Reading list

Relevant resources on media convergence, the use of AI in journalism, and regulatory approaches to changing media

Regulation

European Union

Consolidated text of Directive 2010/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Directive 2018/1808 (Audiovisual Media Services Directive).
European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a common framework for media services in the internal market (European Media Freedom Act) and amending Directive 2010/13/EU, COM/2022/457 final.

Case-law

European Court of Human Rights

Szurovecz v. Hungary, no. 15428/16, 8 October 2019.
Węgrzynowski and Smolczewski v. Poland, no. 33846/07, 16 July 2013.
Animal Defenders International v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 48876/08, 22 April 2013.
Ahmet Yildirim v. Turkey, no. 3111/10, 18 December 2012.
Editorial Board of Pravoye Delo and Shtekel v. Ukraine, no. 33014/05, 5 May 2011.
Times Newspapers LTD v. the United Kingdom (nos. 1 and 2), nos. 3002/03 and 23676/03, 10 March 2009.
Stoll v. Switzerland [GC], no. 69698/0, 10 December 2007.
Dammann v. Switzerland, no. 77551/01, 25 April 2006.
Fressoz and Roire v. France, no. 29183/95, 21 January 1999.
Goodwin v. the United Kingdom, no. 17488/90, 27 March 1996.
Jersild v. Denmark, no, 15890/89, 23 September 1994.
Informationsverein Lentia and Others v. Austria, nos. 13914/88; 15041/89; 15779/89; 17207/90, 24 November 1993.

Policy instruments

Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe

Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)13 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the impacts of digital technologies and on freedom of expression.
Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)4 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on promoting a favourable environment for quality journalism in the digital age.
Recommendation CM/Rec(2018)2 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the roles and responsibilities of internet intermediaries.
Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)5 of the Committee of Ministers to member Sates on Internet Freedom, 13 April 2016.
Recommendation CM/Rec(2011)7 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on a new notion of media, 21 September 2011.

European Commission (EU)

Green Paper: Preparing for a Fully Converged Audiovisual World: Growth, Creation and Values, COM(2013) 231 final.

Other

Resolution adopted at the Conference of Ministers responsible for Media and Information Society on freedom of expression and digital technologies (organised by the Council of Europe), 11 June 2021.

Literature and commentary

D. Buijs, ‘The Digital Services Act and the implications for news media and journalistic content (Part 1)’, DSA Observatory, 29 September 2022 [AI, content moderation and journalism].¹
European Federation of Journalists (EFJ), ‘EU Digital Services Act: journalistic content must be protected from interference by online platforms’, 3 December 2021 [AI, content moderation and journalism].²
European Federation of Journalists (EFJ), ‘How to respond to the challenges of artificial intelligence in the newsroom?’, 17 May 2021.
B. Franklin, ‘The future of journalism in an age of digital media and economic uncertainty’, Journalism Studies, 15:5, pp. 481-499.
N. Helberger e.a., ‘Regulation of news recommenders in the Digital Services Act: empowering David against the Very Large Online Goliath’, Internet Policy Review 26 February 2021.
N. Helberger e.a., Implications of AI-driven tools in the media for freedom of expression, 2019 (Background Paper Council of Europe Conference of Ministers responsible for Media & Information Society).
P. Humphreys and S. Simpson, Regulation, Governance and Convergence in the Media, 2018, Edward Elgar: Northampton, MA. [Restricted access]
K. Jakubowicz, “A New Notion of Media”, Keynote speech at the 1^st Council of Europe Conference of Ministers Responsible for Media and New Communications Services, Reykjavik, 28-29 May 2009, in: K. Jakubowicz, Media revolution Europe: ahead of the curve, Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, 2011, pp. 15-9.
K. Jakubowicz, A new notion of media?: Media and media-like content and activities on new communications services, Strasbourg: Council of Europe, April 2009.
A. Lugmayr and C. Dal Zotto (eds.), Media Convergence Handbook – Vol. 1: Journalism, Broadcasting, and Social Media Aspects of Convergence, 2016, Springer: New York.
A. Lugmayr and C. Dal Zotto (eds.), Media Convergence Handbook – Vol. 2: Firms and User Perspectives, 2016, Springer: New York.
T. McGonagle, ‘Free Expression and Internet Intermediaries: The Changing Geometry of European Regulation’, in: G. Frosio (ed.) Oxford Handbook of Online Intermediary Liability, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
J. O’Sullivan and L. Fortunati, ‘Media Convergence: Expanding Perspectives Beyond the Digital’, in: G. Balbi e.a., Digital Roots: Historicizing Media and Communication Concepts of the Digital Age, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2021, pp. 41-58.
E. Siapera, ‘Journalism’s dilemma: Internet challenges for professional journalism and media sustainability’, in: O. Andreotti (ed.), Journalism at risk: Threats, challenges and perspectives, Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, 2015, pp. 223-259.
E. Siapera, Understanding New Media (2nd Edition), London: SAGE Publications
Ltd., 2018 [restricted access].
N. Thurman, S. C. Lewis and J. Kunert, ‘Algorithms, Automation, and News’, Digital Journalism, 2019, Vol. 7, No. 8, pp. 980-992.
J. Van Dijck, T. Poell and M. De Waal, The Platform Society: Public Values in a Connective World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 [often available via institutional access].
M. van Drunen, ‘Editorial independence in an automated media system’, Internet Policy Review, 10(3).
M. van Drunen and D. Fechner, ‘Safeguarding Editorial Independence in an Automated Media System: The Relationship Between Law and Journalistic Perspectives’, Digital Journalism, 2022, Vol. 10, No. 5.

Studies and reports

C. Beckett e.a., New powers, new responsibilities: A global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence, London: LSE 2019.
R. Kleis Nielsen, A. Cornia and A. Kalogeropoulos (eds.) (Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism), Challenges and opportunities for news media and journalism in an increasingly digital, mobile and social media environment, Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, 2016.
OSCE Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media, Spotlight on Artificial Intelligence and Freedom of Expression: A Policy Manual, Vienna: OSCE RFOM, 2021 [AI, content moderation and freedom of expression/journalism].³

Other materials and resources

Karol Jakubowicz, A New Notion of Media .
European Audiovisual Observatory, IRIS Merlin Database.
Council of Europe – Portal Artificial Intelligence.
LSE Department of Media and Communications, JournalismAI.
Opening Session of the High-Level Conference under the Portuguese Presidency of the Council of the European Union, titled “Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Journalism – Will AI take hold of the Fourth Estate?”, 11-12 May 2021 .
Session 5 of the High-Level Conference under the Portuguese Presidency of the Council of the European Union, titled “Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Journalism – Will AI take hold of the Fourth Estate?”, 11-12 May 2021 .
Technology & Regulation [journal]

1. As noted in the introduction to this knowledge package, the use of AI for automated content moderation on online platforms and its effects on journalism is not specifically addressed in this package, but is certainly worth exploring further.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.