@article{Bod\'{o}2020b,
title = {Mediated trust: A theoretical framework to address the trustworthiness of technological trust mediators},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B.},
url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820939922},
doi = {10.1177/1461444820939922},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-17},
journal = {New Media & Society},
abstract = {This article considers the impact of digital technologies on the interpersonal and institutional logics of trust production. It introduces the new theoretical concept of technology-mediated trust to analyze the role of complex techno-social assemblages in trust production and distrust management. The first part of the article argues that globalization and digitalization have unleashed a crisis of trust, as traditional institutional and interpersonal logics are not attuned to deal with the risks introduced by the prevalence of digital technologies. In the second part, the article describes how digital intermediation has transformed the traditional logics of interpersonal and institutional trust formation and created new trust-mediating services. Finally, the article asks as follows: why should we trust these technological trust mediators? The conclusion is that at best, it is impossible to establish the trustworthiness of trust mediators, and that at worst, we have no reason to trust them.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@techreport{Bod\'{o}2020,
title = {Money talks? The impact of corporate funding on information law research},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Schwichow, H. von and Appelman, N.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/money-talks-summary-report-final.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-05-07},
abstract = {Corporate funding is a contentious issue in information law and policy research. In the fall of 2019, the Institute of Information Law at the University of Amsterdam, and the European Hub of the Network of Centers invited academic research institutions, as well as junior and senior scholars to reflect on the issues around corporate influence on research through money, data, infrastructure, access. The discussion arrived at a number of important conclusions:
- The discussion on funding must include data, infrastructure deals, and other forms of indirect funding
- Sometimes corporate funding is the only way to get access to critical resources
- Transparency is a must, but not a silver bullet to deal with funding
- It is difficult to set up universal a priori norms of which type of funding is acceptable in which situations,
- Academia may need new institutional solutions to review funding, and manage the potential risks of funders taking over the agenda, research bias, and reputational harms
- Public funding bodies are part of the problem as much of the solution.
The rapid, but consequential shifts in the digital landscape in terms of technological innovation, dominant economic actors, power relations, social, political structures, transform the environment of academic research which aims to address the legal and policy issues around those changes. More and more issues, such as content moderation, intermediary liability, digital advertising, algorithmic discrimination, the accountability of AI systems are framed as regulatory dilemmas. As a result, legal research is both in growing demand, and has gained visibility, and significance. As the future rules of the information society are shaping up in the discussions led, or at least prominently shaped by information law research, the temptation to influence it also increases. Research institutions must acknowledge the shifting landscape and the growing stakes. Challenges at that scale require more than individual integrity: there is a need for institutional solutions that on the one hand can actively assess, and mitigate the potential harms in each individual case, and on the other hand, is able to actively shape the funding landscape, and the norms around funding.},
note = {Amsterdam: IViR, Berlin: European Hub of the NoC},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}

@article{Vallb\'{e}2019,
title = {Knocking on Heaven’s Door: User preferences on digital cultural distribution},
author = {Vallb\'{e}, J. and Bod\'{o}, B. and Quintais, J. and Handke, C.W.},
url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/knocking-heavens-door-user-preferences-digital-cultural-distribution},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-06-20},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
abstract = {This paper explores the social, demographic and attitudinal basis of consumer support of a Copyright Compensation System (CCS), which, for a small monthly fee would legalise currently infringing online social practices such as private copying from illegal sources and online sharing of copyrighted works. We do this by first identifying how different online and offline, legal and illegal, free and paying content acquisition channels are used in the media market using a cluster-based classification of respondents. Second, we assess the effect of cultural consumption on the support for a shift from the status quo towards alternative, CCS-based forms of digital cultural content distribution. Finally, we link these two analyses to identify the factors that drive the dynamics of change in digital cultural consumption habits. Our study shows significant support to a CCS compared to the status quo by both occasional and frequent buyers of cultural goods, despite the widespread adoption of legal free and paying online services by consumers. The nature of these preferences are also explored with the inclusion of consumer preference intensities regarding certain CCS attributes. Our results have relevant policy implications, for they outline CCS as a reform option. In particular, they point evidence-based copyright reform away from its current direction in the EU of stronger enforcement measures, additional exclusive rights, and increased liability and duties of care for online platforms. This work shows that CCS may be an apt policy tool to hinder piracy and potentially increase right holder revenues, while respecting fundamental rights and promoting technological development.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Bod\'{o}2019d,
title = {Selling News to Audiences \textendash A Qualitative Inquiry into the Emerging Logics of Algorithmic News Personalization in European Quality News Media},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B.},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1624185},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-06-20},
journal = {Digital Journalism},
volume = {7},
number = {8},
pages = {1054-1075},
abstract = {How do news organizations design and implement algorithmically personalized news services? We conducted 16 in-depth interviews with professionals working in European public service broadcasting and commercial quality news media to answer this question. The news business is undergoing rapid transformations regarding how news production is financed, how news is produced and delivered to audiences and how citizens consume news. In all of these changes algorithmic recommender systems play a role. We focus on news organizations’ own personalized news services, and analyze how they define the role of personalization in contributing to the financial success of the organization, in reaching and retaining audiences, and in fulfilling their editorial mission. We interviewed editors, journalists, technologists and business intelligence and publishing professionals to gain a structural understanding of the often conflicting goals of personalization. We found that rather than focusing on increasing short-term user engagement, European quality news media try to use news personalization to increase long-term audience loyalty. In distinction to the “platform logic of personalization”, which uses personalization to produce engagement and sell audiences to advertisers, they have developed a “news logic of personalization”, which uses personalization to sell news to audiences.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Bod\'{o}2019c,
title = {The science of piracy, the piracy of science. Who are the science pirates and where do they come from: Part 2},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2019/03/21/the-science-of-piracy-the-piracy-of-science-who-are-the-science-pirates-and-where-do-they-come-from-part-2/},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-03-21},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
volume = {2019},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Borgesius2019b,
title = {Online politieke microtargeting: Een zegen of een vloek voor de democratie?},
author = {Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. and M\"{o}ller, J. and Dobber, T. and Kruikemeier, S. and Irion, K. and Stapel, S. and Fahy, R. and Bod\'{o}, B. and Vreese, C.H. de},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/NJB_2019.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-03-19},
journal = {Nederlands Juristenblad (NJB)},
volume = {2019},
number = {10},
pages = {528-669},
abstract = {Voor online politieke microtargeting wordt het online-gedrag van mensen in kaart gebracht en worden de verzamelde gegevens gebruikt om mensen gerichte politieke advertenties te tonen. Microtargeting is vanuit de VS komen overwaaien naar Europa en heeft voor- en nadelen voor de democratie. Microtargeting kan politieke partijen helpen om mensen effectief te bereiken en kan politieke betrokkenheid stimuleren. Maar microtargeting kan ook een bedreiging vormen voor de democratie. Zo kan een politieke partij zich verschillend voordoen aan verschillende mensen. Bovendien bedreigt het verzamelen van persoonsgegevens onze privacy. Dit artikel brengt de beloftes en bedreigingen van microtargeting voor de democratie in kaart en schetst mogelijkheden voor beleidsmakers om het gebruik van microtargeting te reguleren.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Bod\'{o}2019b,
title = {The science of piracy, the piracy of science. Who are the science pirates and where do they come from: Part 1},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2019/03/06/the-science-of-piracy-the-piracy-of-science-who-are-the-science-pirates-and-where-do-they-come-from-part-1/},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-03-07},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
volume = {2019},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Quintais2019b,
title = {Blockchain and the Law: A Critical Evaluation},
author = {Quintais, J. and Bod\'{o}, B. and Giannopoulou, A. and Ferrari, V.},
url = {https://stanford-jblp.pubpub.org/pub/blockchain-and-law-evaluation},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-16},
journal = {Stanford Journal of Blockchain Law & Policy},
volume = {2},
number = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{HandkeBodoQuintais2018,
title = {Truce in the Copyright War? The Pros and Cons of Copyright Compensation Systems for Digital Use },
author = {Handke, Christian W. and Quintais, J. and Bod\'{o}, B. },
url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3311019 },
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-16},
journal = {Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {23-56},
abstract = {This paper discusses copyright compensation systems (CCS) -- that provide licenses for downloading and non-commercial use of copyright works in return for a fee -- in the light of welfare economics and transaction cost economics. Recent empirical studies suggest that CCS could improve social welfare at least for recorded music. The general theme of the theoretical discussion in this paper is a simplicity-flexibility trade-off. On the one hand, CCS seek to reduce the costs of administering and trading copyrights online. On the other hand, standard copyright licenses distort the market mechanism. This paper discusses the costs and benefits of various CCS proposals compared to alternative ways of managing copyright online. },
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Bod\'{o}2019,
title = {Interested in diversity: The role of user attitudes, algorithmic feedback loops, and policy in news personalization},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Helberger, N. and Eskens, S. and M\"{o}ller, J.},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2018.1521292},
doi = {10.1080/21670811.2018.1521292},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-08},
journal = {Digital Journalism},
volume = {7},
number = {2},
pages = {206-229},
abstract = {Using survey evidence from the Netherlands, we explore the factors that influence news readers’ attitudes toward news personalization. We show that the value of personalization depends on commonly overlooked factors, such as concerns about a shared news sphere, and the diversity of recommendations. However, these expectations are not universal. Younger, less educated users are more exposed to personalized news and show little concern about diverse news recommendations. Quality news organizations that pursue reader loyalty and trust are incentivized to implement personalization algorithms that aim for diversity and high quality recommendations. However, some users are in danger of being left out of this positive feedback loop. We make specific policy suggestions regarding how to solve that issue.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Bod\'{o}2018d,
title = {Blockchain and smart contracts: the missing link in copyright licensing? },
author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Gervais, D.J. and Quintais, J.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/IJLIT_2018.pdf
https://academic.oup.com/ijlit/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ijlit/eay014/5106727},
doi = {10.1093/ijlit/eay014},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-27},
journal = {International Journal of Law and Information Technology},
volume = {2018},
number = {4},
pages = {311-336},
abstract = {This article offers a normative analysis of key blockchain technology concepts from the perspective of copyright law. Some features of blockchain technologies\textemdashscarcity, trust, transparency, decentralized public records and smart contracts\textemdashseem to make this technology compatible with the fundamentals of copyright. Authors can publish works on blockchain creating a quasi-immutable record of initial ownership, and encode ‘smart’ contracts to license the use of works. Remuneration may happen on online distribution platforms where the smart contracts reside. In theory, such an automated setup allows for the private ordering of copyright. Blockchain technology, like Digital Rights Management 20 years ago, is thus presented as an opportunity to reduce market friction, and increase both licensing efficiency and the autonomy of creators. Yet, some of the old problems remain. The article examines the differences between new, smart-contract-based private ordering regime and the fundamental components of copyright law, such as exceptions and limitations, the doctrine of exhaustion, restrictions on formalities, the public domain and fair remuneration.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@inbook{Bod\'{o}2018b,
title = {The Genesis of Library Genesis: The Birth of a Global Scholarly Shadow Library},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/library_genesis.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-05-18},
note = {Chapter in: Shadow Libraries: Access to Knowledge in Global Higher Education / J. Karaganis (ed.), The MIT Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2018.
ISBN: 9780262535014.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}

@inbook{Bod\'{o}2018c,
title = {Library Genesis in Numbers: Mapping the Underground Flow of Knowledge},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/library_genesis_numbers.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-05-18},
note = {Chapter in: Shadow Libraries: Access to Knowledge in Global Higher Education / J. Karaganis (ed.), The MIT Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2018.
ISBN: 9780262535014.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}

@article{Borgesius2018,
title = {Online Political Microtargeting: Promises and Threats for Democracy},
author = {Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. and M\"{o}ller, J. and Kruikemeier, S. and Fahy, R. and Irion, K. and Dobber, T. and Bod\'{o}, B. and Vreese, C.H. de},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/UtrechtLawReview.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-02-13},
journal = {Utrecht Law Review},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {82-96},
abstract = {Online political microtargeting involves monitoring people’s online behaviour, and using the collected data, sometimes enriched with other data, to show people-targeted political advertisements. Online political microtargeting is widely used in the US; Europe may not be far behind. This paper maps microtargeting’s promises and threats to democracy. For example, microtargeting promises to optimise the match between the electorate’s concerns and political campaigns, and to boost campaign engagement and political participation. But online microtargeting could also threaten democracy. For instance, a political party could, misleadingly, present itself as a different one-issue party to different individuals. And data collection for microtargeting raises privacy concerns. We sketch possibilities for policymakers if they seek to regulate online political microtargeting. We discuss which measures would be possible, while complying with the right to freedom of expression under the European Convention on Human Rights.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Bod\'{o}2018,
title = {Political micro-targeting: a Manchurian candidate or just a dark horse?},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Helberger, N. and Vreese, C.H. de},
url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/political-micro-targeting-manchurian-candidate-or-just-dark-horse},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-19},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
volume = {2017},
number = {4},
abstract = {Political micro-targeting (PMT) has become a popular topic both in academia and in the public discussions after the surprise results of the 2016 US presidential election, the UK vote on leaving the European Union, and a number of general elections in Europe in 2017. Yet, we still know little about whether PMT is a tool with such destructive potential that it requires close societal control, or if it’s “just” a new phenomenon with currently unknown capacities, but which can ultimately be incorporated into our political processes. In this article we identify the points where we think we need to further develop our analytical capacities around PMT. We argue that we need to decouple research from the US context, and through more non-US and comparative research we need to develop a better understanding of the macro, meso, and micro level factors that affect the adoption and success of PMTs across different countries. One of the most under-researched macro-level factors is law. We argue that PMT research must develop a better understanding of law, especially in Europe, where the regulatory frameworks around platforms, personal data, political and commercial speech do shape the use and effectiveness of PMT. We point out that the incorporation of such new factors calls for the sophistication of research designs, which currently rely too much on qualitative methods, and use too little of the data that exists on PMT. And finally, we call for distancing PMT research from the hype surrounding the new PMT capabilities, and the moral panics that quickly develop around its uses.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Bod\'{o}2017,
title = {Tackling the Alggorithmic Control Crisis - the Technical, Legal, and Ethical Challenges of Research into Algorithmic Agents},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Helberger, N. and Irion, K. and Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. and M\"{o}ller, J. and Velde, B. van de and Bol, N. and Es, B. van and Vreese, C.H. de},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/YJLT_2017.pdf},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-06-07},
journal = {Yale Journal of Law & Technology},
volume = {19},
pages = {133-180},
abstract = {Algorithmic agents permeate every instant of our online existence. Based on our digital profiles built from the massive surveillance of our digital existence, algorithmic agents rank search results, filter our emails, hide and show news items on social networks feeds, try to guess what products we might buy next for ourselves and for others, what movies we want to watch, and when we might be pregnant. Algorithmic agents select, filter, and recommend products, information, and people; they increasingly customize our physical environments, including the temperature and the mood. Increasingly, algorithmic agents don’t just select from the range of human created alternatives, but also they create. Burgeoning algorithmic agents are capable of providing us with content made just for us, and engage with us through one-of-a-kind, personalized interactions. Studying these algorithmic agents presents a host of methodological, ethical, and logistical challenges.
The objectives of our paper are two-fold. The first aim is to describe one possible approach to researching the individual and societal effects of algorithmic recommenders, and to share our experiences with the academic community. The second is to contribute to a more fundamental discussion about the ethical and legal issues of “tracking the trackers”, as well as the costs and trade-offs involved. Our paper will contribute to the discussion on the relative merits, costs and benefits of different approaches to ethically and legally sound research on algorithmic governance. We will argue that besides shedding light on how users interact with algorithmic agents, we also need to be able to understand how different methods of monitoring our algorithmically controlled digital environments compare to each other in terms of costs and benefits. We conclude our article with a number of concrete suggestions for how to address the practical, ethical and legal
challenges of researching algorithms and their effects on users and society.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Borgesius2016b,
title = {Algoritmische verzuiling en filter bubbles: een bedreiging voor de democratie?},
author = {Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. and Trilling, D. and M\"{o}ller, J. and Eskens, S. and Bod\'{o}, B. and Vreese, C.H. de and Helberger, N.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Computerrecht_2016_5.pdf},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-10-03},
journal = {Computerrecht},
volume = {2016},
number = {5},
pages = {255-262},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Borgesius2016,
title = {Should we worry about filter bubbles?},
author = {Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. and Trilling, D. and Moller, J. and Bod\'{o}, B. and Vreese, C.H. de and Helberger, N.},
url = {http://policyreview.info/node/401/pdf},
doi = {10.14763/2016.1.401},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-04-01},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
abstract = {
Some fear that personalised communication can lead to information cocoons or filter bubbles. For instance, a personalised news website could give more prominence to conservative or liberal media items, based on the (assumed) political interests of the user. As a result, users may encounter only a limited range of political ideas. We synthesise empirical research on the extent and effects of self-selected personalisation, where people actively choose which content they receive, and pre-selected personalisation, where algorithms personalise content for users without any deliberate user choice. We conclude that at present there is little empirical evidence that warrants any worries about filter bubbles.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{,
title = {Knocking on Heaven's Door - User Preferences on Digital Cultural Distribution},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Quintais, J. and Vallb\'{e}, J. and Handke, C.W.},
url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2630519},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-07-31},
abstract = {
14 July 2015.

This paper explores the social, demographic and attitudinal basis of consumer support to a change from the status quo in digital cultural distribution. First we identify how different online and offline, legal and illegal, free and paying content acquisition channels are used in the Dutch media market using a cluster-based classification of respondents according to their cultural consumption. Second, we assess the effect of cultural consumption on the support to the introduction of a Copyright Compensation System (CCS), which, for a small monthly fee would legalize currently infringing online social practices such as private copying from illegal sources and online sharing of copyrighted works. Finally, we link these two analyses to identify the factors that drive the dynamics of change in digital cultural consumption habits.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{,
title = {Going means trouble and staying makes it double: the value of licensing recorded music online},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Handke, C.W. and Vallb\'{e}, J.},
url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10824-015-9251-8},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-06-11},
journal = {Journal of Cultural Economics},
abstract = {
This paper discusses whether a copyright compensation system (CCS) for recorded music\textemdashendowing private Internet subscribers with the right to download and use works in return for a fee\textemdashwould be welfare increasing. It reports on the results of a discrete choice experiment conducted with a representative sample of the Dutch population consisting of 4986 participants. Under some conservative assumptions, we find that applied only to recorded music, a mandatory CCS could increase the welfare of rights holders and users in the Netherlands by over €600 million per year (over €35 per capita). This far exceeds current rights holder revenues from the market of recorded music of ca. €144 million per year. A monthly CCS fee of ca. €1.74 as a surcharge on Dutch Internet subscriptions would raise the same amount of revenues to rights holders as the current market for recorded music. With a voluntary CCS, the estimated welfare gains to users and rights holders are even greater for CCS fees below €20 on the user side. A voluntary CCS would also perform better in the long run, as it could retain a greater extent of market coordination. The results of our choice experiment indicate that a well-designed CCS for recorded music would simultaneously make users and rights holders better off. This result holds even if we correct for frequently observed rates of overestimation in contingent valuation studies.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{,
title = {Hacktivism 1-2-3: how privacy enhancing technologies change the face of anonymous hacktivism},
author = {B. Bod\'{o}},
url = {http://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/hacktivism-1-2-3-how-privacy-enhancing-technologies-change-face-anonymous},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-04-24},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
volume = {3},
number = {4},
abstract = {
This short essay explores how the notion of hacktivism changes due to easily accessible, military grade Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs). Privacy Enhancing Technologies, technological tools which provide anonymous communications and protect users from online surveillance enable new forms of online political activism. Through the short summary of the ad-hoc vigilante group Anonymous, this article describes hacktivism 1.0 as electronic civil disobedience conducted by outsiders. Through the analysis of Wikileaks, the anonymous whistleblowing website, it describes how strong PETs enable the development of hacktivism 2.0, where the source of threat is shifted from outsiders to insiders. Insiders have access to documents with which power can be exposed, and who, by using PETs, can anonymously engage in political action. We also describe the emergence of a third generation of hacktivists who use PETs to disengage and create their own autonomous spaces rather than to engage with power through anonymous whistleblowing.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Bod\'{o}2012,
title = {Theatrical distribution and P2P movie piracy: a survey of P2P networks in Hungary using transactional data},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Lakatos, Z.},
url = {http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1261/712},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Communication},
volume = {6},
pages = {413--445},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}