Keyword: europe

The Political Power of Platforms: How Current Attempts to Regulate Misinformation Amplify Opinion Power external link

Helberger, N.
Digital Journalism, vol. 8, num: 6, pp: 842-854, 2020

Abstract

This contribution critically reviews the ongoing policy initiatives in Europe to impose greater societal responsibility on social media platforms. I discuss the current regulatory approach of treating social platforms as mere 'intermediaries' of the speech of others and propose a different perspective. Instead of perceiving platforms as intermediaries and facilitators of the speech of others, I view social media platforms as active political actors in their own right, and wielders of considerable opinion power. I will explain how taking the perspective of opinion power throws a very different, and rather alarming light on the recent regulatory initiatives.

europe, frontpage, Mediarecht, opinion power, pluralism, Regulation, Social media platforms

Bibtex

Article{Helberger2020d, title = {The Political Power of Platforms: How Current Attempts to Regulate Misinformation Amplify Opinion Power}, author = {Helberger, N.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773888}, year = {0714}, date = {2020-07-14}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {842-854}, abstract = {This contribution critically reviews the ongoing policy initiatives in Europe to impose greater societal responsibility on social media platforms. I discuss the current regulatory approach of treating social platforms as mere \'intermediaries\' of the speech of others and propose a different perspective. Instead of perceiving platforms as intermediaries and facilitators of the speech of others, I view social media platforms as active political actors in their own right, and wielders of considerable opinion power. I will explain how taking the perspective of opinion power throws a very different, and rather alarming light on the recent regulatory initiatives.}, keywords = {europe, frontpage, Mediarecht, opinion power, pluralism, Regulation, Social media platforms}, }

The regulation of online political micro-targeting in Europe external link

Dobber, T., Fahy, R. & Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.
Internet Policy Review, vol. 8, num: 4, 2020

Abstract

In this paper, we examine how online political micro-targeting is regulated in Europe. While there are no specific rules on such micro-targeting, there are general rules that apply. We focus on three fields of law: data protection law, freedom of expression, and sector-specific rules for political advertising; for the latter we examine four countries. We argue that the rules in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are necessary, but not sufficient. We show that political advertising, including online political micro-targeting, is protected by the right to freedom of expression. That right is not absolute, however. From a European human rights perspective, it is possible for lawmakers to limit the possibilities for political advertising. Indeed, some countries ban TV advertising for political parties during elections.

Advertising, Data protection law, elections, europe, frontpage, Micro-targeting, Politics, Privacy, Regulering, Vrijheid van meningsuiting

Bibtex

Article{Dobber2020, title = {The regulation of online political micro-targeting in Europe}, author = {Dobber, T. and Fahy, R. and Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/regulation-online-political-micro-targeting-europe}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1440}, year = {0116}, date = {2020-01-16}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {}, abstract = {In this paper, we examine how online political micro-targeting is regulated in Europe. While there are no specific rules on such micro-targeting, there are general rules that apply. We focus on three fields of law: data protection law, freedom of expression, and sector-specific rules for political advertising; for the latter we examine four countries. We argue that the rules in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are necessary, but not sufficient. We show that political advertising, including online political micro-targeting, is protected by the right to freedom of expression. That right is not absolute, however. From a European human rights perspective, it is possible for lawmakers to limit the possibilities for political advertising. Indeed, some countries ban TV advertising for political parties during elections.}, keywords = {Advertising, Data protection law, elections, europe, frontpage, Micro-targeting, Politics, Privacy, Regulering, Vrijheid van meningsuiting}, }

Freedom of Expression: A Comparative Summary of United States and European Law external link

Heller, B. & van Hoboken, J.
2019

Abstract

Working paper of the Transatlantic High Level Working Group on Content Moderation Online and Freedom of Expression

comparison, europe, frontpage, united states, Vrijheid van meningsuiting

Bibtex

Article{Heller2019, title = {Freedom of Expression: A Comparative Summary of United States and European Law}, author = {Heller, B. and van Hoboken, J.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/TWG_Freedom_of_Expression.pdf}, year = {0509}, date = {2019-05-09}, abstract = {Working paper of the Transatlantic High Level Working Group on Content Moderation Online and Freedom of Expression}, keywords = {comparison, europe, frontpage, united states, Vrijheid van meningsuiting}, }

Die "Flüchtlingskrise": Ethische Herausforderungen für Medien in Europa und Afrika. Migrationsberichterstattung in 11 afrikanischen und europäischen Ländern external link

Fengler, S., Bastian, M., Brinkmann, J. & Zappe, A.-C.
Migration, Integration, Inklusion. Medienethische Herausforderungen und Potenziale für die digitale Mediengesellschaft., In: Körberer, N. and Prinzig, M. and Schröder, M. (eds): Migration, Integration, Inklusion. Medienethische Herausforderungen und Potenziale für die digitale Mediengesellschaft. Nomos, 0101, pp: 39-52

Africa, europe, media ethics, migration

Bibtex

Chapter{Fengler2018, title = {Die "Flüchtlingskrise": Ethische Herausforderungen für Medien in Europa und Afrika. Migrationsberichterstattung in 11 afrikanischen und europäischen Ländern}, author = {Fengler, S. and Bastian, M. and Brinkmann, J. and Zappe, A.-C.}, year = {0101}, date = {2018-01-01}, keywords = {Africa, europe, media ethics, migration}, }

Tracking walls, take-it-or-leave-it choices, the GDPR, and the ePrivacy regulation external link

Zuiderveen Borgesius, F., Kruikemeier, S., Boerman, S.C. & Helberger, N.
European Data Protection Law Review, vol. 2017, num: 3, pp: 353-368, 2017

Abstract

On the internet, we encounter take-it-or-leave-it choices regarding our privacy on a daily basis. In Europe, online tracking for targeted advertising generally requires the internet users’ consent to be lawful. Some websites use a tracking wall, a barrier that visitors can only pass if they consent to tracking by third parties. When confronted with such a tracking wall, many people click ‘I agree’ to tracking. A survey that we conducted shows that most people find tracking walls unfair and unacceptable. We analyse under which conditions the ePrivacy Directive and the General Data Protection Regulation allow tracking walls. We provide a list of circumstances to assess when a tracking wall makes consent invalid. We also explore how the EU lawmaker could regulate tracking walls, for instance in the ePrivacy Regulation. It should be seriously considered to ban tracking walls, at least in certain circumstances.

europe, frontpage, GDPR, Privacy, tracking walls

Bibtex

Article{Borgesius2017b, title = {Tracking walls, take-it-or-leave-it choices, the GDPR, and the ePrivacy regulation}, author = {Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. and Kruikemeier, S. and Boerman, S.C. and Helberger, N.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/EDPL_2017_03.pdf}, doi = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21552/edpl/2017/3/9}, year = {1019}, date = {2017-10-19}, journal = {European Data Protection Law Review}, volume = {2017}, number = {3}, pages = {353-368}, abstract = {On the internet, we encounter take-it-or-leave-it choices regarding our privacy on a daily basis. In Europe, online tracking for targeted advertising generally requires the internet users’ consent to be lawful. Some websites use a tracking wall, a barrier that visitors can only pass if they consent to tracking by third parties. When confronted with such a tracking wall, many people click ‘I agree’ to tracking. A survey that we conducted shows that most people find tracking walls unfair and unacceptable. We analyse under which conditions the ePrivacy Directive and the General Data Protection Regulation allow tracking walls. We provide a list of circumstances to assess when a tracking wall makes consent invalid. We also explore how the EU lawmaker could regulate tracking walls, for instance in the ePrivacy Regulation. It should be seriously considered to ban tracking walls, at least in certain circumstances.}, keywords = {europe, frontpage, GDPR, Privacy, tracking walls}, }

Media coverage of elections: the legal framework in Europe external link

Fahy, R., Apa, E., Bassini, M., Bruna, A., Cabrera Blázquez, F., Cunningham, I., Etteldorf, C., Goldberg, D., Granchet, A., Klimkiewicz, B., Richter, A. & Rozendaal, M.
2017

elections, europe, european audiovisual observatory, frontpage, iris special, medialaw

Bibtex

Report{Fahy2017b, title = {Media coverage of elections: the legal framework in Europe}, author = {Fahy, R. and Apa, E. and Bassini, M. and Bruna, A. and Cabrera Blázquez, F. and Cunningham, I. and Etteldorf, C. and Goldberg, D. and Granchet, A. and Klimkiewicz, B. and Richter, A. and Rozendaal, M.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/IRIS_Special_2017_1.pdf}, year = {0914}, date = {2017-09-14}, keywords = {elections, europe, european audiovisual observatory, frontpage, iris special, medialaw}, }

Introduction and Conclusions external link

McGonagle, T. & van Eijk, N.
1110, ISBN: 9789287183392

europe, local broadcasting, Omroeprecht, regional broadcasting

Bibtex

Chapter{McGonagle2016b, title = {Introduction and Conclusions}, author = {McGonagle, T. and van Eijk, N.}, url = {http://shop.obs.coe.int/en/iris-special-legal-publications/43-iris-special-regional-and-local-broadcasting-in-europe.html}, year = {1110}, date = {2016-11-10}, keywords = {europe, local broadcasting, Omroeprecht, regional broadcasting}, }