Projects
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Special issue of Internet Policy Review on ‘Governing “European values” inside data flows’
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How independent are you really?: Updating the INDIREG methodology for future assessments of media regulators’ independence
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Trade and Privacy: Complicated Bedfellows? How to achieve data protection-proof free trade agreements
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Prospective Policy Study on Artificial Intelligence and EU Trade Policy
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Personalized Communication – A Joint Communication and Information Law Initiative
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Governing Digital Information (GODINO): Users’ control and sovereignty over unpublicized digital information in the European Union
Marie Curie grant
Activities
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America is back so hold on to your data
BrusselsMorning
17-06-2021
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POLITICO AI: Decoded: Mean green AI machine — US vs. China vs. EU — AI’s WTO problem
Politico
27-01-2021
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EU Artificial Intelligence regulation at risk in WTO e-commerce deal, study says
Euractiv.com
27-01-2021
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Handelsabkommen dürfen die Regulierung von Algorithmen nicht einschränken
https://www.vzbv.de/
26-01-2021
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KI: Was handelt sich die EU ein?
Tagesspiegel
26-01-2021
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The European Court Just Ruled That Bulk Data Retention Schemes Are Illegal
Vice.com
06-10-2020
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Kwart van gemeenten neemt privacy niet serieus
Argos, VPRO
29-05-2020
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Liquid AI: Accountability and governance of transnational AI systems
IViR Panel at the 13th International Conference Computer Privacy and Data Protection, 22 January 2020, Brussels
22-01-2020
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High-Level Policy Dialogue: The Governance of Digital Networks: Convergence or Fragmentation
25-11-2019
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Cruciale Nederlandse datacenters steeds vaker in handen van Amerikanen – is dat erg?
De Volkskrant.
21-11-2019
Kristina Irion
- : Kristina
Kristina Irion is Associate Professor at the Institute for Information Law (IViR) at the University of Amsterdam. She is the Director of the Annual IViR Summer Course on Privacy Law and Policy and the Coordinator as well as a Lecturer in the Research Master's Information Law. She is a non-resident Fellow of the Center for Media Data and Society (CMDS) at Central European University in Budapest where she had been, until 2017, Associate Professor at the School of Public Policy. Kristina is a member of the Scientific Committee of the annual Computer Privacy and Data Protection (CPDP) International Conferences and the International Advisory Board of the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC).
A baseline of Kristina’s research is the interpretation and analysis of the transformational processes that reconfigure the legal properties of digital data in line with societal needs. She has commented on key developments in EU data protection law and its progressive constitutionalization and how European law interface with a global digital ecosystem. As a Marie Curie Fellow she accomplished her individual research project on Governing Digital Information which explores the transformational impact of consumer cloud computing. Kristina’s current research agenda focuses on the governance of transnational digital technologies and global data value chains from the perspective of European law and international economic law.
In terms of societal relevance, much of the commissioned research she has led or contributed to did generate a significant impact on public policy. A number of these studies have helped to catalyze real policy shifts, for instance the so called INDIREG study on EU audiovisual media law or the study ‘Trade and Privacy: Complicated Bedfellows?’ which left a positive mark on EU’s external trade policy. She recently lead-authored a pioneering study on ‘Artificial Intelligence and EU Trade Policy’ that has been commissioned by the Dutch Government. Kristina frequently provide expertise to the European Commission and the Parliament, ENISA, the Council of Europe, the OECD, national governments as well as civil society organizations.
Kristina obtained her Dr. iuris degree from Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, and holds a Master’s degree in Information Technology and Telecommunications Law from the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. She was a part time Legal Officer at the Data Protection Authority in Berlin and worked as Senior Regulatory Counsel for a German mobile network operator. Kristina was a postgraduate trainee at the Competition Directorate-General of the European Commission in Brussels and she was a visiting fellow at EPIC in Washington, D.C..
Publications
| Bellanova, R., Irion, K., Lindskov Jacobsen, K., Ragazzi, F., Saugmann, R., Suchman, L. Toward a Critique of Algorithmic Violence International Political Sociology, 15 (1), pp. 121–150, 2021. @article{Bellanova2021, title = {Toward a Critique of Algorithmic Violence}, author = {Bellanova, R. and Irion, K. and Lindskov Jacobsen, K. and Ragazzi, F. and Saugmann, R. and Suchman, L.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olab003}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-03-29}, journal = {International Political Sociology}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {121\textendash150}, abstract = {Questions about how algorithms contribute to (in)security are under discussion across international political sociology. Building upon and adding to these debates, our collective discussion foregrounds questions about algorithmic violence. We argue that it is important to examine how algorithmic systems feed (into) specific forms of violence, and how they justify violent actions or redefine what forms of violence are deemed legitimate. Bringing together different disciplinary and conceptual vantage points, this collective discussion opens a conversation about algorithmic violence focusing both on its specific instances and on the challenges that arise in conceptualizing and studying it. Overall, the discussion converges on three areas of concern\textemdashthe violence undergirding the creation and feeding of data infrastructures; the translation processes at play in the use of computer/machine vision across diverse security practices; and the institutional governing of algorithmic violence, especially its organization, limitation, and legitimation.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Questions about how algorithms contribute to (in)security are under discussion across international political sociology. Building upon and adding to these debates, our collective discussion foregrounds questions about algorithmic violence. We argue that it is important to examine how algorithmic systems feed (into) specific forms of violence, and how they justify violent actions or redefine what forms of violence are deemed legitimate. Bringing together different disciplinary and conceptual vantage points, this collective discussion opens a conversation about algorithmic violence focusing both on its specific instances and on the challenges that arise in conceptualizing and studying it. Overall, the discussion converges on three areas of concern—the violence undergirding the creation and feeding of data infrastructures; the translation processes at play in the use of computer/machine vision across diverse security practices; and the institutional governing of algorithmic violence, especially its organization, limitation, and legitimation. |
| Irion, K. Formal meeting (oral evidence session): Digital trade and data 2021. @online{Irion2021b, title = {Formal meeting (oral evidence session): Digital trade and data}, author = {Irion, K.}, url = {https://committees.parliament.uk/event/3859/formal-meeting-oral-evidence-session/}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-03-12}, abstract = {Oral testimony on the UK House of Commons International Trade Committee. The Committee has launched an inquiry into digital trade and data. Digital trade refers to digitally enabled, or digitally delivered, trade in goods and services. Such trade involves the movement of data. The Committee’s inquiry will explore a range of issues, including: • Digital trade and data provisions in Free Trade Agreements • Concerns around the security and privacy of data • The environmental impact of digital trade • Relevant legal frameworks}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {online} } Oral testimony on the UK House of Commons International Trade Committee. The Committee has launched an inquiry into digital trade and data. Digital trade refers to digitally enabled, or digitally delivered, trade in goods and services. Such trade involves the movement of data. The Committee’s inquiry will explore a range of issues, including: • Digital trade and data provisions in Free Trade Agreements • Concerns around the security and privacy of data • The environmental impact of digital trade • Relevant legal frameworks |
| Irion, K. Front-running legislatures can foster AI that empowers users of digital technologies (ed.), Nadia El-Imam (Ed.): pp. 114-15, 2021. @inbook{Irion2021c, title = {Front-running legislatures can foster AI that empowers users of digital technologies}, author = {Irion, K.}, editor = {Nadia El-Imam (ed.)}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/ki-front-running-legislatures-can-foster-ai-that-empowers-users-of-digital-technologies-2/}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-03-05}, pages = {114-15}, organization = {NGI Forward}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } |
| Irion, K. 2021. @misc{Irion2021, title = {AI Regulation in the European Union and Trade Law: How can accountability of AI and a high level of consumer protection prevail over a trade law discipline on source code?, study commissioned by the Vzbv, Amsterdam: Institute for Information Law, 2021}, author = {Irion, K.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/irion_study_ai_and_trade_21-01-26-2/}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-01-26}, abstract = {The Federation of German Consumer Organisations (Verbraucherzentrale Bun-desverband \textendash vzbv) has commissioned this study from the Institute for Information Law (IViR) at the University of Amsterdam, in order to shed light on the cross-border supply of AI technology and its impact on EU consumer rights. In the current negotiations on electronic commerce at the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the EU supports the introduction \textendash in the legal text \textendash of a clause which prohibits the participating countries to introduce \textendash in their national laws \textendash measures that require access to, or transfer of, the source code of software, with some exceptions. This is a cause for concern for experts and rights advocates, as such a clause \textendash if not carefully conditioned \textendash can prevent future EU regulation of AI that may be harmful to consumers. This study concludes that the source code clause within trade law indeed restricts the EU’s right to regulate in the field of AI governance in several important ways.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } The Federation of German Consumer Organisations (Verbraucherzentrale Bun-desverband – vzbv) has commissioned this study from the Institute for Information Law (IViR) at the University of Amsterdam, in order to shed light on the cross-border supply of AI technology and its impact on EU consumer rights. In the current negotiations on electronic commerce at the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the EU supports the introduction – in the legal text – of a clause which prohibits the participating countries to introduce – in their national laws – measures that require access to, or transfer of, the source code of software, with some exceptions. This is a cause for concern for experts and rights advocates, as such a clause – if not carefully conditioned – can prevent future EU regulation of AI that may be harmful to consumers. This study concludes that the source code clause within trade law indeed restricts the EU’s right to regulate in the field of AI governance in several important ways. |
| Irion, K. Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2020, (38), 2020. @article{Irion2020d, title = {Panta rhei: A European Perspective on Ensuring a High-Level of Protection of Digital Human Rights in a World in Which Everything Flows}, author = {Irion, K.}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3638864}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-11-30}, journal = {Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2020}, number = {38}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Irion, K. 2020. @online{Irion2020c, title = {Schrems II and Surveillance: Third Countries’ National Security Powers in the Purview of EU Law, European Law Blog}, author = {Irion, K.}, url = {https://europeanlawblog.eu/2020/07/24/schrems-ii-and-surveillance-third-countries-national-security-powers-in-the-purview-of-eu-law/}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-07-24}, abstract = {On 16 July 2020 the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) composed as Grand Chamber delivered its landmark ruling Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems (case C-311/18, “Schrems II”). The focus of my commentary will be on the aspect that EU law on cross-border transfers of personal data to a third country is not deferential to national security powers of that third country. This judgment is remarkable provided that electronic surveillance conducted by Member States’ intelligence authorities for the purpose of national security is off limits for EU law and that exceptions in international agreement are fairly regularly made for national security. This contribution will deal with the embedded assessment of a third country’s national security powers under the General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2016/679, GDPR) and will address the criticism that a third country is held to stricter standards than a Member State of the Union.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {online} } On 16 July 2020 the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) composed as Grand Chamber delivered its landmark ruling Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems (case C-311/18, “Schrems II”). The focus of my commentary will be on the aspect that EU law on cross-border transfers of personal data to a third country is not deferential to national security powers of that third country. This judgment is remarkable provided that electronic surveillance conducted by Member States’ intelligence authorities for the purpose of national security is off limits for EU law and that exceptions in international agreement are fairly regularly made for national security. This contribution will deal with the embedded assessment of a third country’s national security powers under the General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2016/679, GDPR) and will address the criticism that a third country is held to stricter standards than a Member State of the Union. |
| Irion, K., Yakovleva, S. Pitching trade against privacy: reconciling EU governance of personal data flows with external trade International Data Privacy Law, 10 (3), pp. 201-221, 2020. @article{Irion2020bb, title = {Pitching trade against privacy: reconciling EU governance of personal data flows with external trade}, author = {Irion, K. and Yakovleva, S. }, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipaa003}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-04-01}, journal = {International Data Privacy Law}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {201-221}, abstract = {This article positions EU’s external governance of personal data flows against the backdrop of the international controversy on digital trade versus strict privacy laws. Now that the EU has defined its position on horizontal provisions on cross-border data flows and personal data protection, it is both timely and essential to reassess its strategy on the international transfers of personal data in the purview of its future trade agreements. For its own normative approach and regulatory autonomy, the EU has a pivotal role to play in shaping the interface between trade and privacy before the ‘free trade leviathan’ can restrict the policy choices not only of individual states but also of the EU itself. Our contribution aims to break through the present compartmentalization of privacy scholarship and trade lawyers because it situates personal data flows in both disciplines.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This article positions EU’s external governance of personal data flows against the backdrop of the international controversy on digital trade versus strict privacy laws. Now that the EU has defined its position on horizontal provisions on cross-border data flows and personal data protection, it is both timely and essential to reassess its strategy on the international transfers of personal data in the purview of its future trade agreements. For its own normative approach and regulatory autonomy, the EU has a pivotal role to play in shaping the interface between trade and privacy before the ‘free trade leviathan’ can restrict the policy choices not only of individual states but also of the EU itself. Our contribution aims to break through the present compartmentalization of privacy scholarship and trade lawyers because it situates personal data flows in both disciplines. |
| Irion, K., Williams, J. Prospective Policy Study on Artificial Intelligence and EU Trade Policy 2020. @techreport{Irion2020b, title = {Prospective Policy Study on Artificial Intelligence and EU Trade Policy}, author = {Irion, K. and Williams, J.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/ivir_policy-paper_ai-study_online/ https://www.ivir.nl/ivir_artificial-intelligence-and-eu-trade-policy-2/}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-01-21}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence is poised to be 21st century’s most transformative general purpose technology that mankind ever availed itself of. Artificial intelligence is a catch-all for technologies that can carry out complex processes fairly independently by learning from data. In the form of popular digital services and products, applied artificial intelligence is seeping into our daily lives, for example, as personal digital assistants or as autopiloting of self-driving cars. This is just the beginning of a development over the course of which artificial intelligence will generate transformative products and services that will alter world trade patterns. Artificial intelligence holds enormous promise for our information civilization if we get the governance of artificial intelligence right. What makes artificial intelligence even more fascinating is that the technology can be deployed fairly location-independent. Cross-border trade in digital services which incorporate applied artificial intelligence into their software architecture is ever increasing. That brings artificial intelligence within the purview of international trade law, such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and ongoing negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO) on trade related aspects of electronic commerce. The Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs commissioned this study to generate knowledge about the interface between international trade law and European norms and values in the use of artificial intelligence.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } Artificial intelligence is poised to be 21st century’s most transformative general purpose technology that mankind ever availed itself of. Artificial intelligence is a catch-all for technologies that can carry out complex processes fairly independently by learning from data. In the form of popular digital services and products, applied artificial intelligence is seeping into our daily lives, for example, as personal digital assistants or as autopiloting of self-driving cars. This is just the beginning of a development over the course of which artificial intelligence will generate transformative products and services that will alter world trade patterns. Artificial intelligence holds enormous promise for our information civilization if we get the governance of artificial intelligence right. What makes artificial intelligence even more fascinating is that the technology can be deployed fairly location-independent. Cross-border trade in digital services which incorporate applied artificial intelligence into their software architecture is ever increasing. That brings artificial intelligence within the purview of international trade law, such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and ongoing negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO) on trade related aspects of electronic commerce. The Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs commissioned this study to generate knowledge about the interface between international trade law and European norms and values in the use of artificial intelligence. |
| Irion, K., Yakovleva, S. Toward Compatibility of the EU Trade Policy with the General Data Protection Regulation AJIL Unbound, 114 , pp. 10-14, 2020. @article{https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.81, title = {Toward Compatibility of the EU Trade Policy with the General Data Protection Regulation}, author = {Yakovleva, S. and Irion, K.}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/toward-compatibility-of-the-eu-trade-policy-with-the-general-data-protection-regulation/04D5070244733CAEFDAA14C533BAFF7E/share/b44381ff85510e8580104599385baab8c1e3179e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.81}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-01-09}, journal = {AJIL Unbound}, volume = {114}, pages = {10-14}, abstract = {The European Union’s (EU) negotiating position on cross-border data flows, which the EU has recently included in its proposal for the World Trade Organization (WTO) talks on e-commerce, not only enshrines the protection of privacy and personal data as fundamental rights, but also creates a broad exception for a Member’s restrictions on cross-border transfers of personal data. This essay argues that maintaining such a strong position in trade negotiations is essential for the EU to preserve the internal compatibility of its legal system when it comes to the right to protection of personal data under the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the recently adopted General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The European Union’s (EU) negotiating position on cross-border data flows, which the EU has recently included in its proposal for the World Trade Organization (WTO) talks on e-commerce, not only enshrines the protection of privacy and personal data as fundamental rights, but also creates a broad exception for a Member’s restrictions on cross-border transfers of personal data. This essay argues that maintaining such a strong position in trade negotiations is essential for the EU to preserve the internal compatibility of its legal system when it comes to the right to protection of personal data under the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the recently adopted General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). |
| Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini, Irion, K. Fundamental rights review of EU data collection instruments and programmes 2019, (Final report). @online{Brodolini2019, title = {Fundamental rights review of EU data collection instruments and programmes}, author = {Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Irion, K. }, url = {http://www.fondazionebrodolini.it/sites/default/files/final_report_0.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-12-04}, abstract = {This report is the result of a Pilot Project requested by the European Parliament, managed by the Commission and carried out by a group of independent experts. The scope of the project was to establish and support an independent experts’ group to carry out a fundamental rights review of existing EU legislation and instruments in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) that involve the collection, retention, storage or transfer of personal data. One outcome of the project is a database of AFSJ legislation and instruments with individual fundamental rights assessments (at http://brodolini.mbs.it/). The final report concludes that that fundamental rights safeguards need to be more consistently considered and applied in the AFSJ. The conclusions highlight five broad issues for further consideration: ambiguous definitions and open terms; law enforcement access to migration databases; the expansion of centralised databases; data retention periods; and information rights and duties.}, note = {Final report}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {online} } This report is the result of a Pilot Project requested by the European Parliament, managed by the Commission and carried out by a group of independent experts. The scope of the project was to establish and support an independent experts’ group to carry out a fundamental rights review of existing EU legislation and instruments in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) that involve the collection, retention, storage or transfer of personal data. One outcome of the project is a database of AFSJ legislation and instruments with individual fundamental rights assessments (at http://brodolini.mbs.it/). The final report concludes that that fundamental rights safeguards need to be more consistently considered and applied in the AFSJ. The conclusions highlight five broad issues for further consideration: ambiguous definitions and open terms; law enforcement access to migration databases; the expansion of centralised databases; data retention periods; and information rights and duties. |
| Coutinho, M.F., Delinavelli, G., Fahy, R., Irion, K., Jusić, T., Kersevan Smokvina, T., Klimkiewicz, B., Llorens, C., Rozgonyi, K., Svensson, S., Til, G. van The independence of media regulatory authorities in Europe 2019, (Capello, M. (ed.), IRIS Special 2019-1, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg). @techreport{Irion2019b, title = {The independence of media regulatory authorities in Europe}, author = {Irion, K. and Delinavelli, G. and Coutinho, M.F. and Fahy, R. and Jusi\'{c}, T. and Klimkiewicz, B. and Llorens, C. and Rozgonyi, K. and Svensson, S. and Kersevan Smokvina, T. and Til, G. van}, editor = {Capello, M.}, url = {https://rm.coe.int/the-independence-of-media-regulatory-authorities-in-europe/168097e504}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-10-01}, publisher = {European Audiovisual Observatory}, note = {Capello, M. (ed.), IRIS Special 2019-1, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |
| Irion, K. Third Annual Detlev F. Vagts Roundtable on Transnational Law: Data Protection in a Global World Proceedings of the Annual Meeting - American Society of International Law, 112 , pp. 220-226, 2019. @article{Irion2019, title = {Third Annual Detlev F. Vagts Roundtable on Transnational Law: Data Protection in a Global World}, author = {Irion, K.}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/4DAD3CA357D2483729CD38B52ED6A612/S027250371900123Xa.pdf/remarks_by_kristina_irion.pdf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/amp.2019.123}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-04-11}, journal = {Proceedings of the Annual Meeting - American Society of International Law}, volume = {112}, pages = {220-226}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Bodó, B., Dobber, T., Fahy, R., Irion, K., Kruikemeier, S., Möller, J., Stapel, S., Vreese, C.H. de, Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. Online politieke microtargeting: Een zegen of een vloek voor de democratie? Nederlands Juristenblad (NJB), 2019 (10), pp. 528-669, 2019. @article{Borgesius2019b, title = {Online politieke microtargeting: Een zegen of een vloek voor de democratie?}, author = {Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. and M\"{o}ller, J. and Dobber, T. and Kruikemeier, S. and Irion, K. and Stapel, S. and Fahy, R. and Bod\'{o}, B. and Vreese, C.H. de}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/NJB_2019.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-03-19}, journal = {Nederlands Juristenblad (NJB)}, volume = {2019}, number = {10}, pages = {528-669}, abstract = {Voor online politieke microtargeting wordt het online-gedrag van mensen in kaart gebracht en worden de verzamelde gegevens gebruikt om mensen gerichte politieke advertenties te tonen. Microtargeting is vanuit de VS komen overwaaien naar Europa en heeft voor- en nadelen voor de democratie. Microtargeting kan politieke partijen helpen om mensen effectief te bereiken en kan politieke betrokkenheid stimuleren. Maar microtargeting kan ook een bedreiging vormen voor de democratie. Zo kan een politieke partij zich verschillend voordoen aan verschillende mensen. Bovendien bedreigt het verzamelen van persoonsgegevens onze privacy. Dit artikel brengt de beloftes en bedreigingen van microtargeting voor de democratie in kaart en schetst mogelijkheden voor beleidsmakers om het gebruik van microtargeting te reguleren.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Voor online politieke microtargeting wordt het online-gedrag van mensen in kaart gebracht en worden de verzamelde gegevens gebruikt om mensen gerichte politieke advertenties te tonen. Microtargeting is vanuit de VS komen overwaaien naar Europa en heeft voor- en nadelen voor de democratie. Microtargeting kan politieke partijen helpen om mensen effectief te bereiken en kan politieke betrokkenheid stimuleren. Maar microtargeting kan ook een bedreiging vormen voor de democratie. Zo kan een politieke partij zich verschillend voordoen aan verschillende mensen. Bovendien bedreigt het verzamelen van persoonsgegevens onze privacy. Dit artikel brengt de beloftes en bedreigingen van microtargeting voor de democratie in kaart en schetst mogelijkheden voor beleidsmakers om het gebruik van microtargeting te reguleren. |
| Irion, K., Oostveen, M. The Golden Age of Personal Data: How to Regulate an Enabling Fundamental Right? In: Bakhoum M., Conde Gallego B., Mackenrodt MO., Surblytė-Namavičienė G. (eds) Personal Data in Competition, Consumer Protection and Intellectual Property Law. MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, vol 28. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2018. @inbook{Oostveen2018, title = {The Golden Age of Personal Data: How to Regulate an Enabling Fundamental Right?}, author = {Oostveen, M. and Irion, K.}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-57646-5_2}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-11-20}, publisher = {In: Bakhoum M., Conde Gallego B., Mackenrodt MO., Surblyt\.{e}-Namavi\v{c}ien\.{e} G. (eds) Personal Data in Competition, Consumer Protection and Intellectual Property Law. MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, vol 28. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg}, abstract = {New technologies, purposes and applications to process individuals’ personal data are being developed on a massive scale. But we have not only entered the ‘golden age of personal data’ in terms of its exploitation: ours is also the ‘golden age of personal data’ in terms of regulation of its use. Understood as an enabling right, the architecture of EU data protection law is capable of protecting against many of the negative short- and long-term effects of contemporary data processing. Against the backdrop of big data applications, we evaluate how the implementation of privacy and data protection rules protect against the short- and long-term effects of contemporary data processing. We conclude that from the perspective of protecting individual fundamental rights and freedoms, it would be worthwhile to explore alternative (legal) approaches instead of relying on EU data protection law alone to cope with contemporary data processing.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } New technologies, purposes and applications to process individuals’ personal data are being developed on a massive scale. But we have not only entered the ‘golden age of personal data’ in terms of its exploitation: ours is also the ‘golden age of personal data’ in terms of regulation of its use. Understood as an enabling right, the architecture of EU data protection law is capable of protecting against many of the negative short- and long-term effects of contemporary data processing. Against the backdrop of big data applications, we evaluate how the implementation of privacy and data protection rules protect against the short- and long-term effects of contemporary data processing. We conclude that from the perspective of protecting individual fundamental rights and freedoms, it would be worthwhile to explore alternative (legal) approaches instead of relying on EU data protection law alone to cope with contemporary data processing. |
| Irion, K., Jusić, T. Budapest/ New York: CEU Press, 2018, 2018, ISBN: 978-963-386-259-9. @book{Jusi\'{c}2018, title = {Media Constrained by Context: International Assistance and the Transition to Democratic Media in the Western Balkans}, author = {Jusi\'{c}, T. and Irion, K.}, url = {http://ceupress.com/book/media-constrained-context}, isbn = {978-963-386-259-9}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-10-31}, publisher = {Budapest/ New York: CEU Press, 2018}, abstract = {This book compares the results of twenty years of international media assistance in the five countries of the western Balkans. It asks what happens to imported models when they are applied to newly evolving media systems in societies in transition. Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, and Serbia undertook a range of media reforms to conform with accession requirements of the European Union and the standards of the Council of Europe, among others. The essays explore the nexus between the democratic transformation of the media and international media assistance in these countries. The cross-national analysis concludes that the effects of international assistance are highly constrained by local contexts. In hindsight it becomes clear that escalating media assistance does not necessarily improve outcomes.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} } This book compares the results of twenty years of international media assistance in the five countries of the western Balkans. It asks what happens to imported models when they are applied to newly evolving media systems in societies in transition. Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, and Serbia undertook a range of media reforms to conform with accession requirements of the European Union and the standards of the Council of Europe, among others. The essays explore the nexus between the democratic transformation of the media and international media assistance in these countries. The cross-national analysis concludes that the effects of international assistance are highly constrained by local contexts. In hindsight it becomes clear that escalating media assistance does not necessarily improve outcomes. |
| Granger, M.-P., Irion, K. The right to protection of personal data: the new posterchild of European Union citizenship? Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018, (See also: https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788113434/9781788113434.xml). @inbook{Irion2018c, title = {The right to protection of personal data: the new posterchild of European Union citizenship?}, author = {Irion, K. and Granger, M.-P.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/The-right-to-protection-of-personal-data-prepub.pdf}, doi = {10.4337/9781788113441.00019}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-10-31}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, abstract = {In this chapter we argue that the right to data protection is the posterchild of EU citizenship in the digital era. We start by providing a brief overview of the gradual construction of the right to personal data protection in the EU. We then identify a range of actors who have played a particular role in the building process, including EU citizens themselves. Next, we review the current legal ‘architecture’ of the right to the protection of personal data and discuss whether it could serve as a model for the future development of EU citizenship, notwithstanding remaining challenges at the level of national implementation and public and private compliance with EU rules. Finally, we reflect on the future of the right to data protection, and its contribution to the development of EU citizenship as a legal regime.}, note = {See also: https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788113434/9781788113434.xml}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } In this chapter we argue that the right to data protection is the posterchild of EU citizenship in the digital era. We start by providing a brief overview of the gradual construction of the right to personal data protection in the EU. We then identify a range of actors who have played a particular role in the building process, including EU citizens themselves. Next, we review the current legal ‘architecture’ of the right to the protection of personal data and discuss whether it could serve as a model for the future development of EU citizenship, notwithstanding remaining challenges at the level of national implementation and public and private compliance with EU rules. Finally, we reflect on the future of the right to data protection, and its contribution to the development of EU citizenship as a legal regime. |
| Irion, K., Williams, J. Dream of Californication: welcome to the Californian Consumer Privacy Act Internet Policy Review, 2018 , 2018. @article{Williams2018, title = {Dream of Californication: welcome to the Californian Consumer Privacy Act}, author = {Williams, J. and Irion, K. }, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/news/dream-californication-welcome-californian-consumer-privacy-act/1351}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-10-16}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, volume = {2018}, abstract = {The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), slated to enter into force on 1 January 2020, borrows some cutting edge ideas from the EU and others’ privacy regimes while also experimenting with new approaches to data privacy. Importantly, the CCPA envisages an online advertisement market in which business are prevented from “getting high on information,” 1 breaches are promptly notified, and consumers are autonomous participants with the ability to sell their data at will. Where the CCPA breaks new ground is in protecting consumers from retaliation for opting out of the sale of their data. Thus, if it lives up to its potential, the CCPA could catalyse a permanent restructuring of the online data mining business. Our contribution will shed light on the new CCPA and offer some observations in comparing it with EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), slated to enter into force on 1 January 2020, borrows some cutting edge ideas from the EU and others’ privacy regimes while also experimenting with new approaches to data privacy. Importantly, the CCPA envisages an online advertisement market in which business are prevented from “getting high on information,” 1 breaches are promptly notified, and consumers are autonomous participants with the ability to sell their data at will. Where the CCPA breaks new ground is in protecting consumers from retaliation for opting out of the sale of their data. Thus, if it lives up to its potential, the CCPA could catalyse a permanent restructuring of the online data mining business. Our contribution will shed light on the new CCPA and offer some observations in comparing it with EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). |
| Coche, E., Irion, K. 2018. @techreport{Coche2018d, title = {How independent are you really? Updating the INDIREG methodology for future assessments of media regulators' independence: Workshop report}, author = {Coche, E. and Irion, K.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/INDIREG-workshop-report.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-07-13}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |
| Irion, K. 2018. @collection{Irion2018b, title = {Public Security Exception in the Area of non-personal Data in the European Union, Briefing Requested by the IMCO committee Policy, European Parliament, Brussels, April 2018}, author = {Irion, K.}, url = {http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/618986/IPOL_BRI(2018)618986_EN.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-04-16}, journal = {Briefing requested by the IMCO committee}, number = {PE 618.986}, abstract = {Mid-September last year the European Commission presented a proposal for a new regulation on the free flow of non-personal data in the European Union. The free movement of data in the digital single market has been called the fifth freedom complementing the existing freedoms on movement of goods, services, capital and people. The proposed regulation seeks to remove unjustified data localisation measures that fall in the scope of EU law. Often this will amount to cutting bureaucratic red tape in the private sector, such as for example removing a domestic obligation to maintain a full copy of bookkeeping on premise of an organisation in a given Member State. Member States can justify an activity that contravenes this proposal on grounds of public security - an exception this briefing is tasked with analyzing. The briefing concludes that the fifth freedom would have a moderate impact for the European data economy. The author offers concrete guidance to the EU legislator how to improve the draft regulation in order to preserve the freedom of contract. The public security exception foreseen could be too narrow because it precludes member states to take measures that can be justified on grounds of public policy or the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants. Drawing on the analogy with fire safety regulations in the member states it would be too early to preclude that in the future we will need local mirrors and handles. Locality continues to matter for example in the Internet of Things environment because as individuals we live in a physical place.}, howpublished = {PE 618.986}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {collection} } Mid-September last year the European Commission presented a proposal for a new regulation on the free flow of non-personal data in the European Union. The free movement of data in the digital single market has been called the fifth freedom complementing the existing freedoms on movement of goods, services, capital and people. The proposed regulation seeks to remove unjustified data localisation measures that fall in the scope of EU law. Often this will amount to cutting bureaucratic red tape in the private sector, such as for example removing a domestic obligation to maintain a full copy of bookkeeping on premise of an organisation in a given Member State. Member States can justify an activity that contravenes this proposal on grounds of public security - an exception this briefing is tasked with analyzing. The briefing concludes that the fifth freedom would have a moderate impact for the European data economy. The author offers concrete guidance to the EU legislator how to improve the draft regulation in order to preserve the freedom of contract. The public security exception foreseen could be too narrow because it precludes member states to take measures that can be justified on grounds of public policy or the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants. Drawing on the analogy with fire safety regulations in the member states it would be too early to preclude that in the future we will need local mirrors and handles. Locality continues to matter for example in the Internet of Things environment because as individuals we live in a physical place. |
| Irion, K., Kohte, W. Mitbestimmung des Betriebsrats bei der Einrichtung einer Facebook-Seite 2018 (3), 2018. @periodical{Irion2018, title = {Mitbestimmung des Betriebsrats bei der Einrichtung einer Facebook-Seite}, author = {Irion, K. and Kohte, W.}, url = {https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/juru.2018.2018.issue-3/juru-2018-0019/juru-2018-0019.xml?format=INT}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/juru-2018-0019}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-03-20}, journal = {Juristische Rundschau}, volume = {2018}, number = {3}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {periodical} } |
| Bodó, B., Dobber, T., Fahy, R., Irion, K., Kruikemeier, S., Möller, J., Vreese, C.H. de, Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. Online Political Microtargeting: Promises and Threats for Democracy Utrecht Law Review, 14 (1), pp. 82-96, 2018. @article{Borgesius2018, title = {Online Political Microtargeting: Promises and Threats for Democracy}, author = {Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. and M\"{o}ller, J. and Kruikemeier, S. and Fahy, R. and Irion, K. and Dobber, T. and Bod\'{o}, B. and Vreese, C.H. de}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/UtrechtLawReview.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-02-13}, journal = {Utrecht Law Review}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {82-96}, abstract = {Online political microtargeting involves monitoring people’s online behaviour, and using the collected data, sometimes enriched with other data, to show people-targeted political advertisements. Online political microtargeting is widely used in the US; Europe may not be far behind. This paper maps microtargeting’s promises and threats to democracy. For example, microtargeting promises to optimise the match between the electorate’s concerns and political campaigns, and to boost campaign engagement and political participation. But online microtargeting could also threaten democracy. For instance, a political party could, misleadingly, present itself as a different one-issue party to different individuals. And data collection for microtargeting raises privacy concerns. We sketch possibilities for policymakers if they seek to regulate online political microtargeting. We discuss which measures would be possible, while complying with the right to freedom of expression under the European Convention on Human Rights.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Online political microtargeting involves monitoring people’s online behaviour, and using the collected data, sometimes enriched with other data, to show people-targeted political advertisements. Online political microtargeting is widely used in the US; Europe may not be far behind. This paper maps microtargeting’s promises and threats to democracy. For example, microtargeting promises to optimise the match between the electorate’s concerns and political campaigns, and to boost campaign engagement and political participation. But online microtargeting could also threaten democracy. For instance, a political party could, misleadingly, present itself as a different one-issue party to different individuals. And data collection for microtargeting raises privacy concerns. We sketch possibilities for policymakers if they seek to regulate online political microtargeting. We discuss which measures would be possible, while complying with the right to freedom of expression under the European Convention on Human Rights. |
| Bartl, M., Irion, K. The Japan EU Economic Partnership Agreement: Flows of Personal Data to the Land of the Rising Sun Online, 2017. @misc{Bartl2017, title = {The Japan EU Economic Partnership Agreement: Flows of Personal Data to the Land of the Rising Sun}, author = {Bartl, M. and Irion, K.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Transfer-of-personal-data-to-the-land-of-the-rising-sun-FINAL.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-10-25}, abstract = {At the EU-Japan Summit in July this year the European Union (EU) and Japan have achieved a political agreement in principle on the content of the Japan EU Economic Partnership Agreement. For Japan including data flows in the trade deal with the EU has been an important political goal besides mutual recognition of their privacy laws. The EU is currently not favorably disposed to allow data flows provisions into trade deals. Building a ‘state of the art’ digital economy between Japan and the EU is certainly possible in conformity with their data privacy laws and the classical trade law disciplines. Our brief unpacks how flows of personal data will governed in the relationship between Japan and the EU. As a point of departure we look at the extent to which the prospective trade deal between the two economies would already cover data flows, including personal data. Next, we will take a look at the prospects for a regulatory handshake between Japan and EU providing for mutual recognition of data privacy and flows of personal data. The brief concludes with findings and recommendations on the future directions of Japan EU Economic Partnership Agreement.}, howpublished = {Online}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } At the EU-Japan Summit in July this year the European Union (EU) and Japan have achieved a political agreement in principle on the content of the Japan EU Economic Partnership Agreement. For Japan including data flows in the trade deal with the EU has been an important political goal besides mutual recognition of their privacy laws. The EU is currently not favorably disposed to allow data flows provisions into trade deals. Building a ‘state of the art’ digital economy between Japan and the EU is certainly possible in conformity with their data privacy laws and the classical trade law disciplines. Our brief unpacks how flows of personal data will governed in the relationship between Japan and the EU. As a point of departure we look at the extent to which the prospective trade deal between the two economies would already cover data flows, including personal data. Next, we will take a look at the prospects for a regulatory handshake between Japan and EU providing for mutual recognition of data privacy and flows of personal data. The brief concludes with findings and recommendations on the future directions of Japan EU Economic Partnership Agreement. |
| Irion, K., Ledger, M., Svensson, S. 2017. @misc{Irion2017d, title = {The independence and functioning of the regulatory authority for electronic media in Serbia, Study commissioned by the Council of Europe, Amsterdam/Brussels/Budapest/Belgrade, 2017.}, author = {Irion, K. and Ledger, M. and Svensson, S.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/rem-report-indiregmethodology-nov17-final-3/}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-10-16}, abstract = {This study carries out an independent assessment of the Regulatory Authority for Electronic Media (REM) of Serbia. The scope of the study is to apply the INDIREG methodology to the REM and provide contextual interpretation of the results with policy recommendations. This study has been commissioned by the Council of Europe, on the request of REM, in the framework of the Project “Reinforcing Judicial Expertise on Freedom of Expression and the Media in South-East Europe (JUFREX)”. REM, seated in Belgrade, is caught and operates in a challenging context: media markets in Serbia are highly saturated and government grants are awarded to selective private media. There is low upfront compliance with programme and advertisements rules as well as an overall squeeze on quality content and the accountability function of the media. Lacking the optimal support of the parliament and being sidelined by the Ministry on Culture and Information can damage the effective functioning of the independent regulator. REM in this situation appears to retreat to overly formalistic (law-abiding) activities without necessarily being effective in regulating the Serbian electronic and audiovisual media. Many stakeholders from the media sector do not perceive of REM as an authority pointing to a lack of enforcement or the deflection of responsibility which has undermined its public credibility. The study concludes with a set of recommendation how to address these challenges.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } This study carries out an independent assessment of the Regulatory Authority for Electronic Media (REM) of Serbia. The scope of the study is to apply the INDIREG methodology to the REM and provide contextual interpretation of the results with policy recommendations. This study has been commissioned by the Council of Europe, on the request of REM, in the framework of the Project “Reinforcing Judicial Expertise on Freedom of Expression and the Media in South-East Europe (JUFREX)”. REM, seated in Belgrade, is caught and operates in a challenging context: media markets in Serbia are highly saturated and government grants are awarded to selective private media. There is low upfront compliance with programme and advertisements rules as well as an overall squeeze on quality content and the accountability function of the media. Lacking the optimal support of the parliament and being sidelined by the Ministry on Culture and Information can damage the effective functioning of the independent regulator. REM in this situation appears to retreat to overly formalistic (law-abiding) activities without necessarily being effective in regulating the Serbian electronic and audiovisual media. Many stakeholders from the media sector do not perceive of REM as an authority pointing to a lack of enforcement or the deflection of responsibility which has undermined its public credibility. The study concludes with a set of recommendation how to address these challenges. |
| Irion, K., Thompson, M., van Hoboken, J., Yakovleva, S. A Roadmap to Enhancing User Control via Privacy Dashboards 2017, (Amsterdam / Hong Kong: IViR, 2017.). @techreport{Irion2017b, title = {A Roadmap to Enhancing User Control via Privacy Dashboards}, author = {Irion, K. and Yakovleva, S. and van Hoboken, J. and Thompson, M.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/PrivacyBridgesUserControls2017.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-09-26}, abstract = {This report presents and draws on multidisciplinary insights into what characterises effective user control over the collection and use of personal data. User controls arise from the interplay of a number of conditions. These are partly technical but also connected to different aspects of user behaviour, the intricacies of design, as well as the internal and external incentives in privacy governance that exist today. Our review of the state of research underscores that devising effective user controls require close collaboration between different disciplines, clear regulatory guidance and scientifically-backed assessments. }, note = {Amsterdam / Hong Kong: IViR, 2017.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } This report presents and draws on multidisciplinary insights into what characterises effective user control over the collection and use of personal data. User controls arise from the interplay of a number of conditions. These are partly technical but also connected to different aspects of user behaviour, the intricacies of design, as well as the internal and external incentives in privacy governance that exist today. Our review of the state of research underscores that devising effective user controls require close collaboration between different disciplines, clear regulatory guidance and scientifically-backed assessments. |
| Fahy, R., Irion, K., Rozendaal, M., van Hoboken, J., Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. An Assessment of the Commission's Proposal on Privacy and Electronic Communications 2017, ISBN: 9789284611010. @misc{Borgesius2017b, title = {An Assessment of the Commission's Proposal on Privacy and Electronic Communications}, author = {Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. and van Hoboken, J. and Fahy, R. and Irion, K. and Rozendaal, M.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/IPOL_STU2017583152_EN.pdf}, doi = {10.2861/614076}, isbn = {9789284611010}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-06-15}, abstract = {This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, appraises the European Commission’s proposal for an ePrivacy Regulation. The study assesses whether the proposal would ensure that the right to the protection of personal data, the right to respect for private life and communications, and related rights enjoy a high standard of protection. The study also highlights the proposal’s potential benefits and drawbacks more generally.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, appraises the European Commission’s proposal for an ePrivacy Regulation. The study assesses whether the proposal would ensure that the right to the protection of personal data, the right to respect for private life and communications, and related rights enjoy a high standard of protection. The study also highlights the proposal’s potential benefits and drawbacks more generally. |
| Bodó, B., Bol, N., Es, B. van, Helberger, N., Irion, K., Möller, J., Velde, B. van de, Vreese, C.H. de, Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. Yale Journal of Law & Technology, 19 , pp. 133-180, 2017. @article{Bod\'{o}2017, title = {Tackling the Alggorithmic Control Crisis - the Technical, Legal, and Ethical Challenges of Research into Algorithmic Agents}, author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Helberger, N. and Irion, K. and Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. and M\"{o}ller, J. and Velde, B. van de and Bol, N. and Es, B. van and Vreese, C.H. de}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/YJLT_2017.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-06-07}, journal = {Yale Journal of Law & Technology}, volume = {19}, pages = {133-180}, abstract = {Algorithmic agents permeate every instant of our online existence. Based on our digital profiles built from the massive surveillance of our digital existence, algorithmic agents rank search results, filter our emails, hide and show news items on social networks feeds, try to guess what products we might buy next for ourselves and for others, what movies we want to watch, and when we might be pregnant. Algorithmic agents select, filter, and recommend products, information, and people; they increasingly customize our physical environments, including the temperature and the mood. Increasingly, algorithmic agents don’t just select from the range of human created alternatives, but also they create. Burgeoning algorithmic agents are capable of providing us with content made just for us, and engage with us through one-of-a-kind, personalized interactions. Studying these algorithmic agents presents a host of methodological, ethical, and logistical challenges. The objectives of our paper are two-fold. The first aim is to describe one possible approach to researching the individual and societal effects of algorithmic recommenders, and to share our experiences with the academic community. The second is to contribute to a more fundamental discussion about the ethical and legal issues of “tracking the trackers”, as well as the costs and trade-offs involved. Our paper will contribute to the discussion on the relative merits, costs and benefits of different approaches to ethically and legally sound research on algorithmic governance. We will argue that besides shedding light on how users interact with algorithmic agents, we also need to be able to understand how different methods of monitoring our algorithmically controlled digital environments compare to each other in terms of costs and benefits. We conclude our article with a number of concrete suggestions for how to address the practical, ethical and legal challenges of researching algorithms and their effects on users and society.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Algorithmic agents permeate every instant of our online existence. Based on our digital profiles built from the massive surveillance of our digital existence, algorithmic agents rank search results, filter our emails, hide and show news items on social networks feeds, try to guess what products we might buy next for ourselves and for others, what movies we want to watch, and when we might be pregnant. Algorithmic agents select, filter, and recommend products, information, and people; they increasingly customize our physical environments, including the temperature and the mood. Increasingly, algorithmic agents don’t just select from the range of human created alternatives, but also they create. Burgeoning algorithmic agents are capable of providing us with content made just for us, and engage with us through one-of-a-kind, personalized interactions. Studying these algorithmic agents presents a host of methodological, ethical, and logistical challenges. The objectives of our paper are two-fold. The first aim is to describe one possible approach to researching the individual and societal effects of algorithmic recommenders, and to share our experiences with the academic community. The second is to contribute to a more fundamental discussion about the ethical and legal issues of “tracking the trackers”, as well as the costs and trade-offs involved. Our paper will contribute to the discussion on the relative merits, costs and benefits of different approaches to ethically and legally sound research on algorithmic governance. We will argue that besides shedding light on how users interact with algorithmic agents, we also need to be able to understand how different methods of monitoring our algorithmically controlled digital environments compare to each other in terms of costs and benefits. We conclude our article with a number of concrete suggestions for how to address the practical, ethical and legal challenges of researching algorithms and their effects on users and society. |
| Helberger, N., Irion, K. The Weeping Angels are back, and they attack our privacy via smart TVs 2017, (Blogpost at Internet Policy Review: Journal of internet regulation). @article{Irion2017b, title = {The Weeping Angels are back, and they attack our privacy via smart TVs}, author = {Irion, K. and Helberger, N.}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/news/weeping-angels-are-back-and-they-attack-our-privacy-smart-tvs/451}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-03-10}, note = {Blogpost at Internet Policy Review: Journal of internet regulation}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Helberger, N., Irion, K. Smart TV and the online media sector: User privacy in view of changing market realities Telecommunications Policy, 41 (3), pp. 170-184, 2017, (See also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596116302865). @article{Irion2017, title = {Smart TV and the online media sector: User privacy in view of changing market realities}, author = {Irion, K. and Helberger, N.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Smart-TV-and-the-Online-media-sector-prepub.pdf}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2016.12.013}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-03}, journal = {Telecommunications Policy}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {170-184}, abstract = {Smart TV and online media enable precise monitoring of online media consumption, which also forms the basis for personalised recommendations. This new practice challenges EU policy in two respects. Firstly, the legality of monitoring individual media consumption and using personal data of users is primarily addressed under data protection law. Secondly, tracking of viewing behaviour and personalisation of media content can also affect individuals’ freedom to receive information, as well as the realisation of media policy objectives such as media freedom and pluralism, implications that so far are not reflected in media law and policy, or only marginally. This article addresses the increasing reliance on personal data and personalised services in the audiovisual and online media sector and queries the appropriateness of the legal status quo in light of implementation and enforcement actions in Germany and the Netherlands. The analysis concludes with a call for media policy makers and regulators to pay more attention to the issue of ‘smart surveillance’ of media users, and develops a number of concrete recommendations on how to accommodate the specific privacy concerns of media users.}, note = {See also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596116302865}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Smart TV and online media enable precise monitoring of online media consumption, which also forms the basis for personalised recommendations. This new practice challenges EU policy in two respects. Firstly, the legality of monitoring individual media consumption and using personal data of users is primarily addressed under data protection law. Secondly, tracking of viewing behaviour and personalisation of media content can also affect individuals’ freedom to receive information, as well as the realisation of media policy objectives such as media freedom and pluralism, implications that so far are not reflected in media law and policy, or only marginally. This article addresses the increasing reliance on personal data and personalised services in the audiovisual and online media sector and queries the appropriateness of the legal status quo in light of implementation and enforcement actions in Germany and the Netherlands. The analysis concludes with a call for media policy makers and regulators to pay more attention to the issue of ‘smart surveillance’ of media users, and develops a number of concrete recommendations on how to accommodate the specific privacy concerns of media users. |
| Irion, K., Oostveen, M. The Golden Age of Personal Data: How to Regulate an Enabling Fundamental Right? Personal Data in Competition, Consumer Protection and IP Law - Towards a Holistic Approach? , Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2016-68 Springer, 2016. @conference{Oostveen2016b, title = {The Golden Age of Personal Data: How to Regulate an Enabling Fundamental Right?}, author = {Oostveen, M. and Irion, K.}, editor = {Bakhoum and Conde Gallego and Mackenordt and Surblyte}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-15}, booktitle = {Personal Data in Competition, Consumer Protection and IP Law - Towards a Holistic Approach? }, publisher = {Springer}, series = {Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2016-68}, abstract = {New technologies, purposes and applications to process individual’s personal data are developed on a massive scale. But we have not only entered the ‘golden age of personal data’ in terms of its exploitation: ours is also the ‘golden age of personal data’ in terms of regulation of its use. In this contribution, we explain how regulating the processing of an individual’s personal data can be a proxy of intervention, which directly or indirectly could benefit other individual rights and freedoms. Understood as an enabling right, the architecture of EU data protection law is capable of protecting against many of the negative short- and long-term effects of contemporary data processing. The new General Data Protection Regulation certainly strengthens aspects of this core architecture but certain regulatory innovations to cope with technological advancements and the data-driven economy appear less capably of yielding broad protection for individuals fundamental rights and freedoms. We conclude that from the perspective of protecting individual fundamental rights and freedoms, it would be worthwhile to explore alternative (legal) approaches of individual protection in contemporary data processing.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } New technologies, purposes and applications to process individual’s personal data are developed on a massive scale. But we have not only entered the ‘golden age of personal data’ in terms of its exploitation: ours is also the ‘golden age of personal data’ in terms of regulation of its use. In this contribution, we explain how regulating the processing of an individual’s personal data can be a proxy of intervention, which directly or indirectly could benefit other individual rights and freedoms. Understood as an enabling right, the architecture of EU data protection law is capable of protecting against many of the negative short- and long-term effects of contemporary data processing. The new General Data Protection Regulation certainly strengthens aspects of this core architecture but certain regulatory innovations to cope with technological advancements and the data-driven economy appear less capably of yielding broad protection for individuals fundamental rights and freedoms. We conclude that from the perspective of protecting individual fundamental rights and freedoms, it would be worthwhile to explore alternative (legal) approaches of individual protection in contemporary data processing. |
| Irion, K. 2016, (Speaking notes for a panel debate hosted by MEP Viviane Reding at the European Parliament on 12 October 2016.). @article{Irion2016b, title = {Trade and privacy: Complicated bed fellows? How to achieve data protection-proof free trade agreements}, author = {Irion, K.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/EP_panel_trade_and_privacy_speaking_notes-1.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-10-18}, note = {Speaking notes for a panel debate hosted by MEP Viviane Reding at the European Parliament on 12 October 2016.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Helberger, N., Irion, K., Möller, J., Trilling, D., Vreese, C.H. de Shrinking core? Exploring the differential agenda setting power of traditional and personalized news info, 18 (6), pp. 26-41, 2016. @article{Moeller2016, title = {Shrinking core? Exploring the differential agenda setting power of traditional and personalized news}, author = {M\"{o}ller, J. and Helberger, N. and Trilling, D. and Irion, K. and Vreese, C.H. de}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/info-05-2016-0020}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-05-2016-0020}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-09-27}, journal = {info}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {26-41}, abstract = {A shared issue agenda provides democracies with a set of topics that structure the public debate. The advent of personalized news media that use smart algorithms to tailor the news offer to the user challenges the established way of setting the agenda of such a common core of issues. This paper tests the effects of personalized news use on perceived importance of these issues in the common core. In particular we study whether personalized news use leads to a concentration at the top of the issue agenda or to a more diverse issue agenda with a long tail of topics. Based on a cross-sectional survey of a representative population sample (N=1556), we find that personalized news use does not lead to a small common core in which few topics are discussed extensively, yet there is a relationship between personalized news use and a preference for less discussed topics. This is a result of a specific user profile of personalized news users: younger, more educated news users are more interested in topics at the fringes of the common core and also make more use of personalized news offers. The results are discussed in the light of media diversity and recent advances in public sphere research.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } A shared issue agenda provides democracies with a set of topics that structure the public debate. The advent of personalized news media that use smart algorithms to tailor the news offer to the user challenges the established way of setting the agenda of such a common core of issues. This paper tests the effects of personalized news use on perceived importance of these issues in the common core. In particular we study whether personalized news use leads to a concentration at the top of the issue agenda or to a more diverse issue agenda with a long tail of topics. Based on a cross-sectional survey of a representative population sample (N=1556), we find that personalized news use does not lead to a small common core in which few topics are discussed extensively, yet there is a relationship between personalized news use and a preference for less discussed topics. This is a result of a specific user profile of personalized news users: younger, more educated news users are more interested in topics at the fringes of the common core and also make more use of personalized news offers. The results are discussed in the light of media diversity and recent advances in public sphere research. |
| Bartl, M., Irion, K., Yakovleva, S. 2016. @techreport{, title = {Trade and privacy: complicated bedfellows? How to achieve data protection-proof free trade agreements}, author = {Irion, K. and Yakovleva, S. and Bartl, M.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/trade_and_privacy.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-07-14}, abstract = {Study commissioned by the European Consumer Organisation/Bureau Europ\'{e}en des Unions de Consommateurs (BEUC), Center for Digital Democracy (CDD), The Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue (TACD) and European Digital Rights (EDRi), 13 July 2016, Amsterdam. The results of the study were widely covered in the Dutch and European media: ‘Privacy onvoldoende gewaarborgd in handelsverdragen EU‘, nu.nl, 13 juli 2016 ‘EU stelt privacy burgers onvoldoende veilig‘, Digital Telegraaf, 13 juli 2016 ‘EU stelt privacy burgers onvoldoende veilig‘, Einhovens Dagblad, 13 juli 2016 Monika Ermert, ‘Transatlantischer Zoff: Digitaler Datenschutz oder digitaler Protektionismus?‘, 16 July 2016, heise.de L\'{e}a Auffret, ‘Why privacy safeguards in trade deals need urgent improvement‘, 20 October 2016, beuc.eu}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } Study commissioned by the European Consumer Organisation/Bureau Européen des Unions de Consommateurs (BEUC), Center for Digital Democracy (CDD), The Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue (TACD) and European Digital Rights (EDRi), 13 July 2016, Amsterdam. The results of the study were widely covered in the Dutch and European media: ‘Privacy onvoldoende gewaarborgd in handelsverdragen EU‘, nu.nl, 13 juli 2016 ‘EU stelt privacy burgers onvoldoende veilig‘, Digital Telegraaf, 13 juli 2016 ‘EU stelt privacy burgers onvoldoende veilig‘, Einhovens Dagblad, 13 juli 2016 Monika Ermert, ‘Transatlantischer Zoff: Digitaler Datenschutz oder digitaler Protektionismus?‘, 16 July 2016, heise.de Léa Auffret, ‘Why privacy safeguards in trade deals need urgent improvement‘, 20 October 2016, beuc.eu |
| Irion, K. 2016. @techreport{, title = {Survey and data gathering to support the Impact Assessment of a possible new legislative proposal concerning Directive 2010/13/EU (AVMSD) and in particular the provisions on media freedom, public interest and access for disabled people}, author = {K. Irion}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1798}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-06-24}, abstract = { The current EU rules on the independence of audiovisual media regulators (Article 30 AVMSD) have little to no impact on the actual performance of regulators, which are under the discretion of MS. […] [E]stablishment of concrete requirements have the largest potential for \emph{de facto }safeguarding independence of regulators and thus more effective transposition of the AVMSD and the preservation of free and pluralistic media. }, note = { Study carried out for the European Commission by Visionary Analytics in cooperation with SQW Limited, Ramboll Management Consulting and with support from the Advisory Board: Dr. K. Irion, M. Ledger, Dr. E. Varney, A. Moledo, Brussels: European Commission, 2016. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The current EU rules on the independence of audiovisual media regulators (Article 30 AVMSD) have little to no impact on the actual performance of regulators, which are under the discretion of MS. […] [E]stablishment of concrete requirements have the largest potential for de facto safeguarding independence of regulators and thus more effective transposition of the AVMSD and the preservation of free and pluralistic media. |
| Irion, K., Yakovleva, S. The Best of Both Worlds? Free Trade in Services and EU Law on Privacy and Data Protection European Data Protection Law Review, (2), pp. 191-208., 2016, ( Prepublication version of the article. ). @article{, title = {The Best of Both Worlds? Free Trade in Services and EU Law on Privacy and Data Protection}, author = {Yakovleva, S. and Irion, K.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/irion_yakovleva-2016-the-best-of-both-worlds/}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-06-24}, journal = {European Data Protection Law Review}, number = {2}, pages = {191-208.}, abstract = { The article focuses on the interplay between European Union (EU) law on privacy and data protection and international trade law, in particular the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the WTO dispute settlement system. The argument distinguishes between the effects of international trade law in the EU legal order on the one hand, and, on the other hand, how EU data protection law would fare in a hypothetical challenge under the GATS. The contribution will apply international trade law and the general exception in GATS Article XIV to typical requirements stemming from EU data protection law, especially on transfers of personal data to third countries. The article enumerates the specific legal risks for defending EU law on privacy and data protection and explains the practical implications of its hypothetical challenge under the GATS. These insights could be useful for the EU’s negotiators of the future bi- or multilateral free trade agreements, notably the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and the Trade in Services Agreement. }, note = { Prepublication version of the article. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The article focuses on the interplay between European Union (EU) law on privacy and data protection and international trade law, in particular the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the WTO dispute settlement system. The argument distinguishes between the effects of international trade law in the EU legal order on the one hand, and, on the other hand, how EU data protection law would fare in a hypothetical challenge under the GATS. The contribution will apply international trade law and the general exception in GATS Article XIV to typical requirements stemming from EU data protection law, especially on transfers of personal data to third countries. The article enumerates the specific legal risks for defending EU law on privacy and data protection and explains the practical implications of its hypothetical challenge under the GATS. These insights could be useful for the EU’s negotiators of the future bi- or multilateral free trade agreements, notably the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and the Trade in Services Agreement. |
| Irion, K. The Reform of the e-Privacy Directive: How to get it right? 08.04.2016, ( Presentation delivered at the public conference organized by the Greens/EFA, 6 April 2016, European Parliament, Brussels. ). @misc{, title = {The Reform of the e-Privacy Directive: How to get it right?}, author = {Irion, K.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1758.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-04-08}, note = { Presentation delivered at the public conference organized by the Greens/EFA, 6 April 2016, European Parliament, Brussels. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } |
| Irion, K., McGonagle, T., van Eijk, N. Smart TV and data protection - Introduction 2016. @techreport{, title = {Smart TV and data protection - Introduction}, author = {N.A.N.M. van Eijk and K. Irion and T. McGonagle}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1742.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-03-10}, abstract = { The structure of this study is built around the following questions: - What is smart TV? - How does smart TV compare with other forms of audiovisual media? - What regulatory frameworks govern smart TV? - What guidance can be found in selected country-specific case studies? - What are the dangers associated with the collection, storage and processing of private user information by commercial parties? - How are relevant regulatory frameworks likely to evolve? Samsung have warned owners of their smart TVs that the system’s voice recognition could actually be recording and sharing their private conversations. This “bad buzz” comes at a time when Brussels is in the process of adopting new legislation – the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - aimed at protecting us from abuse and misuse of our private data and consumer behaviour big data collected by smart equipment such as television sets. The European Audiovisual Observatory, part of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, is keeping track of these developments and has published this IRIS Special report entitled "Smart TV and data protection". This is a joint publication by the Observatory and partner institution, the Dutch Institute for Information Law (IViR in Amsterdam). It inspired an expert workshop organised in Strasbourg December 2015, which looked at “the grey areas between media regulation and data protection”. }, note = { IRIS Special, European Audvisual Observatory, Strasbourg 2016. ISBN 9789287182395. See here for more information and ability to purchase publication. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The structure of this study is built around the following questions: - What is smart TV? - How does smart TV compare with other forms of audiovisual media? - What regulatory frameworks govern smart TV? - What guidance can be found in selected country-specific case studies? - What are the dangers associated with the collection, storage and processing of private user information by commercial parties? - How are relevant regulatory frameworks likely to evolve? Samsung have warned owners of their smart TVs that the system’s voice recognition could actually be recording and sharing their private conversations. This “bad buzz” comes at a time when Brussels is in the process of adopting new legislation – the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - aimed at protecting us from abuse and misuse of our private data and consumer behaviour big data collected by smart equipment such as television sets. The European Audiovisual Observatory, part of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, is keeping track of these developments and has published this IRIS Special report entitled "Smart TV and data protection". This is a joint publication by the Observatory and partner institution, the Dutch Institute for Information Law (IViR in Amsterdam). It inspired an expert workshop organised in Strasbourg December 2015, which looked at “the grey areas between media regulation and data protection”. |
| Irion, K. A special regard: The Court of Justice and the fundamental rights to privacy and data protection Faber, (Ed.): Nomos, 2016, ( In: Festschrift für Wolfhard Kohte, Faber et al (eds.), Baden-Baden: Nomos, forthcoming 2016. ). @inbook{, title = {A special regard: The Court of Justice and the fundamental rights to privacy and data protection}, author = {Irion, K.}, editor = {Faber}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/irion_a-special-regard_chapterfinal/}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-02-25}, publisher = {Nomos}, abstract = {The frequency with which the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) rules on the interpretations of the rights to privacy and data protection in European Union (EU) law is constantly accelerating. The increasing case-load can certainly be attributed to the contemporary relevance of these issues in a data-driven society which leads to more cases being referred to the CJEU. However, contrary to earlier case-law, which had a rather limited effect, the recent CJEU decisions have gained prominence for their principle contribution to EU law. In 2014, the Court issued a landmark ruling in the case \emph{Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources} which catapulted EU citizens’ privacy and data protection rights from the margins of EU law to the center stage. Already in 2015, in the case \emph{Maximillian Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner}, the Court has had another occasion to review EU legislation for its compliance with the rights to privacy and data protection under the EU Charter. The invalidation of the EU-U.S. Safe Harbour agreement by the Court has been stirring a global resonance in addition to receiving ample and arguably controversial coverage in international news. This contribution looks at how the fundamental rights to privacy and data protection are protected in the EU legal order. It primarily assesses the CJEU’s case-law’s trajectory in this field as well as the impact of its decision practice in EU law. Hereby I discuss whether the CJEU holds a particular regard for the rights to privacy and data protection since the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (CFR) was accorded binding legal value in 2009.5 Particular focus is given to the discussion of the two judgments in 2014 and 2015 cited above with which the Court underscored its determination to effectively protect these fundamental rights in the scope of EU law.}, note = { In: Festschrift f\"{u}r Wolfhard Kohte, Faber et al (eds.), Baden-Baden: Nomos, forthcoming 2016. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } The frequency with which the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) rules on the interpretations of the rights to privacy and data protection in European Union (EU) law is constantly accelerating. The increasing case-load can certainly be attributed to the contemporary relevance of these issues in a data-driven society which leads to more cases being referred to the CJEU. However, contrary to earlier case-law, which had a rather limited effect, the recent CJEU decisions have gained prominence for their principle contribution to EU law. In 2014, the Court issued a landmark ruling in the case Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources which catapulted EU citizens’ privacy and data protection rights from the margins of EU law to the center stage. Already in 2015, in the case Maximillian Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner, the Court has had another occasion to review EU legislation for its compliance with the rights to privacy and data protection under the EU Charter. The invalidation of the EU-U.S. Safe Harbour agreement by the Court has been stirring a global resonance in addition to receiving ample and arguably controversial coverage in international news. This contribution looks at how the fundamental rights to privacy and data protection are protected in the EU legal order. It primarily assesses the CJEU’s case-law’s trajectory in this field as well as the impact of its decision practice in EU law. Hereby I discuss whether the CJEU holds a particular regard for the rights to privacy and data protection since the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (CFR) was accorded binding legal value in 2009.5 Particular focus is given to the discussion of the two judgments in 2014 and 2015 cited above with which the Court underscored its determination to effectively protect these fundamental rights in the scope of EU law. |
| Cavaliere, P., Irion, K., Pavli, D. 2015. @techreport{, title = {Comparative study of best European practices of online content regulation: Law and policy of online content regulation, in particular defamation online, in the light of Albanian legislative proposals}, author = {P. Cavaliere and D. Pavli and K. Irion}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1683.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-11-10}, note = { Study commissioned by the Council of Europe, Amsterdam/Edinburgh/Tirana, August 2015. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |
| Irion, K. Cloud services made in Europe after Snowden and Schrems 2015. @article{, title = {Cloud services made in Europe after Snowden and Schrems}, author = {K. Irion}, url = {http://policyreview.info/articles/news/cloud-services-made-europe-after-snowden-and-schrems/377}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-10-27}, note = { Comment in Internet Policy Review, 23 October 2015. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Irion, K. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 23 (4), pp. 348-371., 2015, ((2015) International Journal of Law and Information Technology 23(4): 348-371, DOI: 10.1093/ijlit/eav015, available at http://ijlit.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/4/348.abstract). @article{, title = {Your Digital Home is No Longer Your Castle: How Cloud Computing Transforms the (Legal) Relationship between Individuals and Their Personal Records}, author = {Irion, K.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1584.pdf}, doi = {10.1093/ijlit/eav015}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-09-29}, journal = {International Journal of Law and Information Technology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {348-371.}, abstract = {In line with the overall trend individuals’ personal affairs, too, are composed of digital records to an increasing amount. At about the same time, the era of local storage in end user equipment is about to give way to remote computing where data resides on third party equipment (cloud computing). Once information, and even the most personal one, is no longer stored on personal equipment the relationship between individual users and their digital assets belonging to them is becoming increasingly abstract. This contribution focuses on the implications of cloud computing for individuals’ unpublicized digital records. The question to be answered is whether - taken together - the progressing virtualization and the disruption of physical control produce a backslide for individual positions of rights. The paper introduces the legal treatment of users’ digital personal records and how a technical transformation in combination with disparate legal protection and prevailing commercial practices are bound to impact the distribution of rights and obligations. }, note = {(2015) International Journal of Law and Information Technology 23(4): 348-371, DOI: 10.1093/ijlit/eav015, available at http://ijlit.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/4/348.abstract}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In line with the overall trend individuals’ personal affairs, too, are composed of digital records to an increasing amount. At about the same time, the era of local storage in end user equipment is about to give way to remote computing where data resides on third party equipment (cloud computing). Once information, and even the most personal one, is no longer stored on personal equipment the relationship between individual users and their digital assets belonging to them is becoming increasingly abstract. This contribution focuses on the implications of cloud computing for individuals’ unpublicized digital records. The question to be answered is whether - taken together - the progressing virtualization and the disruption of physical control produce a backslide for individual positions of rights. The paper introduces the legal treatment of users’ digital personal records and how a technical transformation in combination with disparate legal protection and prevailing commercial practices are bound to impact the distribution of rights and obligations. |
| Irion, K., Morganti, L., Renda, A. Guest editorial: New intermediaries in the hyperconnected society Info, (6), pp. 3-7., 2015, ( DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-07-2015-0038">http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-07-2015-0038</a> ). @article{, title = {Guest editorial: New intermediaries in the hyperconnected society}, author = {Morganti, L. and Renda, A. and Irion, K.}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/info-07-2015-0038}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-09-01}, journal = {Info}, number = {6}, pages = {3-7.}, note = { DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-07-2015-0038">http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-07-2015-0038</a> }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Eskens, S., Granger, M.-P., Irion, K. Mediaforum, 27 (3), pp. 112-118, 2015. @article{, title = {Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 8 april 2014 (Digital Rights Ireland / Ierse Ministers en Attorney General)}, author = {Irion, K. and Granger, M.-P. and Eskens, S.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1539.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-17}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {112-118}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Irion, K. Venture into the future of privacy ELSA Synergy Magazine, (57), pp. 28-31., 2015. @article{, title = {Venture into the future of privacy}, author = {K. Irion}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1526.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-03-26}, journal = {ELSA Synergy Magazine}, number = {57}, pages = {28-31.}, abstract = { At the time of writing I am at the Computer Privacy and Data Protection Conference, for insiders just CPDP 2015, one of several mega-events with more than 1,000 participants from governments, European Union (EU) institutions, corporations, civil society and privacy advocates, and plenty of lawyers and academics just like me. This is emblematic of the transformation privacy and data protection have undergone from a somewhat dull area of law to a very visible cutting-edge legal expertise. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } At the time of writing I am at the Computer Privacy and Data Protection Conference, for insiders just CPDP 2015, one of several mega-events with more than 1,000 participants from governments, European Union (EU) institutions, corporations, civil society and privacy advocates, and plenty of lawyers and academics just like me. This is emblematic of the transformation privacy and data protection have undergone from a somewhat dull area of law to a very visible cutting-edge legal expertise. |
| Irion, K. The Court of Justice and the Data Retention Directive in Digital Rights Ireland European Law Review, (6), pp. 835-850., 2015. @article{, title = {The Court of Justice and the Data Retention Directive in Digital Rights Ireland}, author = {K. Irion}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1456.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-15}, journal = {European Law Review}, number = {6}, pages = {835-850.}, abstract = { In Digital Rights Ireland, the Court of Justice invalidated the 2006 Data Retention Directive, which required private providers to retain for a considerable period electronic communication metadata for law enforcement purposes. In this landmark ruling, the EU judiciary introduced a strict scrutiny test for EU legislative acts that interfere seriously with important rights protected by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights—in this case, the rights to privacy and data protection—and applied a rigorous assessment of the proportionality of the measure under the Charter, criticising numerous aspects of the Directive. This article presents and analyses the judgment, discussing its implications for constitutional review and constitutionalism in the European Union, and the substantive and procedural constraints that it imposes on EU and national data retention schemes. It concludes by reflecting on the ruling’s impact on European integration and data related policies. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In Digital Rights Ireland, the Court of Justice invalidated the 2006 Data Retention Directive, which required private providers to retain for a considerable period electronic communication metadata for law enforcement purposes. In this landmark ruling, the EU judiciary introduced a strict scrutiny test for EU legislative acts that interfere seriously with important rights protected by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights—in this case, the rights to privacy and data protection—and applied a rigorous assessment of the proportionality of the measure under the Charter, criticising numerous aspects of the Directive. This article presents and analyses the judgment, discussing its implications for constitutional review and constitutionalism in the European Union, and the substantive and procedural constraints that it imposes on EU and national data retention schemes. It concludes by reflecting on the ruling’s impact on European integration and data related policies. |
| Fejzulla, E., Irion, K., Ledger, M., Svensson, S. The Independence and Functioning of the Audiovisual Media Authority in Albania Amsterdam/Brussels/Budapest/Tirana, 2014. @techreport{, title = {The Independence and Functioning of the Audiovisual Media Authority in Albania}, author = {M. Ledger and S. Svensson and E. Fejzulla and K. Irion}, url = {http://www.indireg.eu/wp-content/uploads/AMA/Indireg-AMA-Report-Nov11.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-11-27}, address = {Amsterdam/Brussels/Budapest/Tirana}, note = { Study commissioned by the Council of Europe, October 2014. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |
| Irion, K. Global Media Journal German Edition, (2), 2014. @article{, title = {International Assistance and Media Democratization in the Western Balkans: A Cross-National Comparison}, author = {K. Irion}, url = {http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-31141/GMJ8_Irion_Jusic_final.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-11-21}, journal = {Global Media Journal German Edition}, number = {2}, abstract = { International media assistance programs accompanied the democratic media transition in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia and Serbia with varying intensity. These countries untertook a range of media reforms to conform with accession requirements of the European Union (EU) and the standards of the Council of Europe, among others. This article explores the nexus between the democratic transformation of the media and international media assistance (IMA) as constrained by the local political conditions in the five countries of the Western Balkans. It aims to enhance the understanding of conditions and factors that influence media institution building in the region and evaluates the role of international assistance programs and conditionality mechanisms herein. The cross-national analysis concludes that the effects of IMA are highly constrained by the local context. A decade of IMA of varying intensity is not sufficient to construct media institutions when, in order to function properly, they have to outperform their local context. From today’s vantage point it becomes obvious, that in the short-term scaling-up IMA does not necessarily improve outcomes. The experiences in the region suggest that imported solutions have not been sufficiently cognitive of all aspects of local conditions and international strategies have tended to be rather schematic and have lacked strategic approaches to promote media policy stability, credible media reform and implementation. To a certain extent, the loss of IMA effectiveness is also self-inflicted. }, note = { Pre-publication version also available at SSRN. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } International media assistance programs accompanied the democratic media transition in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia and Serbia with varying intensity. These countries untertook a range of media reforms to conform with accession requirements of the European Union (EU) and the standards of the Council of Europe, among others. This article explores the nexus between the democratic transformation of the media and international media assistance (IMA) as constrained by the local political conditions in the five countries of the Western Balkans. It aims to enhance the understanding of conditions and factors that influence media institution building in the region and evaluates the role of international assistance programs and conditionality mechanisms herein. The cross-national analysis concludes that the effects of IMA are highly constrained by the local context. A decade of IMA of varying intensity is not sufficient to construct media institutions when, in order to function properly, they have to outperform their local context. From today’s vantage point it becomes obvious, that in the short-term scaling-up IMA does not necessarily improve outcomes. The experiences in the region suggest that imported solutions have not been sufficiently cognitive of all aspects of local conditions and international strategies have tended to be rather schematic and have lacked strategic approaches to promote media policy stability, credible media reform and implementation. To a certain extent, the loss of IMA effectiveness is also self-inflicted. |
| Irion, K. 2014, ( Pre-publication.<br /> In: E. Psychogiopoulou (ed.), <em>Cultural Governance and the European Union</em>, Houndmills and New York: Palgrave MacMillan 2015 in press.<br /> Also available at SSRN: <a href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=2529044" target="_blank">http://ssrn.com/abstract=2529044</a> ). @misc{, title = {Cultural diversity in the digital age: EU competences, policies and regulations for diverse audiovisual and online content}, author = {Irion, K.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1441.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-11-21}, abstract = { Cultural diversity is a multifaceted concept that differs from the notion of media pluralism. However, the two concepts share important concerns particularly as regards content production, content distribution and access to content. This chapter considers the EU’s role in contributing to diverse audiovisual and online content and assesses its limits. Although a signatory of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, the ability of the EU to foster cultural diversity in the digital environment is confined on account of its constrained competences in the field of audiovisual media and online content. Notwithstanding, the EU develops a number of substantive policies that benefit the creation and circulation of cultural content either in an explicit or in an implicit manner. Following a value-chain approach, this chapter discusses the complementary role of various EU sectoral regulations towards this aim. The analysis focuses on the Audiovisual Media Services (AVMS) Directive (Directive 2007/65/EC \textendash 2010/13/EU) and various aspects of the EU regulatory framework for electronic communications, particularly in relation to non-discriminatory access to bottlenecks in the distribution infrastructure and online platforms. The chapter advances the argument that existing EU policies have an important role to play for ensuring the free circulation of, and access to, cultural content. At the same time, aside from the cultural quotas in the above mentioned AVMS Directive, EU activity is less prominent in the field of content production. The analysis concludes by stressing the complexity of promoting cultural diversity in light of both cultural content supply and demand considerations. It also emphasises the importance of emerging policy issues, in particular net neutrality and findability. }, note = { Pre-publication.<br /> In: E. Psychogiopoulou (ed.), <em>Cultural Governance and the European Union</em>, Houndmills and New York: Palgrave MacMillan 2015 in press.<br /> Also available at SSRN: <a href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=2529044" target="_blank">http://ssrn.com/abstract=2529044</a> }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } Cultural diversity is a multifaceted concept that differs from the notion of media pluralism. However, the two concepts share important concerns particularly as regards content production, content distribution and access to content. This chapter considers the EU’s role in contributing to diverse audiovisual and online content and assesses its limits.<br /> Although a signatory of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, the ability of the EU to foster cultural diversity in the digital environment is confined on account of its constrained competences in the field of audiovisual media and online content. Notwithstanding, the EU develops a number of substantive policies that benefit the creation and circulation of cultural content either in an explicit or in an implicit manner. Following a value-chain approach, this chapter discusses the complementary role of various EU sectoral regulations towards this aim. The analysis focuses on the Audiovisual Media Services (AVMS) Directive (Directive 2007/65/EC – 2010/13/EU) and various aspects of the EU regulatory framework for electronic communications, particularly in relation to non-discriminatory access to bottlenecks in the distribution infrastructure and online platforms.<br /> The chapter advances the argument that existing EU policies have an important role to play for ensuring the free circulation of, and access to, cultural content. At the same time, aside from the cultural quotas in the above mentioned AVMS Directive, EU activity is less prominent in the field of content production. The analysis concludes by stressing the complexity of promoting cultural diversity in light of both cultural content supply and demand considerations. It also emphasises the importance of emerging policy issues, in particular net neutrality and findability. |
| Irion, K. 2014, (In: M. Rotenberg, J. Horwitz & J. Scott, eds., Visons of Privacy in a Modern Age, New York: New Press, 2015. Chapter also available in Chinese: https://www.amazon.cn/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6/dp/B074JYGR3B ). @misc{Irion2014, title = {Accountability unchained: Bulk Data Retention, Preemptive Surveillance, and Transatlantic Data Protection}, author = {Irion, K.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/accountability-unchained-kristina-irion_final/}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-11-21}, abstract = {The innovations on which today’s Internet proliferated have been a major gift from its founders and the US government to the world. Ever since the rise of the Internet it has attracted utopian ideas of a free and borderless cyberspace, a men-made global commons that serves an international community of users. First commercialization and now the prevalence of state surveillance have significantly depreciated the utopist patina. Internet’s borderless nature which was once heralded to rise above the nation state has actually enabled some states to rise above their borders when engaging in mass surveillance that affects users on a global scale. International human rights law and emerging Internet governance principles have not been authoritative enough to protect users’ privacy and the confidentiality of communications. More or less openly, Western democracies embarked on the path of mass surveillance with the aim to fight crime and defend national security. This chapter’s focus is on the safeguards and accountability of mass surveillance in Europe and the US and how this affects transatlantic relations. It queries whether national systems of checks and balances are still adequate in relation to the growth and the globalization of surveillance capabilities. Lacking safeguards and accountability at the national level can exacerbate in the context of transnational surveillance. It can lead to asymmetries between countries which are precisely at the core of the transatlantic rift over mass surveillance. The chapter concludes with a brief review of proposals how to reduce them. }, note = {In: M. Rotenberg, J. Horwitz & J. Scott, eds., Visons of Privacy in a Modern Age, New York: New Press, 2015. Chapter also available in Chinese: https://www.amazon.cn/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6/dp/B074JYGR3B }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } The innovations on which today’s Internet proliferated have been a major gift from its founders and the US government to the world. Ever since the rise of the Internet it has attracted utopian ideas of a free and borderless cyberspace, a men-made global commons that serves an international community of users. First commercialization and now the prevalence of state surveillance have significantly depreciated the utopist patina. Internet’s borderless nature which was once heralded to rise above the nation state has actually enabled some states to rise above their borders when engaging in mass surveillance that affects users on a global scale. International human rights law and emerging Internet governance principles have not been authoritative enough to protect users’ privacy and the confidentiality of communications. More or less openly, Western democracies embarked on the path of mass surveillance with the aim to fight crime and defend national security. This chapter’s focus is on the safeguards and accountability of mass surveillance in Europe and the US and how this affects transatlantic relations. It queries whether national systems of checks and balances are still adequate in relation to the growth and the globalization of surveillance capabilities. Lacking safeguards and accountability at the national level can exacerbate in the context of transnational surveillance. It can lead to asymmetries between countries which are precisely at the core of the transatlantic rift over mass surveillance. The chapter concludes with a brief review of proposals how to reduce them. |
| Irion, K. Follow the Money! Ownership & Financial Transparency should be a Media Policy Standard 2014. @misc{, title = {Follow the Money! Ownership & Financial Transparency should be a Media Policy Standard}, author = {K. Irion}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1356.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-05-08}, note = { Blogpost on LSE Media Policy Project, published on 30 April 2014. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| Irion, K., Jusić, T. Sarajevo, (1), 2014. @techreport{, title = {International Assistance and Media Democratization in the Western Balkans: A Cross-National Comparison}, author = {T. Jusi\'{c} and K. Irion}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/International_Assistance.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-04-24}, number = {1}, publisher = {Analitika - Center for Social Research}, address = {Sarajevo}, series = {Working Paper Series on International Media Assistance in the Western Balkans}, note = { Working paper }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |
| Irion, K. 2014. @misc{, title = {Delegation to independent regulatory authorities in the media sector: A paradigm shift through the lens of regulatory theory}, author = {K. Irion}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Radu_2013.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-01-09}, booktitle = {The Independence of the Media and Its Regulatory Agencies. Shedding New Light on Formal and Actual }, pages = {15-54}, publisher = {Intellect}, address = {Bristol UK/ Chicago USA}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| Irion, K. Measuring independence: Approaches, limitations, and a new ranking tool 2014. @misc{, title = {Measuring independence: Approaches, limitations, and a new ranking tool}, author = {K. Irion}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Ledger_2013.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-01-09}, booktitle = {The Independence of the Media and Its Regulatory Agencies. Shedding New Light on Formal and Actual }, pages = {139-184}, publisher = {Intellect}, address = {Bristol UK / Chicago USA}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| Irion, K., Schulz, W., Valcke, P. Intellect, Bristol UK / Chicago USA, 2014. @book{, title = {The Independence of the Media and Its Regulatory Agencies: Shedding New Light on Formal and Actual Independence Against the National Context}, author = {W. Schulz and P. Valcke and K. Irion}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1140.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-01-07}, pages = {390}, publisher = {Intellect}, address = {Bristol UK / Chicago USA}, series = {European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA)}, abstract = {Media independence is vital for democracies, and so is the independence of the regulatory bodies governing it. \emph{The Independence of the Media and its Regulatory Agencies }explores the complex relationship between media governance and independence of media regulatory authorities within Europe, which form part of the wider framework in which media’s independence may flourish or fade. Based on research in more than forty countries, the contributions analyse the independence of regulators and draw links between social, financial, and legal frameworks. The contributing authors offer theoretical perspectives that combine law and public policy; review research methods; and offer a set of case studies that explore how the national socio-political context influences local institutions. As a whole, the book offers an accessible and relevant account of research into regulatory independence as applied to the audiovisual media sector in Europe.}, note = {The book is based on research carried out in the context of the INDIREG and MEDIADEM projects. More information about the book: http://www.ecrea.eu/publications/bookseries See here the front and back cover of the book.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} } Media independence is vital for democracies, and so is the independence of the regulatory bodies governing it. The Independence of the Media and its Regulatory Agencies explores the complex relationship between media governance and independence of media regulatory authorities within Europe, which form part of the wider framework in which media’s independence may flourish or fade. Based on research in more than forty countries, the contributions analyse the independence of regulators and draw links between social, financial, and legal frameworks. The contributing authors offer theoretical perspectives that combine law and public policy; review research methods; and offer a set of case studies that explore how the national socio-political context influences local institutions. As a whole, the book offers an accessible and relevant account of research into regulatory independence as applied to the audiovisual media sector in Europe. |
| Irion, K. 2014. @misc{, title = {The Governance of Network and Information Security in the European Union: The European Public-Private Partnership for Resilience (EP3R)}, author = {K. Irion}, url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2075916}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-01-02}, booktitle = {The Secure Information Society, Gaycken, Krueger, Nickolay (eds.)}, pages = {83-116}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin}, note = { prepublication }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| Irion, K., Luchetta, G. Brussels, 2014, ISBN: 9789461383020. @techreport{, title = {Online Personal Data Processing and the EU Data Protection Reform. CEPS Digital Form Task Force Report}, author = {G. Luchetta and K. Irion}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/TFR_Data_Protection.pdf}, isbn = {9789461383020}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-01-01}, pages = {97.}, publisher = {Center for European Policy Studies}, address = {Brussels}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |