Economic Contribution of Copyright Industries in the Netherlands – a study based on the WIPO Guide

Economic Contribution of Copyright Industries in the Netherlands – a study based on the WIPO Guide download

Content, J., Jong, G. de, Poort, J. & Toepoel, I.

2025

Abstract

This study measures the economic contribution of industries for which copyright is relevant using the methodology as defined in the Guide of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The study, which is being conducted for the third time using this methodology, shows that in 2022, the copyright industries contributed 60 billion euros in added value, accounting for 6.0% of Dutch GDP. Their relative economic impact has therefor remained stable over time: in 2011 copyright industries accounted for 6.0% of GDP and in 2005 their share was 5.9% of GDP. Despite the economic shock caused by the corona pandemic, the relative contribution of copyright-related industries within the economy remained stable, with only minor fluctuations in GDP share and employment between 2019 and 2022.

Links

Copyright, economics, WIPO

RIS

TY  - RPRT
AU  - Content, J.
AU  - Jong, G. de
AU  - Poort, J.
AU  - Toepoel, I.
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025-04-03
T1  - Economic Contribution of Copyright Industries in the Netherlands – a study based on the WIPO Guide
UR  - https://www.ivir.nl/nl/publications/economic-contribution-of-copyright-industries-in-the-netherlands-a-study-based-on-the-wipo-guide/economiccontributionofcopyrightindustriesinthenetherlands/
AB  - This study measures the economic contribution of industries for which copyright is relevant using the methodology as defined in the Guide of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The study, which is being conducted for the third time using this methodology, shows that in 2022, the copyright industries contributed 60 billion euros in added value, accounting for 6.0% of Dutch GDP. Their relative economic impact has therefor remained stable over time: in 2011 copyright industries accounted for 6.0% of GDP and in 2005 their share was 5.9% of GDP. Despite the economic shock caused by the corona pandemic, the relative contribution of copyright-related industries within the economy remained stable, with only minor fluctuations in GDP share and employment between 2019 and 2022.
K1  - Copyright
K1  - economics
K1  - WIPO
ER  -

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Report{nokey,
	title = {Economic Contribution of Copyright Industries in the Netherlands – a study based on the WIPO Guide},
	author = {Content, J. and Jong, G. de and Poort, J. and Toepoel, I.},
	url = {https://www.government.nl/documents/reports/2025/04/03/economic-contribution-of-copyright-industries-in-the-netherlands---a-study-based-on-the-wipo-guide},
	year = {2025},
	date = {2025-04-03},
	abstract = {This study measures the economic contribution of industries for which copyright is relevant using the methodology as defined in the Guide of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The study, which is being conducted for the third time using this methodology, shows that in 2022, the copyright industries contributed 60 billion euros in added value, accounting for 6.0% of Dutch GDP. Their relative economic impact has therefor remained stable over time: in 2011 copyright industries accounted for 6.0% of GDP and in 2005 their share was 5.9% of GDP. Despite the economic shock caused by the corona pandemic, the relative contribution of copyright-related industries within the economy remained stable, with only minor fluctuations in GDP share and employment between 2019 and 2022.},
	keywords = {Copyright, economics, WIPO},
}

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Online inbreuken in beeld: Online gebruik van niet gelicentieerd beeld door particulieren, zzp’ers en kleine verenigingen en stichtingen external link

Blaker, N., Poort, J., Berg, N. van den, Toepoel, I. & Joosse, A.

2025

Abstract

Particulieren, zzp’ers, en kleine niet-commerciële initiatieven maken regelmatig inbreuk op het auteursrecht van fotografen door beeld zonder licentie online te plaatsen. Een deel van deze inbreuken gebeurt mogelijk onopzettelijk door een gebrek aan kennis van het auteursrecht. Deze constatering heeft ertoe geleid dat een motie is aangenomen door de Tweede Kamer om te kijken naar de noodzaak van voorlichting om onopzettelijke inbreuken te voorkomen en te zorgen dat fotografen een eerlijke vergoeding krijgen voor het online gebruik van hun beeld.

Links

Copyright

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Report{nokey,
	title = {Online inbreuken in beeld: Online gebruik van niet gelicentieerd beeld door particulieren, zzp’ers en kleine verenigingen en stichtingen},
	author = {Blaker, N. and Poort, J. and Berg, N. van den and Toepoel, I. and Joosse, A.},
	url = {https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2025/03/27/aanbieding-rapport-online-inbreuken-in-beeld-n-a-v-de-motie-van-den-berge-c-s-van-9-november-2020},
	year = {2025},
	date = {2025-02-15},
	abstract = {Particulieren, zzp’ers, en kleine niet-commerciële initiatieven maken regelmatig inbreuk op het auteursrecht van fotografen door beeld zonder licentie online te plaatsen. Een deel van deze inbreuken gebeurt mogelijk onopzettelijk door een gebrek aan kennis van het auteursrecht. Deze constatering heeft ertoe geleid dat een motie is aangenomen door de Tweede Kamer om te kijken naar de noodzaak van voorlichting om onopzettelijke inbreuken te voorkomen en te zorgen dat fotografen een eerlijke vergoeding krijgen voor het online gebruik van hun beeld.},
	keywords = {Copyright},
}

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Copyright Data Improvement for AI Licensing – The Role of Content Moderation and Text and Data Mining Rules download

Senftleben, M.

In: A Research Agenda for EU Copyright Law, E. Bonadio & C. Sganga (eds.), , Edward Elgar Publishing, 2025, pp: 105-128, ISBN: 9781803927312

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Artificial intelligence, Content moderation, Copyright, Text and Data Mining (TDM)

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Copyright and Generative AI: Opinion external link

Dusollier, S., Kretschmer, M., Margoni, T., Mezei, P., Quintais, J. & Rognstad, O.A.

JIPITEC, vol. 16, iss. : 1, 2025

Abstract

The ECS considers that the current development of generative artificial intelligence (AI), under the regulatory framework set up by the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (CDSM) of 2019 and the AI Act of 2024 (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689), leaves legal uncertainties and several open questions. The following issues require, in the view of the ECS, urgent consideration by the European Union.

Links

https://www.jipitec.eu/jipitec/article/view/424

Copyright

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Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights external link

Gervais, D.J. & Quintais, J.

Kluwer Law International, 2025, ISBN: 9789403546469

Abstract

Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights, currently in its fourth edition, provides an exhaustive analysis of the various operational collective management organization (CMO) models, their rights and obligations vis-à-vis authors, other rightholders and users, the acquisition of the legal authority to license and (most importantly) the rights to license digital uses of protected material, and the creation (or improvement) of information systems to deal with the increasingly complex tasks of rights management and licensing. Over the past three decades, CMOs have become the nerve centres of copyright licensing in virtually every country. Their expertise and knowledge of copyright law and management have proven essential to making copyright work in the digital age. However, they have also been at the centre of debates about their effectiveness, transparency and governance.

Links

https://law-store.wolterskluwer.com/s/product/collective-management-of-copyright-and-related-rights-fourth-edition/01tPg000006iiv2IAA?srsltid=AfmBOooWYO56ciMtsjww-gnbbrR9KElXzaIVDAqPrhAEYLi2knnuAAZD

collective management, Copyright, related rights

RIS

TY  - BOOK
AU  - Gervais, D.J.
AU  - Quintais, J.
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025-03-17
T1  - Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights
UR  - https://law-store.wolterskluwer.com/s/product/collective-management-of-copyright-and-related-rights-fourth-edition/01tPg000006iiv2IAA?srsltid=AfmBOooWYO56ciMtsjww-gnbbrR9KElXzaIVDAqPrhAEYLi2knnuAAZD
AB  - Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights, currently in its fourth edition, provides an exhaustive analysis of the various operational collective management organization (CMO) models, their rights and obligations vis-à-vis authors, other rightholders and users, the acquisition of the legal authority to license and (most importantly) the rights to license digital uses of protected material, and the creation (or improvement) of information systems to deal with the increasingly complex tasks of rights management and licensing. Over the past three decades, CMOs have become the nerve centres of copyright licensing in virtually every country. Their expertise and knowledge of copyright law and management have proven essential to making copyright work in the digital age. However, they have also been at the centre of debates about their effectiveness, transparency and governance.
K1  - collective management
K1  - Copyright
K1  - related rights
ER  -

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Book{nokey,
	title = {Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights},
	author = {Gervais, D.J. and Quintais, J.},
	year = {2025},
	date = {2025-03-17},
	abstract = {Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights, currently in its fourth edition, provides an exhaustive analysis of the various operational collective management organization (CMO) models, their rights and obligations vis-à-vis authors, other rightholders and users, the acquisition of the legal authority to license and (most importantly) the rights to license digital uses of protected material, and the creation (or improvement) of information systems to deal with the increasingly complex tasks of rights management and licensing. Over the past three decades, CMOs have become the nerve centres of copyright licensing in virtually every country. Their expertise and knowledge of copyright law and management have proven essential to making copyright work in the digital age. However, they have also been at the centre of debates about their effectiveness, transparency and governance.},
	keywords = {collective management, Copyright, related rights},
}

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Editorial: What Is a ‘Research Organisation’ and Why It Matters: From Text and Data Mining to AI Research

Quintais, J.

GRUR International, vol. 74, iss. : 5, pp: 397-398, 2025

Links

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikaf030

Copyright, Text and Data Mining (TDM)

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Copyright’s critical mess: music metadata external link

Valk, E.G.

Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2025

Links

https://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2025/03/13/copyrights-critical-mess-music-metadata/

Copyright, metadata, music

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The paradox of lawful text and data mining? Some experiences from the research sector and where we (should) go from here external link

Szkalej, K.

GRUR International, vol. 74, iss. : 4, pp: 307-319, 2025

Abstract

Scientific research can be tricky business. This paper critically explores the 'lawful access' requirement in European copyright law which applies to text and data mining (TDM) carried out for the purpose of scientific research. Whereas TDM is essential for data analysis, artificial intelligence (AI) and innovation, the paper argues that the 'lawful access' requirement in Article 3 CDSM Directive may actually restrict research by complicating the applicability of the TDM provision or even rendering it inoperable. Although the requirement is intended to ensure that researchers act in good faith before deploying TMD tools for purposes such as machine learning, it forces them to ask for permission to access data, for example by taking out a subscription to a service, and for that reason provides the opportunity for copyright holders to apply all sorts of commercial strategies to set the legal and technological parameters of access and potentially even circumvent the mandatory character of the provision. The paper concludes by drawing on insights from the recent European Commission study 'Improving access to and reuse of research results, publications and data for scientific purposes' that offer essential perspectives for the future of TDM, and by suggesting a number of paths forward that EU Member States can take already now in order to support a more predictable and reliable legal regime for scientific TDM and potentially code mining to foster innovation.

Links

Artificial intelligence, CDSM Directive, Copyright, Text and Data Mining (TDM)

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Szkalej, K.
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025-03-10
T1  - The paradox of lawful text and data mining? Some experiences from the research sector and where we (should) go from here
JO  - GRUR International
VL  - 74
IS  - 4
SP  - 307-319
UR  - https://ssrn.com/abstract=5000116
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikaf029
AB  - Scientific research can be tricky business. This paper critically explores the \'lawful access\' requirement in European copyright law which applies to text and data mining (TDM) carried out for the purpose of scientific research. Whereas TDM is essential for data analysis, artificial intelligence (AI) and innovation, the paper argues that the \'lawful access\' requirement in Article 3 CDSM Directive may actually restrict research by complicating the applicability of the TDM provision or even rendering it inoperable. Although the requirement is intended to ensure that researchers act in good faith before deploying TMD tools for purposes such as machine learning, it forces them to ask for permission to access data, for example by taking out a subscription to a service, and for that reason provides the opportunity for copyright holders to apply all sorts of commercial strategies to set the legal and technological parameters of access and potentially even circumvent the mandatory character of the provision. The paper concludes by drawing on insights from the recent European Commission study \'Improving access to and reuse of research results, publications and data for scientific purposes\' that offer essential perspectives for the future of TDM, and by suggesting a number of paths forward that EU Member States can take already now in order to support a more predictable and reliable legal regime for scientific TDM and potentially code mining to foster innovation.
K1  - Artificial intelligence
K1  - CDSM Directive
K1  - Copyright
K1  - Text and Data Mining (TDM)
ER  -

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Bibtex

Article{nokey,
	title = {The paradox of lawful text and data mining? Some experiences from the research sector and where we (should) go from here},
	author = {Szkalej, K.},
	url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/publications/the-paradox-of-lawful-text-and-data-mining-some-experiences-from-the-research-sector-and-where-we-should-go-from-here/grurint_2025_4/},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikaf029},
	year = {2025},
	date = {2025-03-10},
	journal = {GRUR International},
	volume = {74},
	issue = {4},
	pages = {307-319},
	abstract = {Scientific research can be tricky business. This paper critically explores the \'lawful access\' requirement in European copyright law which applies to text and data mining (TDM) carried out for the purpose of scientific research. Whereas TDM is essential for data analysis, artificial intelligence (AI) and innovation, the paper argues that the \'lawful access\' requirement in Article 3 CDSM Directive may actually restrict research by complicating the applicability of the TDM provision or even rendering it inoperable. Although the requirement is intended to ensure that researchers act in good faith before deploying TMD tools for purposes such as machine learning, it forces them to ask for permission to access data, for example by taking out a subscription to a service, and for that reason provides the opportunity for copyright holders to apply all sorts of commercial strategies to set the legal and technological parameters of access and potentially even circumvent the mandatory character of the provision. The paper concludes by drawing on insights from the recent European Commission study \'Improving access to and reuse of research results, publications and data for scientific purposes\' that offer essential perspectives for the future of TDM, and by suggesting a number of paths forward that EU Member States can take already now in order to support a more predictable and reliable legal regime for scientific TDM and potentially code mining to foster innovation.},
	keywords = {Artificial intelligence, CDSM Directive, Copyright, Text and Data Mining (TDM)},
}

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