@article{nokey,

title = {Polen is plotseling de verdediger van de Europese grondwet. Een beschouwing over de zaak Polen/Europees Parlement: HvJ EU 22 april 2022, zaak C-401/19},

author = {Dommering, E.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/auteursrecht_2022_4/},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-31},

urldate = {2023-01-31},

journal = {Auteursrecht},

volume = {2022},

issue = {4},

pages = {219-227},

abstract = {Dit artikel bevat een inleiding waarin de verandering in de communicatienetwerkomgeving wordt geschetst om te verduidelijken dat het systeem van de e-Commercerichtlijn niet goed meer past, maar waar toch nog dikwijls aan wordt gerefereerd (par. 1). Vervolgens wordt stilgestaan bij de constitutionele toetsing die het VEU introduceert (par. 2). Hiermee hangt samen dat een abstracte constitutionele toetsing aan de beperkingsclausules van het Handvest ingewikkeld is, een aspect dat in deze vorm in het auteursrecht nog niet eerder aan de orde is geweest (par. 3). Dat een dergelijke constitutionele

toetsing heel verschillend kan worden aangepakt, blijkt uit de conclusie van de A-G en het Hof, die daarom tegenover de aanpak van het Hof wordt gezet (par. 4 en 5). Het artikel rondt af met een analyse dat de inzet van de zaak is vrijheid van meningsuiting, maar dat het resultaat is meer overheidsinvloed op de filtertechnieken die censuur moeten voorkomen (par. 6).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {EU copyright law round up \textendash fourth trimester of 2022},

author = {Trapova, A. and Quintais, J.},

url = {https://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2023/01/13/eu-copyright-law-round-up-fourth-trimester-of-2022/},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-13},

journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Popularity-driven Metrics: Audience Analytics and Shifting Opinion Power to Digital Platforms},

author = {Dodds, T. and Vreese, C. de and Helberger, N. and Resendez, V. and Seipp, T.},

doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2023.2167104},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-06},

urldate = {2023-01-06},

journal = {Journalism Studies},

abstract = {As digital technologies have made their way into news production, allowing news organizations to measure audience behaviors and engagement in real-time, click-based and editorial goals have become increasingly intertwined. Ongoing developments in algorithmic technologies allow editors to bring their audience into the newsroom using specialized tools such as Chartbeat or Google Analytics. This article examines how these technologies have affected the composition of the audience and their power to influence news-making processes inside two Chilean newsrooms. Drawing on several months of newsroom ethnography, we identify how the pursuit of “clickable news” impacts editorial processes and journalistic priorities by changing the datafied audience opinion power behind news production. Shifts in opinion power, loss of control, and increased platform dependency may contribute to a concentrated media landscape. Our findings show that opinion power has shifted to a datafied version of the audience, raising new questions about platform dependency and editorial autonomy in media organizations. These results carry significant implications for understanding the chase for traffic in current multiplatform newsrooms and how this phenomenon impacts news production.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Dealing with Opinion Power in the Platform World: Why We Really Have to Rethink Media Concentration Law},

author = {Seipp, T. and Helberger, N. and Vreese, C.H. de and Ausloos, J.},

doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2161924},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-03},

urldate = {2023-01-03},

journal = {Digital Journalism},

abstract = {The platformised news environment affects audiences, challenges the news media’s role, and transforms the media ecosystem. Digital platform companies influence opinion formation and hence wield “opinion power,” a normatively and constitutionally rooted notion that captures the core of media power in democracy and substantiates why that power must be distributed. Media concentration law is the traditional tool to prevent predominant opinion power from emerging but is, in its current form, not applicable to the platform context. We demonstrate how the nature of opinion power is changing and shifting from news media to platforms and distinguish three levels of opinion power: (1) the individual citizen, (2) the institutional newsroom and (3) the media ecosystem. The reconceptualization at the three levels provides a framework to develop future (non-)regulatory responses that address (1) the shifting influence over individual news consumption and exposure, (2) the changing power dynamics within automated, datafied and platform-dependent newsrooms, and (3) the systemic power of platforms and structural dependencies in the media ecosystem. We demonstrate that as the nature of opinion power is changing, so must the tools of control.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Irion2022e,

title = {De uitspraak C-817/19 van het HvJ EU inzake de PNR-richtlijn en de gevolgen voor nationale implementatiewetgeving en in het bijzonder de Nederlandse PNR-wet},

author = {Irion, K. and Es, R. van},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/preprint_irion_van-es_pnr-richtlijn/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-12-30},

journal = {Mediaforum},

volume = {2022},

number = {6},

pages = {185-192},

abstract = {Op 21 juni 2022 heeft het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie (HvJ EU of Hof) een uitspraak gewezen in de zaak Ligue des droits humains.  Centraal in deze uitspraak staat de geldigheid van de Richtlijn (EU) 2016/681 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 27 april 2016 over het gebruik van persoonsgegevens van passagiers (PNR-gegevens) voor het voorkomen, opsporen, onderzoeken en vervolgen van terroristische misdrijven en ernstige criminaliteit (PNR-richtlijn).  In deze uitspraak legt het Hof interpretatieve beperkingen op met betrekking tot de omvang en de reikwijdte van de EU-brede beveiligingspraktijk rond luchtvaartpassagiersgegevens. Deze uitspraak zal de lidstaten vrijwel zeker dwingen de nodige wijzigingen in hun nationale implementatiewetgeving en praktijken aan te brengen, hetgeen zeer moeilijke praktische en juridische kwesties voor de lidstaten oplevert.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Towards a Normative Perspective on Journalistic AI: Embracing the Messy Reality of Normative Ideals},

author = {Helberger, N. and Drunen, M. van and M\"{o}ller, J. and Vrijenhoek, S. and Eskens, S.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/digital_journalism_2022_10/},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2152195},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-12-22},

journal = {Digital Journalism},

volume = {10},

issue = {10},

pages = {1605-1626},

abstract = {Few would disagree that AI systems and applications need to be “responsible,” but what is “responsible” and how to answer that question? Answering that question requires a normative perspective on the role of journalistic AI and the values it shall serve. Such a perspective needs to be grounded in a broader normative framework and a thorough understanding of the dynamics and complexities of journalistic AI at the level of people, newsrooms and media markets. This special issue aims to develop such a normative perspective on the use of AI-driven tools in journalism and the role of digital journalism studies in advancing that perspective. The contributions in this special issue combine conceptual, organisational and empirical angles to study the challenges involved in actively using AI to promote editorial values, the powers at play, the role of economic and regulatory conditions, and ways of bridging academic ideals and the messy reality of the real world. This editorial brings the different contributions into conversation, situates them in the broader digital journalism studies scholarship and identifies seven key-take aways.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Freedom of Expression and the EU’s Ban on Russia Today: A Dangerous Rubicon Crossed},

author = {Fahy, R. and Voorhoof, D.},

url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4322452},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-12-22},

urldate = {2022-12-22},

journal = {Communications Law},

volume = {27},

issue = {4},

pages = {186-193},

abstract = {In RT France v Council, the General Court of the European Union found that the ban on RT France in the EU did not violate the right to freedom of expression and media freedom, under Article 11 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Notably, the General Court sought to apply principles from case law of the European Court of Human Rights and international human rights law. This article argues that there are serious questions to be raised over the General Court’s reasoning in RT France, and the judgment arguably represents a deeply problematic application of European and international free expression principles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {ALLEA Statement on Open Access Publication under “Big Deals” and the New Copyright Rules},

author = {Hugenholtz, P.},

url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/12/12/allea-statement-on-open-access-publication-under-big-deals-and-the-new-copyright-rules/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-12-12},

journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Legal reform to enhance global text and data mining research: Outdated copyright laws around the world hinder research},

author = {Flynn, S. and Butler, B. and Carroll, M. and Cohen-Sasson, O. and Craig, C. and Guibault, L. and Jaszi, P. and J\"{u}tte, B.J. and Katz, A. and Quintais, J. and Margoni, T. and Rocha de Souza, A. and Sag, M. and Samberg, R. and Schirru, L. and Senftleben, M. and Tur-Sinai, O. and Contreras, J.L.},

doi = {10.1126/science.add6124},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-12-08},

urldate = {2022-12-08},

journal = {Science},

volume = {378},

issue = {6623},

pages = {951-953},

abstract = {Researchers engaged in text and data mining (TDM) research collect vast amounts of digitized material and use software to analyze and extract information from it. TDM is a crucial first step to many machine learning, digital humanities, and social science applications, addressing some of the world’s greatest scientific and societal challenges, from predicting and tracking COVID-19 to battling hate speech and disinformation. Although applications of TDM often occur across borders, with researchers, subjects, and materials in more than one country, a patchwork of copyright laws across jurisdictions limits where and how TDM research can occur. With the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights, and legislatures around the world, deliberating the harmonization of copyright exceptions for various research uses, we discuss policy measures that can ensure that TDM research is unambiguously authorized under copyright law.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Book review: Media Freedom, by Damian Tambini},

author = {Seipp, T.},

url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/10776990221143749},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990221143749},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-12-07},

journal = {Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@book{Broeders2022,

title = {Digital Sovereignty: from Narrative to Policy?},

author = {Broeders, D. and Csernatoni, R. and Irion, K. and Kaminska, M. and Monti, G. and Robles-Carrillo, M. and Soare, S. and Timmers, P.

},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/digital-sovereignty-from-narrative-to-policy/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-12-07},

urldate = {2022-12-07},

publisher = {EU Institute for Security Studies, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Leiden University},

abstract = {The debate in Europe about digital sovereignty, technological sovereignty, data sovereignty and strategic autonomy has been building over recent years at both the EU level and the level of individual Member States. While there has been much analysis of these new narratives of digital sovereignty and strategic autonomy, less attention has been paid to the alignment \textendash or misalignment \textendash between these narratives and the EU policies that would translate the concepts into everyday life. This lacuna was the point of departure for the EU Cyber Direct Research Seminar we organised on the 18th of March 2022 under the title Digital Sovereignty: From Narrative to Policy?, the results of which are published in this report. The seminar took the recent discussions and narratives about EU digital sovereignty and strategic autonomy as a starting point and asked what these narratives mean for the array of individual (EU) policies that will have to support a new strategically autonomous/geopolitical positioning of the Union: does the EU have the instruments, policies, institutions and political will to implement and substantiate its geopolitical ambitions? The contributions in this volume demonstrate that the EU has an important balancing act to perform in terms of policy, implementation and diplomacy in increasingly geopolitical times.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {book}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 25 februari 2022 (Google)},

author = {Dommering, E.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/annotatie_nj_2022_259/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-28},

journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie},

number = {259},

issue = {37/38/39},

pages = {4708-4709},

abstract = {Privacyrecht. Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming (AVG); verzoek verwijdering zoekresultaten; gevoelige persoonsgegevens (art. 10 AVG); maatstaf. Proceskosten in AVG-zaken; doeltreffende voorziening (art. 79 AVG en art. 47

Handvest Grondrechten EU).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Annotatie Hoge Raad 3 december 2021 (Hoist Finance AB)},

author = {Dommering, E.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/annotatie_nj_2022_258/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-28},

journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie},

number = {258},

issue = {37/38/39},

pages = {4640-4642},

abstract = {Prejudici\"{e}le beslissing op voet art. 392 Rv. Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming (AVG). Rechtsgrond verwerking persoonsgegevens in kredietregistratiestelsel BKR; recht op gegevenswissing; recht op bezwaar.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Using Terms and Conditions to Apply Fundamental Rights to Content Moderation},

author = {Quintais, J. and Appelman, N. and Fahy, R.},

url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4286147

https://osf.io/f2n7m/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-25},

journal = {German Law Journal},

abstract = {Large online platforms provide an unprecedented means for exercising freedom of expression online and wield enormous power over public participation in the online democratic space. However, it is increasingly clear that their systems, where (automated) content moderation decisions are taken based on a platform's terms and conditions (T\&Cs), are fundamentally broken. Content moderation systems have been said to undermine freedom of expression, especially where important public interest speech ends up suppressed, such as speech by minority and marginalized groups. Indeed, these content moderation systems have been criticized for their overly vague rules of operation, inconsistent enforcement, and an overdependence on automation. Therefore, in order to better protect freedom of expression online, international human rights bodies and civil society organizations have argued that platforms “should incorporate directly” principles of fundamental rights law into their T\&Cs. Under EU law, and apart from a rule in the Terrorist Content Regulation, platforms had until recently no explicit obligation to incorporate fundamental rights into their T\&Cs. However, an important provision in the Digital Services Act (DSA) will change this. Crucially, Article 14 DSA lays down new rules on how platforms can enforce their T\&Cs, including that platforms must have “due regard” to the “fundamental rights” of users under the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. In this article, we critically examine the topic of enforceability of fundamental rights via T\&Cs through the prism of Article 14 DSA. We ask whether this provision requires platforms to apply EU fundamental rights law and to what extent this may curb the power of Big Tech over online speech. We conclude that Article 14 will make it possible, in principle, to establish the indirect horizontal effect of fundamental rights in the relationship between online platforms and their users. But in order for the application and enforcement of T\&Cs to take due regard of fundamental rights, Article 14 must be operationalized within the framework of the international and European fundamental rights standards, and therefore allowing Article 14 to fulfil its revolutionary potential.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {forthcoming},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Compliance of National TDM Rules with International Copyright Law: An Overrated Nonissue?},

author = {Senftleben, M.},

url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-022-01266-8},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-022-01266-8},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-25},

journal = {IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law },

volume = {53},

pages = {1477-1505},

abstract = {Seeking to devise an adequate regulatory framework for text and data mining (TDM), countries around the globe have adopted different approaches. While considerable room for TDM can follow from the application of fair use provisions (US) and broad statutory exemptions (Japan), countries in the EU rely on a more restrictive regulation that is based on specific copyright exceptions. Surveying this spectrum of existing approaches, lawmakers in countries seeking to devise an appropriate TDM regime may wonder whether the adoption of a restrictive approach is necessary in the light of international copyright law. In particular, they may feel obliged to ensure compliance with the three-step test laid down in Art. 9(2) of the Berne Convention, Art. 13 of the TRIPS Agreement and Art. 10 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty. Against this background, the analysis raises the question whether international copyright law covers TDM activities at all. TDM does not concern a traditional category of use that could have been contemplated at the diplomatic conferences leading to the current texts of the Berne Convention, the TRIPS Agreement and the WIPO Copyright Treaty. It is an automated, analytical type of use that does not affect the expressive core of literary and artistic works. Arguably, TDM constitutes a new category of copying that falls outside the scope of international copyright harmonization altogether.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {De lange schaduw van de Koude Oorlog in de kunst: over kunst, kitsch, camp en dictatorkunst},

author = {Dommering, E.},

url = {https://www.nederlandseboekengids.com/20221114-egbert-dommering/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-18},

journal = {De Nederlandse Boekengids},

number = {6},

abstract = {Met Poetins invasie en de reactie daarop lijkt de Koude Oorlog nu dan echt teruggekeerd. Egbert Dommering leest Louis Menands recente en monumentale The Free World: Art and Thought in the Cold War en peilt de culturele betekenis van die terugkeer. Was de culturele deling tussen Oost en West ooit echt weg? Dachten we heus dat kunst ook apolitiek kon zijn? Doemt met de dictatorkitsch van Poetin c.s. vanzelf ook een terugkeer op naar een geopolitieke uitsortering van hoge en lage kunst?},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Opinie: Commerci\"{e}le datakluizen lossen problemen met big tech niet op},

author = {Janssen, H.},

url = {https://archive.ph/dQqU3},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-09},

journal = {De Volkskrant},

abstract = {Om de burger te behoeden voor de grote controle-, heers- en geldzucht van big tech, worden steeds vaker zogenaamde ‘datakluizen’ aangeboden. Maar zijn de digitale gegevens die we tikkend en klikkend vanuit die kluis delen wel beter af?},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Effects of an issue-based microtargeting campaign: A small-scale field experiment in a multi-party setting},

author = {Dobber, T. and Trilling, D. and Helberger, N. and Vreese, C.H. de},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01972243.2022.2134240},

doi = {10.1080/01972243.2022.2134240},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-08},

journal = {The Information Society},

abstract = {Political microtargeting is the subject of heated societal debate but not much is known about its effects, especially in non-US contexts. Microtargeting, used by political actors to send citizens tailored messages, could have the potential to overcome barriers that make generic political messages less effective. In this article, we present a small-scale field experiment, which serves as a case study to illustrate how microtargeting’s effects on citizens could be measured. The field experiment showed that receiving a microtargeted message via postal mail increased likelihood to vote for the microtargeting party, but this increase did not translate into actual votes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Goed bestuur en integriteit bij de publieke omroep},

author = {Hins, A.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/mediaforum_2022_5/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-03},

journal = {Mediaforum},

issue = {5},

pages = {158-163},

abstract = {Volgens artikel 2.3, lid 2, van de Mediawet moet de Raad van Bestuur van de NPO een gedragscode opstellen ter bevordering van goed bestuur en integriteit bij de eigen organisatie, de landelijke publieke media-instellingen en de Ster. Naar aanleiding van enkele incidenten werd dit onderwerp door de Tweede Kamer besproken op 7 juli 2022. De materi\"{e}le verplichtingen en het toezicht op de naleving daarvan lijken een onoverzichtelijke kluwen. Doel van deze bijdrage is een paar hoofdlijnen te onderscheiden en te bezien of de materie beter kan worden geregeld.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {The DSA has been published \textendash now the difficult bit begins},

author = {van Hoboken, J. and Buri, I. and Quintais, J. and Fahy, R. and Appelman, N. and Straub, M.},

url = {https://verfassungsblog.de/dsa-published/},

doi = {10.17176/20221031-095722-0},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-10-31},

urldate = {2022-10-31},

journal = {Verfassungsblog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Testimony for PEGA hearing on spyware and fundamental rights},

author = {van Daalen, O.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/testimony_pega/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-10-27},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@online{Irion2022d,

title = {Repairing the EU Passenger Name Record Directive: the ECJ’s judgment in Ligue des droits humains (Case C-817/19)},

author = {Irion, K.},

url = {https://europeanlawblog.eu/2022/10/11/repairing-the-eu-passenger-name-record-directive-the-ecjs-judgment-in-ligue-des-droits-humains-case-c-817-19/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-10-24},

urldate = {2022-10-24},

abstract = {On 21 June 2022, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) handed down its judgment in Ligue des droits humains concerning the Directive 2016/681 on passenger name record data (PNR Directive). In Ligue des droits humains, the Court now ‘repairs’ the PNR Directive by means of a Charter-conforming interpretation and, without affecting its validity, significantly modifies the permissible scale and scope of the EU-wide security practice on passengers’ data. This post summarises how the ECJ assesses the validity of the PNR Directive in light of Articles 7, 8 and 52(1) of the Charter (the fundamental right to respect for private life, to protection of personal data, and the principle of proportionality, respectively). },

howpublished = {European Law Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {online}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Opinie: Leg wettelijk vast dat experts onderzoek mogen doen naar gaten in cyberbeveiliging},

author = {van Daalen, O.},

url = {https://www.volkskrant.nl/columns-opinie/opinie-leg-wettelijk-vast-dat-experts-onderzoek-mogen-doen-naar-gaten-in-cyberbeveiliging~bfa52cbb/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-10-13},

journal = {De Volkskrant},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {SLAPPed by the GDPR: protecting public interest journalism in the face of GDPR-based strategic litigation against public participation},

author = {Rucz, M.},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17577632.2022.2129614},

doi = {10.1080/17577632.2022.2129614},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-10-13},

journal = {Journal of Media Law},

abstract = {Strategic litigation against public participation is a threat to public interest journalism. Although typically a defamation claim underpins a SLAPP, the GDPR may serve as an alternative basis. This paper explores how public interest journalism is protected, and could be better protected, from abusive GDPR proceedings. The GDPR addresses the tension between data protection and freedom of expression by providing for a journalistic exemption. However, narrow national implementations of this provision leave the GDPR open for abuse. By analysing GDPR proceedings against newspaper Forbes Hungary, the paper illustrates how the GDPR can be instrumentalised as a SLAPP strategy. As European anti-SLAPP initiatives are finetuned, abusive GDPR proceedings need to be recognised as emerging forms of SLAPPs, requiring more attention to inadequate engagement with European freedom of expression standards in national implementations of the GDPR, data protection authorities’ role in facilitating SLAPPs, and the chilling effects of GDPR sanctions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {NIT S.R.L. t. Moldavi\"{e} (EHRM, 28470/12) \textendash Het EHRM introduceert intern pluralisme},

author = {Drunen, M. van},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/ehrc_updates_7okt2022/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-10-07},

journal = {European Human Rights Cases Updates},

abstract = {NIT t. Moldavi\"{e} draait om de vraag of een staat een uitzendvergunning mag intrekken om pluralisme te waarborgen. Het merendeel van de jurisprudentie van het EHRM over pluralisme heeft juist betrekking op de plicht die staten hebben om te verzekeren dat er voldoende mediabedrijven zijn die vrij zijn om hun eigen, diverse standpunten uit te dragen. NIT werd echter uit de lucht gehaald om pluralisme te beschermen: de Moldavische omroep had niet voldaan aan haar verplichting om in haar nieuws verschillende politieke standpunten gebalanceerd te presenteren. De Grote Kamer grijpt de zaak aan om haar jurisprudentie over de omstandigheden waaronder een staat de redactionele vrijheid van een mediabedrijf kan beperken om pluralisme te garanderen te ontwikkelen. Het EHRM oordeelt dat artikel 10 EVRM niet geschonden is.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {EU copyright law round up \textendash third trimester of 2022},

author = {Quintais, J. and Trapova, A.},

url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/10/03/eu-copyright-law-round-up-third-trimester-of-2022/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-10-03},

journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@online{nokey,

title = {Moet fake news verboden worden? De toekomst van samen beslissen},

author = {Dommering, E. and Bruning, T. and Kruikemeier, S. and Smeets, H. and Maussen, M.},

url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hm66bfgLn_o},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-18},

urldate = {2022-09-18},

abstract = {Debat georganiseerd door NVJ \& Arminius debatpodium. 



In St. Petersburg staat een fake-news-fabriek die de Nederlandse samenleving ondermijnt op Instagram, Youtube en Tiktok. De Russische staatszender RT is naar aanleiding van de oorlog in Oekra\"{i}ne door de Europese Unie verboden. Veel mensen zien fake news als een van de grootste hedendaagse bedreigingen van de democratie en regelmatig zijn er schandalen, zoals bij de Amerikaanse verkiezingen met Cambridge Analytica. Moet misbruik van de vrijheid van meningsuiting verboden worden? Wanneer is sprake van misbruik van de vrijheid van meningsuiting? En wie mag dat dan bepalen?  },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {online}

}

@techreport{nokey,

title = {Study on media plurality and diversity online},

author = {Parcu, P.L. and Brogi, E. and Verza, S. et. al. and Irion, K. and Fahy, R. and Idiz, D. and Meiring, A. and Seipp, T. and Poort, J. 

},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/study-on-media-plurality-and-diversity-online/

https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2759/529019},

doi = {10.2759/529019},

isbn = {978-92-76-51323-0},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-16},

urldate = {2022-09-16},

publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},

abstract = {The Study on Media Plurality and Diversity Online investigates the value of safeguarding media pluralism and diversity online, focusing on (i) the prominence and discoverability of general interest content and services, and on (ii) market plurality and the concentration of economic resources. With a focus on Europe, the project is funded by a tender from the European Commission to produce a study on Media Plurality and Diversity Online and involves four partner universities: CMPF (EUI); CiTiP (Centre for Information Technology and Intellectual Property) of KU Leuven; the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam (IViR/UvA); imec-SMIT-Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The purpose of the assignment was to describe, analyse and evaluate the existing regulatory and business practices in the two areas mentioned above, and finally to elaborate some policy recommendations. Data were collected from the database of the Media Pluralism Monitor (CMPF) and through desk research, online consultations and interviews with stakeholders. The contractor was able to call on a network of national experts across the Member States to support this work.},

note = {Report commissioned by European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, written by Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF), European University Institute, CiTiP (Centre for Information Technology and Intellectual Property) of KU Leuven, Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam (IViR/UvA), Vrije Universiteit Brussels (Studies in Media, Innovation and Technology, VUB- SMIT)},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@article{Sax2022,

title = {Algorithmic News Diversity and Democratic Theory: Adding Agonism to the Mix},

author = {Sax, M.},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2022.2114919},

doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2114919},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-14},

urldate = {2022-09-14},

journal = {Digital Journalism},

abstract = {The role news recommenders can play in stimulating news diversity is receiving increasing amounts of attention. Democratic theory plays an important role in this debate because it helps explain why news diversity is important and which kinds of news diversity should be pursued. In this article, I observe that the current literature on news recommenders and news diversity largely draws on a narrow set of theories of liberal and deliberative democracy. Another strand of democratic theory often referred to as ‘agonism’ is often ignored. This, I argue, is a mistake. Liberal and deliberative theories of democracy focus on the question of how political disagreements and conflicts can be resolved in a rational and legitimate manner. Agonism, to the contrary, stresses the ineradicability of conflict and the need to make conflict productive. This difference in thinking about the purpose of democratic politics can also lead to new ways of thinking about the value of news diversity and role algorithmic news recommenders should play in promoting it. The overall aim of the article is (re)introduce agonistic theory to the news recommender context and to argue that agonism deserves more serious attention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {RADio \textendash Rank-Aware Divergence Metrics to Measure Normative Diversity in News Recommendations},

author = {Vrijenhoek, S. and B\'{e}n\'{e}dict, G. and Gutierrez Granada, M. and Odijk, D. and De Rijke, M.},

url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3523227.3546780},

doi = {10.1145/3523227.3546780},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-13},

journal = {RecSys '22: Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems},

pages = {208-219},

abstract = {In traditional recommender system literature, diversity is often seen as the opposite of similarity, and typically defined as the distance between identified topics, categories or word models. However, this is not expressive of the social science’s interpretation of diversity, which accounts for a news organization’s norms and values and which we here refer to as normative diversity. We introduce RADio, a versatile metrics framework to evaluate recommendations according to these normative goals. RADio introduces a rank-aware Jensen Shannon (JS) divergence. This combination accounts for (i) a user’s decreasing propensity to observe items further down a list and (ii) full distributional shifts as opposed to point estimates. We evaluate RADio’s ability to reflect five normative concepts in news recommendations on the Microsoft News Dataset and six (neural) recommendation algorithms, with the help of our metadata enrichment pipeline. We find that RADio provides insightful estimates that can potentially be used to inform news recommender system design.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {In het Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam heeft het eigen gelijk een ereplek gekregen},

author = {Lamoree, J. and Dommering, E.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/in-het-stedelijk-museum-amsterdam-heeft-het-eigen-gelijk-een-ereplek-gekregen/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-10},

journal = {Vrij Nederland},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@techreport{nokey,

title = {Copyright Content Moderation in the EU: An Interdisciplinary Mapping Analysis},

author = {Quintais, J. and Mezei, P. and Harkai, I. and Magalh\~{a}es, J.C. and Katzenbach, C. and Schwemer, S. and Riis, T.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/copyright_content_moderation_in_the_eu/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-09},

urldate = {2022-09-09},

abstract = {This report is part of the reCreating Europe project and describes the results of the research carried out in the context of Work Package 6 on the mapping of the EU legal framework and intermediaries’ practices on copyright content moderation. The Report addresses the following main research question: how can we map the impact on access to culture in the Digital Single Market of content moderation of copyright-protected content on online platforms? },

note = {ReCreating Europe, August 2022},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Copyright Content Moderation in the EU: An Interdisciplinary Mapping Analysis},

author = {Quintais, J. and Mezei, P. and Harkai, I. and Magalh\~{a}es, J.C. and Katzenbach, C. and Schwemer, S. and Riis, T.},

url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/09/07/copyright-content-moderation-in-the-eu-an-interdisciplinary-mapping-analysis/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-08},

journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@inbook{Irion2022c,

title = {§ 16 Digitaler Handel (Handels- und Kooperationsvertrag EU/GB Handbuch)},

author = {Irion, K. and Burri, M.},

editor = {G. K\"{u}bek, C.J. Tams, J.P. Terhechte},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/i-16-digitaler-handel-irion-burri-2/},

isbn = {978-3-8487-7188-2 },

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-01},

urldate = {2022-09-01},

publisher = {Nomos},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@techreport{nokey,

title = {New actors and risks in online advertising},

author = {Drunen, M. van and Buri, I. and Chapman, M. and Culloty, E. and Fahy, R. and Giannopoulou, A. and Gil Gonz\'{a}lez, E. and Meiring, A. and Strycharz, J. and Heuvelhof, C. ten},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/iris_special_1_2022/

https://rm.coe.int/iris-special-1-2022en-online-advertising/1680a744d7?c=199\&traversed=1},

issn = {2079-1062},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-01},

note = {IRIS Special 2022-1, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@book{nokey,

title = {Freedom of expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights},

author = {Voorhoof, D. and McGonagle, T.},

url = {https://rm.coe.int/iris-themes-vol-iii-7th-edition-april-2022-final-/1680a65f50},

isbn = { 9789287184351},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-26},

abstract = {This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first six editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2020 and 2021) have proved hugely successful. The new seventh edition summarises over 360 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database).},

note = {IRIS Themes, vol. III, 7th edition, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {book}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Opinie: Staatspropaganda en uitingsvrijheid},

author = {Hins, A.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/opinie_mediaforum_2022_2/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-25},

journal = {Mediaforum},

volume = {34},

issue = {2},

pages = {45},

abstract = {Op 10 januari 2022 is de Europese Commissie een openbare raadpleging gestart inzake een nieuwe verordening op basis van art. 114 VWEU, genaamd ‘Europese wet inzake mediavrijheid. ’ Deze opinie bepleit om in de te toekomstige verordening vast te leggen dat publieke mediadiensten binnen de EU onafhankelijk moeten functioneren van de politieke macht. Het aanleggen van dezelfde criteria voor het doorgeven van programma’s die elders zijn uitgezonden is echter onevenredig.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {The UK government moves forward with a text and data mining exception for all purposes},

author = {Trapova, A. and Quintais, J.},

url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/08/24/the-uk-government-moves-forward-with-a-text-and-data-mining-exception-for-all-purposes/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-24},

journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@techreport{nokey,

title = {Comment of the European Copyright Society on the impact and consequences of the CJEU decision in C-265/19 (RAAP) },

author = {Rognstad, O-A., and Benabou, V.L. and Metzger, A. and Sganga, C. and van Eechoud, M.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/ecs_raap/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-23},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Safeguarding Editorial Independence in an Automated Media System: The Relationship Between Law and Journalistic Perspectives},

author = {Drunen, M. van and Fechner, D.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/digitaljournalism_2022/},

doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2108868},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-16},

journal = {Digital Journalism},

abstract = {This article explores the relationship between legal and journalistic perspectives on the way editorial independence can be safeguarded in the context of automation. It aims to bridge two discussions. First, the journalism studies literature that has explored how automation challenges the way editors and journalists fulfil their role in newsrooms and society. Second, the legal discussion that is revisiting how the conditions for editorial independence can be created in a media system where automation is increasingly important. To do so, this article contrasts a normative framework that outlines the functions of editorial independence in European media law with interviews with editors and journalists involved in data journalism and news personalisation. It finds excellent potential for a complementary relationship between legal and journalistic perspectives on editorial independence. However, the challenges posed by automation fall outside the mechanisms through which this relationship has traditionally been operationalised.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 2 oktober 2020 (Stichting Lira / Ziggo, Delta Fiber Nederland \& Vereniging Rechtenoverleg voor distributie van audiovisuele producties)},

author = {Hugenholtz, P.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/annotatie_nj_2022_225/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-03},

journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie},

number = {225},

issue = {30},

pages = {4168-4170},

abstract = {Auteursrecht. Vermoeden van overdracht auteursrechten op filmwerken aan producent film (art. 45d (oud) Aw); verhouding tot eerdere overdracht door auteur van zijn rechten aan collectieve beheersorganisatie. Collectief rechtenbeheer op grond van art. 26a Aw; begrip ‘doorgifte via de kabel’; moet worden teruggekomen van HR 28 maart 2014, NJ 2015/365 (Norma/NLKabel)?},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 8 februari 2022 (Demonstratie in de RAI bij vakbeurs)},

author = {Dommering, E.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/annotatie_nj_2022_222/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-02},

urldate = {2022-08-02},

journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie},

number = {222},

issue = {29},

pages = {4062-4065},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@techreport{nokey,

title = {Study on the Open Data Directive, Data Governance and Data Act and their possible impact on research},

author = {van Eechoud, M.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/ki0822204enn-en/},

doi = {10.2777/71619},

isbn = {9789276536314},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-01},

abstract = {This study analyses the possible impact of three major legislative instruments in the European Sstrategy for data (the Open Data Directive, the Data Governance Act and the proposed Data Act) for the field of research, especially for research performing organisations and research funding organisations. It does so against the background of the European Open Science policy pursued, in which the development of a European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) is a major undertaking. Although the impact is difficult to assess at this stage, the study identifies and makes recommendations about key legal issues that need to be resolved. These have to do with ambiguities in the scope of application to research data, the interpretation of provisions, and the consistency between the instruments from the perspective of open science research policy.},

note = {Independent expert report commissioned by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{nokey,

title = {Study on EU copyright and related rights and access to and reuse of data},

author = {Senftleben, M.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/ki0822205enn-en/},

doi = {10.2777/78973},

isbn = {9789276536321},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-01},

abstract = {EU legislation in the field of copyright, related rights and sui generis database rights can have a deep impact on access to data resources for scientific research and the availability of data resulting from publicly funded research. To establish a copyright and related rights framework that offers appropriate data access and reuse opportunities for scientific research, it is necessary to identify potential barriers and challenges that may arise from EU copyright and related rights legislation and corresponding rights management. This study analyses the interaction between copyright and related rights law and data access and reuse for scientific research purposes. It proposes legislative and non-legislative measures to improve the current EU regulatory framework.},

note = {Independent expert report commissioned by European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{nokey,

title = {Doubling down on safety of journalists \textendash An analysis and positioning of OSCE Ministerial Council Decision No. 3/18 - Safety of Journalists (2018) in a wider context},

author = {McGonagle, T.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/doubling_down_on_safety_of_journalists/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-07-22},

note = {Study commissioned by the Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{nokey,

title = {Another string to the bow of media freedom: An analysis of the Communiqu\'{e}s of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2014 \textendash 2022)},

author = {McGonagle, T.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/another_string_to_the_bow_of_media_freedom/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-07-21},

abstract = {Since 2014, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media has issued 20 communiqu\'{e}s on a range of different themes relating to freedom of expression and information; media and internet freedom; and the safety and freedoms of journalists and other (media) actors. They were introduced as a new form of output that would have more depth and impact than regular

press releases or statements. This study provides an analysis of this corpus of communiqu\'{e}s. It examines their aims, instruments and formats used by the Representative to make political interventions and develop standpoints. The thematic analysis is grouped into the following rough categories: 1) enduring threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; 2) emerging threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; and 3) signature themes of the Office of the Representative. The signature themes are open journalism and safety of female journalists online \textendash the focuses of two recent flagship projects by the Office of the Representative. The picture that emerges from the analysis is one of complementary focuses and consistent approaches. Nevertheless, the conclusions offer a few modest recommendations to make future communiqu\'{e}s more distinctly recognisable as such and to further enhance the consistency across the growing corpus of communiqu\'{e}s.},

note = {Study commissioned by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, OSCE, Vienna},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Allocating Control in Decentralised Identity Management},

author = {Giannopoulou, A.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/erdal_2021_2/},

doi = {10.53136/97912599475299},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-07-21},

urldate = {2022-07-21},

journal = {European Review of Digital Administration \& Law - Erdal},

volume = {2021},

issue = {2},

pages = {75-87},

abstract = {Creating legal identity in the digital space involves the challenging task of addressing the datarelated responsibilities and obligations for data governance and data protection (by design and by default) to name a few. Substantially, it also requires the datafication of legal identity which means transposing all its properties and foundational traits inits corresponding data expressions and relations. As (digital) legal identity evolves from the fringes of purely technology-related challenges towards the legal and socio-technical, state institutions \textendashsovereignly responsible for delivering digital legal identities to citizens\textendash are acknowledging the polyvalent, non-monolithic, and relational characters of identitiesand they explore appropriate architectures. This paper sets out to explore the institutional turn towards decentralized digital identities. The claims surrounding these digital identities raise high hopes for the cross border digital identity provisioning being data protection and privacy compliant, technologically secure, and user-centric. This paper attempts to explore how the relevant accountable actors \textendashas recognized through the data protection normative framework\textendash are formed around the technological identity infrastructure.We highlight and examine the conflict between the European proposals on the provision of digital identity infrastructures through decentralized architectures and the concepts of data controllership in the GDPR.

},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@techreport{nokey,

title = {Report on effect of digitisation and regulatory changes on access to cultural/creative goods and services},

author = {Martinelli, A. and Mazzei, J. and Nuvolari, A. and Poort, J.},

url = {https://zenodo.org/record/6779277#.YtkA5XZBy5e

https://www.ivir.nl/report-on-effect-of-digitisation-and-regulatory-changes-on-access-to-cultural-creative-goods-and-services/},

doi = {10.5281/zenodo.6779277},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-07-21},

urldate = {2022-07-21},

publisher = {ReCreating Europe},

abstract = {This report stems from the research conducted within the reCreating Europe 1 Work Package (WP) 2, which focuses on End-users and access to culture. It complements other final deliverables which include: a final report and public dataset on copyright flexibilities (D.2.3), a final policy brief on barriers for vulnerable groups (D.2.4), a final report on two empirical case studies assessing the impact of copyright perception and knowledge on the access of two specific groups of users who benefit of specific copyright exceptions (i.e. academics and persons with visual impairment) (D.2.8), a peer-reviewed publication on the impact of copyright law and perception on the demand for cultural goods and services (D.2.6), and final policy recommendations (D.2.9).},

note = {Part of Rethinking digital copyright law for a culturally diverse, accessible, creative Europe, ReCreating Europe},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Persvrijheidsmonitor 2021},

author = {Volgenant, O. and McGonagle, T.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/mediaforum_2022_3/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-07-14},

journal = {Mediaforum},

issue = {3},

pages = {74-77},

abstract = {De persvrijheid staat wereldwijd onder druk. Ook in Nederland is sprake van een neerwaartse trend. Nederland daalde voor het derde jaar op rij een plekje op de jaarlijkse ranglijst van landen met de meeste persvrijheid. Nederland zakte in 2021 af naar de zesde plaats, en in 2022 duikelde Nederland zelfs naar de 28ste plaats. Er is kritiek op de gebrekkige wijze waarop overheidsinformatie wordt gedeeld, en de veiligheid van journalisten is een belangrijk aandachtspunt. De Europese Commissie rapporteert jaarlijks over de rechtsstaat in Nederland, en noemde in 2021 als aandachtspunten: toegang tot overheidsinformatie, bedreigingen van journalisten, en het openbaar maken van eigendomsstructuren van media. Dit laatste punt wordt ook door het Commissariaat voor de Media in de jaarlijkse Monitor voor de pluriformiteit van de media benoemd, in het licht van de trend van toenemende mediaconcentratie.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@misc{Network2022,

title = {The Right to Lodge a Data Protection Complaint: Ok, But Then What? An empirical study of current practices under the GDPR},

author = {European Data Protection Scholars Network

},

editor = {Irion, K. and Ausloos, J.},

url = {https://www.ivir.nl/gdpr-complaint-study-2/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-07-12},

urldate = {2022-07-12},

abstract = {This study examines current Data Protection Authorities' (DPA) practices related to their obligation to facilitate the submission of complaints, granting special attention to the connection between this obligation and the right to an effective judicial remedy against DPAs. It combines legal analysis and the observation of DPA websites, together with insights obtained from the online public register of decisions adopted under the ʻone-stop-shopʼ mechanism. This study was commissioned by Access Now.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {misc}

}