, players involved and concerns triggered by modern online political advertising strategies very much resemble the tools, players and concerns in online commercial targeting. Commercial advertising is subject to consumer law and unfair advertising regulation, including rules about unfair commercial practices. Unfair commercial practices law and other rules about commercial advertising, however, are explicitly not applicable to forms of non-commercial political or ideological advertising. An important reason why this is so is the different level of protection of political and commercial speech under fundamental rights law standards. And yet with the ongoing commercial turn in advertising, the traditional division between forms of commercial and political advertising is no longer that self-evident. Also, it cannot be denied that commercial advertising law has a long tradition of thinking of where and how to draw the line between lawful advertising and unlawful persuasion through withholding or misleading consumers about the information they need to take informed decisions, or abusing superior knowledge, exerting undue psychological pressure and engaging in other forms of unfair behaviour. The question this article explores is whether there are lessons to be learned from the regulation of commercial advertising for the pending initiatives at the national and the European level to regulate online political advertising, and online political targeting in specific.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{vanEechoud2021bb,

title = {Please share nicely \textemdash From Database directive to Data (governance) acts},

author = {van Eechoud, M.},

url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/08/18/please-share-nicely-from-database-directive-to-data-governance-acts/},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-08-24},

journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@online{Trapova2021,

title = {EU copyright law round up \textendash second trimester of 2021},

author = {Trapova, A. and Quintais, J.},

editor = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/08/16/eu-copyright-law-round-up-second-trimester-of-2021/},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-08-16},

organization = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {online}

}

@article{Reuver2021,

title = {Are we human, or are we users? The role of natural language processing in human-centric news recommenders that nudge users to diverse content},

author = {Reuver, M. and Mattis, N. and Sax, M. and Verberne, S. and Tintarev, N. and Helberger, N. and M\"{u}ller, J. and Vrijenhoek, S. and Fokkens, A. and Van Atteveldt, W.},

url = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.nlp4posimpact-1.6/},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.nlp4posimpact-1.6},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-08-01},

journal = {The 1st Workshop on NLP for Positive Impact: NLP4PosImpact 2021 : proceedings of the workshop},

pages = {47-59},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bastian2021,

title = {Safeguarding the Journalistic DNA: Attitudes towards the Role of Professional Values in Algorithmic News Recommender Designs},

author = {Bastian, M. and Helberger, N. and Makhortykh, M.},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2021.1912622},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1912622},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-29},

journal = {Digital Journalism},

abstract = {In contrast to the extensive debate on the influence of algorithmic news recommenders (ANRs) on individual news diets, the interaction between such systems and journalistic norms and missions remain under-studied. The change in the relationship between journalists and the audience caused by the transition to personalized news delivery has profound consequences for the understanding of what journalism should be. To investigate how media practitioners perceive the impact of ANRs on their professional norms and media organizations’ missions, and how these norms and missions can be integrated into ANR design, this article looks at two quality newspapers from the Netherlands and Switzerland. Using an interview-based approach conducted with practitioners in different departments (e.g. journalists, data scientists, and product managers), it explores how ANRs interact with organization-centred and audience-centred journalistic values. The paper’s findings indicate a varying degree of prominence for specific values between individual practitioners in the context of their perception of ANRs. At the same time, the paper also reveals that some organization-centred (e.g. transparency) and most audience-centred (e.g. usability) values are viewed as prerequisites for successful ANR design by practitioners with different professional backgrounds.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Reda2021b,

title = {What Member States can learn from the AG opinion on Article 17},

author = {Reda, J. and Keller, P.},

url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/07/26/what-member-states-can-learn-from-the-ag-opinion-on-article-17/},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-27},

journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@periodical{Sax2021bb,

title = {Opinie: Wie naar Dokter Quin gaat, betaalt de rekening voor technologie-kwakzalverij},

author = {Sax, M.},

url = {https://www.volkskrant.nl/columns-opinie/opinie-wie-naar-dokter-quin-gaat-betaalt-de-rekening-voor-technologie-kwakzalverij~b58b6f64/},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-20},

journal = {De Volkskrant},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {periodical}

}

@techreport{vanEechoud2021bb,

title = {Data na de dood - juridische aspecten van digitale nalatenschappen},

author = {van Eechoud, M. and Ausloos, J. and Loos, M. and Mak, C. and Reinhartz, B. and Schumacher, L.D. and Pol, L. },

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Data-na-de-dood.pdf},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-08},

abstract = {Onderzoek in opdracht van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, April 2021, Bijlage bij Kamerstuk 2020-2021, 30696 nr. 52.



Auteurs: M.M.M. van Eechoud, J. Ausloos, M. Loos, C. Mak, B. Reinhartz, L. Schumacher & L. Pol.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@inbook{Irion2021bb,

title = {Panta Rhei: A European Perspective on Ensuring a High Level of Protection of Human Rights in a World in Which Everything Flows},

author = {Irion, K.},

editor = {Burri, M.},

url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/big-data-and-global-trade-law/panta-rhei/B0E5D7851240E0D2F4562B3C6DFF3011},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108919234.015},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-05},

booktitle = {Big Data and Global Trade Law},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

chapter = {11},

abstract = {Human rights do remain valid currency in how we approach planetary-scale computation and accompanying data flows. Today’s system of human rights protection, however, is highly dependent on domestic legal institutions, which unravel faster than the reconstruction of fitting transnational governance institutions. The chapter takes a critical look at the construction of the data flow metaphor as a policy concept inside international trade law. Subsequently, it explores how the respect for human rights ties in with national constitutionalism that becomes increasingly challenged by the transnational dynamic of digital era transactions. Lastly, the chapter turns to international trade law and why its ambitions to govern cross-border data flows will likely not advance efforts to generate respect for human rights. In conclusion, the chapter advocates for a rebalancing act that recognizes human rights inside international trade law.

},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@article{Sax2021b,

title = {Voorbij privacy: manipulatie is het \'{e}chte probleem in gezondheidsapps},

author = {Sax, M.},

url = {https://www.uitgeverijparis.nl/nl/reader/209785/1001582341},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-24},

journal = {Privacy & Informatie},

number = {3},

pages = {117-120},

abstract = {Ze zijn enorm populair en zullen alleen nog maar populairder worden: gezondheidsapps. Er zijn populaire gezondheidsapps met tientallen tot soms honderden miljoenen gebruikers voor van alles en nog wat: dieetadviezen en calorie\"{e}ntellen (MyFitnessPal), meditatie en mindfulness (Headspace), het tracken en onderling vergelijken van sportactiviteiten (Strava), het tracken van je algehele bewegings- en gezondheidspatronen via een wearable (Fitbit), enzovoort. Hun huidige populariteit zal alleen nog maar toenemen, aangezien werkgevers en verzekeraars steeds nadrukkelijker het gebruik van gezondheidsapps aanprijzen. 1 Gezondheid is goed, meer gezondheid is beter. Geweldig toch, die alsmaar toenemende populariteit van gezondheidsapps?},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}