Media law - Pagina 3 van 3

‘Fake news’ and online disinformation: Case study – Belgium external link

2018

Abstract

This case study provides an overview of the ‘fake news’ phenomenon in Belgium. In light of the 2018 Reuters Report, it starts by sketching the present media landscape in Belgium. It then enquires whether Belgians are concerned about ‘fake news’; what their level of trust is in the media; which media sources are favoured by them, and what their level of media literacy is. After analysing these facts and figures, the emergence of ‘fake news’, through foreign political events, is discussed. Different examples of Belgian ‘fake news’ are then presented, which range from ‘hoaxes’ to misleading and inaccurate news articles stemming from qualified journalists. By means of these examples, the ambiguities of the term ‘fake news’, as an umbrella term to cover a wide variety of content, are explained. Given the vagueness of the term, it is submitted that ‘disinformation’ is a more appropriate term to use. Having regard to the possible impact of this type of ‘news’ on democracy, this case study strives to shed light on Belgian politicians and their relation with ‘fake news’. By means of examples, the author argues that they increasingly use the term ‘fake news’ to discredit news media. Moreover, they tend to by-pass traditional media, through their social media accounts, thereby contributing to the emergence of ‘fake news’. The lack of editorial oversight on social media allows for false messages to be spread. In order to propose measures to counter ‘fake news’ in Belgium, the case study provides an overview of different responses that have already been put in place. Besides responses at the EU level (including the Council of Europe), the overview includes governmental responses, news media responses, civil society responses and responses stemming from collaborations with IT companies. Taking account of these measures, various recommendations are proposed in the Conclusion. It is argued that both short and long-term actions should be developed. Having regard to the forthcoming Belgian elections, the former would be necessary and should, inter alia, aim to enhance the transparency of social media platforms. Regarding the latter, it is argued that media literacy measures should be further built upon.

België, case study, disinformation, Fake news, Journalism, Media law

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Coche, E.
PY  - 0719
DA  - 2018-07-19
T1  - ‘Fake news’ and online disinformation: Case study – Belgium
UR  - https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Case-study-Fake-News-Belgium.pdf
AB  - This case study provides an overview of the ‘fake news’ phenomenon in Belgium. In light of the 2018 Reuters Report, it starts by sketching the present media landscape in Belgium. It then enquires whether Belgians are concerned about ‘fake news’; what their level of trust is in the media; which media sources are favoured by them, and what their level of media literacy is. After analysing these facts and figures, the emergence of ‘fake news’, through foreign political events, is discussed. Different examples of Belgian ‘fake news’ are then presented, which range from ‘hoaxes’ to misleading and inaccurate news articles stemming from qualified journalists. By means of these examples, the ambiguities of the term ‘fake news’, as an umbrella term to cover a wide variety of content, are explained. Given the vagueness of the term, it is submitted that ‘disinformation’ is a more appropriate term to use.
Having regard to the possible impact of this type of ‘news’ on democracy, this case study strives to shed light on Belgian politicians and their relation with ‘fake news’. By means of examples, the author argues that they increasingly use the term ‘fake news’ to discredit news media. Moreover, they tend to by-pass traditional media, through their social media accounts, thereby contributing to the emergence of ‘fake news’. The lack of editorial oversight on social media allows for false messages to be spread. In order to propose measures to counter ‘fake news’ in Belgium, the case study provides an overview of different responses that have already been put in place. Besides responses at the EU level (including the Council of Europe), the overview includes governmental responses, news media responses, civil society responses and responses stemming from collaborations with IT companies. Taking account of these measures, various recommendations are proposed in the Conclusion. It is argued that both short and long-term actions should be developed. Having regard to the forthcoming Belgian elections, the former would be necessary and should, inter alia, aim to enhance the transparency of social media platforms. Regarding the latter, it is argued that media literacy measures should be further built upon.
K1  - België
K1  - case study
K1  - disinformation
K1  - Fake news
K1  - Journalism
K1  - Media law
ER  -

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Bibtex

Article{Coche2018e,
	title = {‘Fake news’ and online disinformation: Case study – Belgium},
	author = {Coche, E.},
	year = {0719},
	date = {2018-07-19},
	abstract = {This case study provides an overview of the ‘fake news’ phenomenon in Belgium. In light of the 2018 Reuters Report, it starts by sketching the present media landscape in Belgium. It then enquires whether Belgians are concerned about ‘fake news’; what their level of trust is in the media; which media sources are favoured by them, and what their level of media literacy is. After analysing these facts and figures, the emergence of ‘fake news’, through foreign political events, is discussed. Different examples of Belgian ‘fake news’ are then presented, which range from ‘hoaxes’ to misleading and inaccurate news articles stemming from qualified journalists. By means of these examples, the ambiguities of the term ‘fake news’, as an umbrella term to cover a wide variety of content, are explained. Given the vagueness of the term, it is submitted that ‘disinformation’ is a more appropriate term to use.
Having regard to the possible impact of this type of ‘news’ on democracy, this case study strives to shed light on Belgian politicians and their relation with ‘fake news’. By means of examples, the author argues that they increasingly use the term ‘fake news’ to discredit news media. Moreover, they tend to by-pass traditional media, through their social media accounts, thereby contributing to the emergence of ‘fake news’. The lack of editorial oversight on social media allows for false messages to be spread. In order to propose measures to counter ‘fake news’ in Belgium, the case study provides an overview of different responses that have already been put in place. Besides responses at the EU level (including the Council of Europe), the overview includes governmental responses, news media responses, civil society responses and responses stemming from collaborations with IT companies. Taking account of these measures, various recommendations are proposed in the Conclusion. It is argued that both short and long-term actions should be developed. Having regard to the forthcoming Belgian elections, the former would be necessary and should, inter alia, aim to enhance the transparency of social media platforms. Regarding the latter, it is argued that media literacy measures should be further built upon.},
	keywords = {België, case study, disinformation, Fake news, Journalism, Media law},
}

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Open Journalism: The Road Travelled and the Road Ahead external link

McGonagle, T., Fahy, R., Kostić, B., Klus, M., Plaizier, C. & Hanhart, M.

2018

frontpage, Journalism, Media law

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Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights external link

McGonagle, T. & Voorhoof, D.

0517

Abstract

This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. With well over 30,000 downloads, the first three editions of the e-book (2013, 2015 and 2016) have proved hugely successful. The new fourth edition summarises over 270 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database). For an optimal navigational experience, one should download the e-book and read the technical tips on p. 3.

case law, European Court of Human Rights, Freedom of expression, frontpage, Journalism, Media law

RIS

TY  - BOOK
AU  - McGonagle, T.
AU  - Voorhoof, D.
PY  - 0517
DA  - 2018-05-17
T1  - Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights
UR  - https://rm.coe.int/freedom-of-expression-the-media-and-journalists-iris-themes-vol-iii-de/16807c1181
AB  - This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. With well over 30,000 downloads, the first three editions of the e-book (2013, 2015 and 2016) have proved hugely successful. The new fourth edition summarises over 270 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court\'s online case-law database). For an optimal navigational experience, one should download the e-book and read the technical tips on p. 3.
K1  - case law
K1  - European Court of Human Rights
K1  - Freedom of expression
K1  - frontpage
K1  - Journalism
K1  - Media law
ER  -

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Conference Report of The International Media Law, Policy & Practice Conference 2017 external link

Coche, E.

2017

conference report, Media law

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Challenged by news personalisation: five perspectives on the right to receive information external link

Eskens, S., Helberger, N. & Möller, J.

Journal of Media Law, vol. 9, num: 2, pp: 259-284, 2017

Abstract

This research asks what the right to receive information means for personalised news consumers and the obligations this rights imposes on states. We develop a framework to understand the right to receive information, starting from case law of the European Court of Human Rights. On this basis, we identify five perspectives on the right to receive information: political debate, truth finding, social cohesion, avoidance of censorship and self-development. We evaluate how these five perspectives inform a legal and policy analysis of news personalisation.

European Convention on Human Rights, filter bubbles, frontpage, media diversity, Media law, news personalisation, right to receive information

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Eskens, S.
AU  - Helberger, N.
AU  - Möller, J.
PY  - 1107
DA  - 2017-11-07
T1  - Challenged by news personalisation: five perspectives on the right to receive information
JO  - Journal of Media Law
VL  - 9
NV  - 2
SP  - 259-284
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2017.1387353
AB  - This research asks what the right to receive information means for personalised news consumers and the obligations this rights imposes on states. We develop a framework to understand the right to receive information, starting from case law of the European Court of Human Rights. On this basis, we identify five perspectives on the right to receive information: political debate, truth finding, social cohesion, avoidance of censorship and self-development. We evaluate how these five perspectives inform a legal and policy analysis of news personalisation.
K1  - European Convention on Human Rights
K1  - filter bubbles
K1  - frontpage
K1  - media diversity
K1  - Media law
K1  - news personalisation
K1  - right to receive information
ER  -

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Bibtex

Article{Eskens2017,
	title = {Challenged by news personalisation: five perspectives on the right to receive information},
	author = {Eskens, S. and Helberger, N. and Möller, J.},
	year = {1107},
	date = {2017-11-07},
	journal = {Journal of Media Law},
	volume = {9},
	number = {2},
	pages = {259-284},
	abstract = {This research asks what the right to receive information means for personalised news consumers and the obligations this rights imposes on states. We develop a framework to understand the right to receive information, starting from case law of the European Court of Human Rights. On this basis, we identify five perspectives on the right to receive information: political debate, truth finding, social cohesion, avoidance of censorship and self-development. We evaluate how these five perspectives inform a legal and policy analysis of news personalisation.},
	keywords = {European Convention on Human Rights, filter bubbles, frontpage, media diversity, Media law, news personalisation, right to receive information},
}

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Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights external link

McGonagle, T. & Voorhoof, D.

European Audiovisual Observatory, 0413, ISBN: 9789287184351

Abstract

This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. With 30,000 downloads, the first and second editions of the e-book (2013, 2015) have proved hugely successful. The new updated edition summarises over 250 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database). The latest edition of the e-book is also available in French and in German. For an optimal navigational experience, one should download the e-book and read the technical tips on p. 3.

case law, European Court of Human Rights, Freedom of expression, frontpage, Journalism, Media law

RIS

TY  - BOOK
AU  - McGonagle, T.
AU  - Voorhoof, D.
PY  - 0413
DA  - 2017-04-13
T1  - Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights
UR  - https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/IRISThemesVolIII_2016.pdf
AB  - This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. With 30,000 downloads, the first and second editions of the e-book (2013, 2015) have proved hugely successful. The new updated edition summarises over 250 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court\'s online case-law database). The latest edition of the e-book is also available in French and in German. 
For an optimal navigational experience, one should download the e-book and read the technical tips on p. 3.
K1  - case law
K1  - European Court of Human Rights
K1  - Freedom of expression
K1  - frontpage
K1  - Journalism
K1  - Media law
ER  -

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Bibtex

Book{McGonagle2017b,
	title = {Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights},
	author = {McGonagle, T. and Voorhoof, D.},
	year = {0413},
	date = {2017-04-13},
	abstract = {This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. With 30,000 downloads, the first and second editions of the e-book (2013, 2015) have proved hugely successful. The new updated edition summarises over 250 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court\'s online case-law database). The latest edition of the e-book is also available in French and in German. 
For an optimal navigational experience, one should download the e-book and read the technical tips on p. 3.},
	keywords = {case law, European Court of Human Rights, Freedom of expression, frontpage, Journalism, Media law},
}

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The role of regional media as a tool for building participatory democracy external link

McGonagle, T. & van Eijk, N.

2014

Abstract

This study will first briefly give a theoretical framework for the relationship between regional media and participation in democratic society. It will then provide a comprehensive overview and analysis of Council of Europe standards that are of relevance to the regional media and therefore shape the environment in which they operate. Against that backdrop it will select and comment on different (national) regulatory, policy approaches to regional media and best or interesting practices. The study will identify and examine a range of challenges facing regional media – legal, political, cultural, linguistic and economic. These different dimensions will factor into the selection of best and interesting practices. The study will be theoretically-informed, politically-aware and solution-oriented.

Council of Europe, Democracy, Media law, Policy, regional media

RIS

TY  - RPRT
AU  - McGonagle, T.
AU  - van Eijk, N.
PY  - 1014
DA  - 2014-10-14
T1  - The role of regional media as a tool for building participatory democracy
UR  - http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/regional-media-and-participatory-democracy.pdf
AB  - This study will first briefly give a theoretical framework for the relationship between regional media and participation in democratic society. It will then provide a comprehensive overview and analysis of Council of Europe standards that are of relevance to the regional media and therefore shape the environment in which they operate. Against that backdrop it will select and comment on different (national) regulatory, policy approaches to regional media and best or interesting practices. The study will identify and examine a range of challenges facing regional media – legal, political, cultural, linguistic and economic. These different dimensions will factor into the selection of best and interesting practices. The study will be theoretically-informed, politically-aware and solution-oriented.
K1  - Council of Europe
K1  - Democracy
K1  - Media law
K1  - Policy
K1  - regional media
ER  -

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Report{McGonagle2014,
	title = {The role of regional media as a tool for building participatory democracy},
	author = {McGonagle, T. and van Eijk, N.},
	year = {1014},
	date = {2014-10-14},
	abstract = {This study will first briefly give a theoretical framework for the relationship between regional media and participation in democratic society. It will then provide a comprehensive overview and analysis of Council of Europe standards that are of relevance to the regional media and therefore shape the environment in which they operate. Against that backdrop it will select and comment on different (national) regulatory, policy approaches to regional media and best or interesting practices. The study will identify and examine a range of challenges facing regional media – legal, political, cultural, linguistic and economic. These different dimensions will factor into the selection of best and interesting practices. The study will be theoretically-informed, politically-aware and solution-oriented.},
	keywords = {Council of Europe, Democracy, Media law, Policy, regional media},
}

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Shrinking core? Exploring the differential agenda setting power of traditional and personalized news external link

Möller, J., Helberger, N., Trilling, D., Irion, K. & Vreese, C.H. de

info, vol. 18, num: 6, pp: 26-41, 2016

Abstract

A shared issue agenda provides democracies with a set of topics that structure the public debate. The advent of personalized news media that use smart algorithms to tailor the news offer to the user challenges the established way of setting the agenda of such a common core of issues. This paper tests the effects of personalized news use on perceived importance of these issues in the common core. In particular we study whether personalized news use leads to a concentration at the top of the issue agenda or to a more diverse issue agenda with a long tail of topics. Based on a cross-sectional survey of a representative population sample (N=1556), we find that personalized news use does not lead to a small common core in which few topics are discussed extensively, yet there is a relationship between personalized news use and a preference for less discussed topics. This is a result of a specific user profile of personalized news users: younger, more educated news users are more interested in topics at the fringes of the common core and also make more use of personalized news offers. The results are discussed in the light of media diversity and recent advances in public sphere research.

Links

DOI: https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-05-2016-0020

common core, fragmentation, frontpage, Media law, media law & policy, Personalisation, survey

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Möller, J.
AU  - Helberger, N.
AU  - Trilling, D.
AU  - Irion, K.
AU  - Vreese, C.H. de
PY  - 0927
DA  - 2016-09-27
T1  - Shrinking core? Exploring the differential agenda setting power of traditional and personalized news
JO  - info
VL  - 18
NV  - 6
SP  - 26-41
UR  - http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/info-05-2016-0020
DO  - https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-05-2016-0020
AB  - A shared issue agenda provides democracies with a set of topics that structure the
public debate. The advent of personalized news media that use smart algorithms to tailor the
news offer to the user challenges the established way of setting the agenda of such a common
core of issues. This paper tests the effects of personalized news use on perceived importance
of these issues in the common core. In particular we study whether personalized news use
leads to a concentration at the top of the issue agenda or to a more diverse issue agenda with
a long tail of topics. Based on a cross-sectional survey of a representative population sample
(N=1556), we find that personalized news use does not lead to a small common core in which
few topics are discussed extensively, yet there is a relationship between personalized news
use and a preference for less discussed topics. This is a result of a specific user profile of
personalized news users: younger, more educated news users are more interested in topics at
the fringes of the common core and also make more use of personalized news offers. The
results are discussed in the light of media diversity and recent advances in public sphere
research.
K1  - common core
K1  - fragmentation
K1  - frontpage
K1  - Media law
K1  - media law &amp; policy
K1  - Personalisation
K1  - survey
ER  -

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Bibtex

Article{Moeller2016,
	title = {Shrinking core? Exploring the differential agenda setting power of traditional and personalized news},
	author = {Möller, J. and Helberger, N. and Trilling, D. and Irion, K. and Vreese, C.H. de},
	doi = {https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-05-2016-0020},
	year = {0927},
	date = {2016-09-27},
	journal = {info},
	volume = {18},
	number = {6},
	pages = {26-41},
	abstract = {A shared issue agenda provides democracies with a set of topics that structure the
public debate. The advent of personalized news media that use smart algorithms to tailor the
news offer to the user challenges the established way of setting the agenda of such a common
core of issues. This paper tests the effects of personalized news use on perceived importance
of these issues in the common core. In particular we study whether personalized news use
leads to a concentration at the top of the issue agenda or to a more diverse issue agenda with
a long tail of topics. Based on a cross-sectional survey of a representative population sample
(N=1556), we find that personalized news use does not lead to a small common core in which
few topics are discussed extensively, yet there is a relationship between personalized news
use and a preference for less discussed topics. This is a result of a specific user profile of
personalized news users: younger, more educated news users are more interested in topics at
the fringes of the common core and also make more use of personalized news offers. The
results are discussed in the light of media diversity and recent advances in public sphere
research.},
	keywords = {common core, fragmentation, frontpage, Media law, media law &amp; policy, Personalisation, survey},
}

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CJEU: external link

S.D. van Leeuwen

European Intellectual Property Review, num: 7, pp: 458-461., 2016

Broadcasting law, collecting societies, communication to the public right, EU law, fees, frontpage, Media law, Mediarecht, retransmission

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