Fundamental rights
| van der Sloot, B.
Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie van de EU 11 december 2014 (Ryneš / Úřad pro ochranu osobních údajů) 2015, ( @misc{,
title = {Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie van de EU 11 december 2014 (Ryne\v{s} / \'{U}\v{r}ad pro ochranu osobn\'{i}ch \'{u}dajr{u})}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1542.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-24}, journal = {European Human Rights Cases}, number = {3}, note = { C-212/13. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| Bodó, B.
Hacktivism 1-2-3: how privacy enhancing technologies change the face of anonymous hacktivism Internet Policy Review, 3 (4), 2015. @article{,
title = {Hacktivism 1-2-3: how privacy enhancing technologies change the face of anonymous hacktivism}, author = {B. Bod\'{o}}, url = {http://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/hacktivism-1-2-3-how-privacy-enhancing-technologies-change-face-anonymous}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-24}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, abstract = { This short essay explores how the notion of hacktivism changes due to easily accessible, military grade Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs). Privacy Enhancing Technologies, technological tools which provide anonymous communications and protect users from online surveillance enable new forms of online political activism. Through the short summary of the ad-hoc vigilante group Anonymous, this article describes hacktivism 1.0 as electronic civil disobedience conducted by outsiders. Through the analysis of Wikileaks, the anonymous whistleblowing website, it describes how strong PETs enable the development of hacktivism 2.0, where the source of threat is shifted from outsiders to insiders. Insiders have access to documents with which power can be exposed, and who, by using PETs, can anonymously engage in political action. We also describe the emergence of a third generation of hacktivists who use PETs to disengage and create their own autonomous spaces rather than to engage with power through anonymous whistleblowing. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
This short essay explores how the notion of hacktivism changes due to easily accessible, military grade Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs). Privacy Enhancing Technologies, technological tools which provide anonymous communications and protect users from online surveillance enable new forms of online political activism. Through the short summary of the ad-hoc vigilante group Anonymous, this article describes hacktivism 1.0 as electronic civil disobedience conducted by outsiders. Through the analysis of Wikileaks, the anonymous whistleblowing website, it describes how strong PETs enable the development of hacktivism 2.0, where the source of threat is shifted from outsiders to insiders. Insiders have access to documents with which power can be exposed, and who, by using PETs, can anonymously engage in political action. We also describe the emergence of a third generation of hacktivists who use PETs to disengage and create their own autonomous spaces rather than to engage with power through anonymous whistleblowing.
|
| Eskens, S., Granger, M.-P., Irion, K.
Mediaforum, 27 (3), pp. 112-118, 2015. @article{,
title = {Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 8 april 2014 (Digital Rights Ireland / Ierse Ministers en Attorney General)}, author = {Irion, K. and Granger, M.-P. and Eskens, S.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1539.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-17}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {112-118}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| van Daalen, O.
Burgers tegen Plasterk: het Nederlandse staartje van de Snowden-saga Ars Aequi, (4), pp. 287-293., 2015. @article{,
title = {Burgers tegen Plasterk: het Nederlandse staartje van de Snowden-saga}, author = {O.L. van Daalen}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1535.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-17}, journal = {Ars Aequi}, number = {4}, pages = {287-293.}, abstract = { De Snowden-onthullingen haalden niet alleen wereldwijd de media en het parlementair debat. Ze leidden zelfs tot een Nederlandse rechtszaak over communicatieprivacy. Een principiële rechtszaak over burgerrechtenactivisme, surveillance en politieke intrige, met een verrassende, maar ook teleurstellende uitkomst. Dit moet je weten. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
De Snowden-onthullingen haalden niet alleen wereldwijd de media en het parlementair debat. Ze leidden zelfs tot een Nederlandse rechtszaak over communicatieprivacy. Een principiële rechtszaak over burgerrechtenactivisme, surveillance en politieke intrige, met een verrassende, maar ook teleurstellende uitkomst. Dit moet je weten.
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| Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.
Privacybescherming online kan beter: De mythe van geïnformeerde toestemming Nederlands Juristenblad, (14), pp. 878-883., 2015. @article{,
title = {Privacybescherming online kan beter: De mythe van ge\"{i}nformeerde toestemming}, author = {F.J. Zuiderveen Borgesius}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1536.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-17}, journal = {Nederlands Juristenblad}, number = {14}, pages = {878-883.}, abstract = { De huidige privacyregels leggen veel nadruk op de geïnformeerde toestemming van internetgebruikers. Met zulke toestemmingsregels probeert de wet mensen in staat te stellen om keuzes te maken in hun eigen belang. Maar inzichten uit gedragsstudies trekken de effectiviteit van deze wetgevingstactiek in twijfel. Zo klikken internetgebruikers in de praktijk 'OK' op vrijwel elk toestemmingsverzoek dat op hun scherm verschijnt. De wet zou meer aandacht moeten geven aan de daadwerkelijke bescherming van de privacy van mensen die het internet opgaan. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
De huidige privacyregels leggen veel nadruk op de geïnformeerde toestemming van internetgebruikers. Met zulke toestemmingsregels probeert de wet mensen in staat te stellen om keuzes te maken in hun eigen belang. Maar inzichten uit gedragsstudies trekken de effectiviteit van deze wetgevingstactiek in twijfel. Zo klikken internetgebruikers in de praktijk 'OK' op vrijwel elk toestemmingsverzoek dat op hun scherm verschijnt. De wet zou meer aandacht moeten geven aan de daadwerkelijke bescherming van de privacy van mensen die het internet opgaan.
|
| Fahy, R.
Political Advertising Bans and Freedom of Expression Greek Public Law Journal, pp. 226-228, 2015. @article{,
title = {Political Advertising Bans and Freedom of Expression}, author = {R.F. Fahy}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1534.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-14}, journal = {Greek Public Law Journal}, pages = {226-228}, abstract = { In \emph{Animal Defenders International v UK}, the 17-judge Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the UK’s ban on political advertising on television, as applied to an animal rights organisation, did not violate freedom of expression. The Court divided nine votes to eight, with the majority opinion abandoning the Court’s previous ‘strict scrutiny’ review, and laying down a new doctrine for reviewing political advertising bans. This article, first, examines the role the composition of the Grand Chamber played in the outcome of the case. Second, questions the basis of the new doctrine of review. And third, criticises the majority’s treatment of precedent. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
In Animal Defenders International v UK, the 17-judge Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the UK’s ban on political advertising on television, as applied to an animal rights organisation, did not violate freedom of expression. The Court divided nine votes to eight, with the majority opinion abandoning the Court’s previous ‘strict scrutiny’ review, and laying down a new doctrine for reviewing political advertising bans. This article, first, examines the role the composition of the Grand Chamber played in the outcome of the case. Second, questions the basis of the new doctrine of review. And third, criticises the majority’s treatment of precedent.
|
| van der Sloot, B.
JIPITEC, (3), pp. 230-244., 2015. @article{,
title = {Privacy as human flourishing: Could a shift towards virtue ethics strengthen privacy protection in the age of Big Data?}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1558.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-14}, journal = {JIPITEC}, number = {3}, pages = {230-244.}, abstract = { Privacy is commonly seen as an instrumental value in relation to negative freedom, human dignity and personal autonomy. Article 8 ECHR, protecting the right to privacy, was originally coined as a doctrine protecting the negative freedom of citizens in vertical relations, that is between citizen and state. Over the years, the Court has extended privacy protection to horizontal relations and has gradually accepted that individual autonomy is an equally important value underlying the right to privacy. However, in most of the recent cases regarding Article 8 ECHR, the Court goes beyond the protection of negative freedom and individual autonomy and instead focuses self-expression, personal development and human flourishing. Accepting this virtue ethical notion, in addition to the traditional Kantian focus on individual autonomy and human dignity, as a core value of Article 8 ECHR may prove vital for the protection of privacy in the age of Big Data. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
Privacy is commonly seen as an instrumental value in relation to negative freedom, human dignity and personal autonomy. Article 8 ECHR, protecting the right to privacy, was originally coined as a doctrine protecting the negative freedom of citizens in vertical relations, that is between citizen and state. Over the years, the Court has extended privacy protection to horizontal relations and has gradually accepted that individual autonomy is an equally important value underlying the right to privacy. However, in most of the recent cases regarding Article 8 ECHR, the Court goes beyond the protection of negative freedom and individual autonomy and instead focuses self-expression, personal development and human flourishing. Accepting this virtue ethical notion, in addition to the traditional Kantian focus on individual autonomy and human dignity, as a core value of Article 8 ECHR may prove vital for the protection of privacy in the age of Big Data.
|
| van der Sloot, B.
Annotatie bij Rb. 's-Gravenhage 23 juli 2014 (Strafadvocaten e.a. / Staat der Nederlanden) 2015. @misc{,
title = {Annotatie bij Rb. 's-Gravenhage 23 juli 2014 (Strafadvocaten e.a. / Staat der Nederlanden)}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1559.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-13}, journal = {Mediaforum}, number = {11/12}, pages = {306-309.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| van der Sloot, B.
Annotatie bij Rb. Amsterdam 18 september 2014 (Google) 2015. @misc{,
title = {Annotatie bij Rb. Amsterdam 18 september 2014 (Google)}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1560.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-10}, journal = {Jurisprudentie Bescherming Persoonsgegevens (JBP)}, abstract = { Verzoek verwijdering Google. Recht om vergeten te worden. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
Verzoek verwijdering Google. Recht om vergeten te worden.
|
| van der Sloot, B.
Between fact and fiction: an analysis of the case law on article 12 ECHR Child and Familiy Law Quarterly, (4), pp. 397-420., 2015, ( @article{,
title = {Between fact and fiction: an analysis of the case law on article 12 ECHR}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1561.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-08}, journal = {Child and Familiy Law Quarterly}, number = {4}, pages = {397-420.}, abstract = { The right to marry and found a family is currently the subject of worldwide debate. New Zealand and France recently opened up the right to marry to same-sex couples, which has led to mass protests, heated debates, and renewed violence against gay people in France. The Duma has passed a law prohibiting ‘homosexual propaganda’, and in the United States, the Supreme Court has delivered its revolutionary decision on the Defense of Marriage Act. This study enriches the existing debate by analysing the case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding Article 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights, containing the right to marry and found a family. It will be shown that although the article was incorporated in the Convention as a typical negative right and anti-discrimination provision, until 2000 the Court has approached it from a Christian/conservative perspective, adopting very far-reaching restrictions on the rights of immigrants, denying transsexuals and same-sex couples the right to marry, denying a right to divorce, and denying the right to found a family through artificial insemination or adoption. It is only since 2000 that the Court has struck a somewhat more liberal tone, although many of the conservative doctrines still stand. }, note = { Draft version. Final version published in <em>Child and Family Law Quarterly</em>, 2014-4, p. 397-420. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
The right to marry and found a family is currently the subject of worldwide debate. New Zealand and France recently opened up the right to marry to same-sex couples, which has led to mass protests, heated debates, and renewed violence against gay people in France. The Duma has passed a law prohibiting ‘homosexual propaganda’, and in the United States, the Supreme Court has delivered its revolutionary decision on the Defense of Marriage Act. This study enriches the existing debate by analysing the case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding Article 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights, containing the right to marry and found a family. It will be shown that although the article was incorporated in the Convention as a typical negative right and anti-discrimination provision, until 2000 the Court has approached it from a Christian/conservative perspective, adopting very far-reaching restrictions on the rights of immigrants, denying transsexuals and same-sex couples the right to marry, denying a right to divorce, and denying the right to found a family through artificial insemination or adoption. It is only since 2000 that the Court has struck a somewhat more liberal tone, although many of the conservative doctrines still stand.
|
| Arnbak, A.
Emotie domineert verstand na aanslagen in Parijs 2015. @misc{,
title = {Emotie domineert verstand na aanslagen in Parijs}, author = {A.M. Arnbak}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1529.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-01}, note = { Column in Het Financieele Dagblad van 28 januari 2015. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| Arnbak, A.
Neem heft in eigen hand na hack Gemalto 2015. @misc{,
title = {Neem heft in eigen hand na hack Gemalto}, author = {A.M. Arnbak}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1530.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-01}, note = { Column in Het Financieele Dagblad van 25 februari 2015. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| Arnbak, A.
Nederlandse polder als model voor regulering internet 2015. @misc{,
title = {Nederlandse polder als model voor regulering internet}, author = {A.M. Arnbak}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1531.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-01}, note = { Column in Het Financieele Dagblad van 25 maart 2015. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| van Daalen, O.
Mediaforum, (2), pp. 50-54., 2015. @article{,
title = {Tien privacytrends van 2014}, author = {O.L. van Daalen}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1533.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-04-01}, journal = {Mediaforum}, number = {2}, pages = {50-54.}, abstract = { Het privacyrecht is inmiddels een serieus specialisme met jaarlijks tientallen beschikkingen, vonnissen en richtsnoeren. Een overzicht daarvan is nuttig, maar kan je daarin ook bredere ontwikkelingen ontdekken? Het afgelopen jaar in tien privacytrends. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
Het privacyrecht is inmiddels een serieus specialisme met jaarlijks tientallen beschikkingen, vonnissen en richtsnoeren. Een overzicht daarvan is nuttig, maar kan je daarin ook bredere ontwikkelingen ontdekken? Het afgelopen jaar in tien privacytrends.
|
| Irion, K.
Venture into the future of privacy ELSA Synergy Magazine, (57), pp. 28-31., 2015. @article{,
title = {Venture into the future of privacy}, author = {K. Irion}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1526.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-03-26}, journal = {ELSA Synergy Magazine}, number = {57}, pages = {28-31.}, abstract = { At the time of writing I am at the Computer Privacy and Data Protection Conference, for insiders just CPDP 2015, one of several mega-events with more than 1,000 participants from governments, European Union (EU) institutions, corporations, civil society and privacy advocates, and plenty of lawyers and academics just like me. This is emblematic of the transformation privacy and data protection have undergone from a somewhat dull area of law to a very visible cutting-edge legal expertise. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
At the time of writing I am at the Computer Privacy and Data Protection Conference, for insiders just CPDP 2015, one of several mega-events with more than 1,000 participants from governments, European Union (EU) institutions, corporations, civil society and privacy advocates, and plenty of lawyers and academics just like me. This is emblematic of the transformation privacy and data protection have undergone from a somewhat dull area of law to a very visible cutting-edge legal expertise.
|
| Hins, A., Nieuwenhuis, A.
3e dr., Ars Aequi Libri, 2015, ISBN: 9789069166155. @book{,
title = {Hoofdstukken Grondrechten}, author = {A.W. Hins and A.J. Nieuwenhuis}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1494.pdf}, isbn = {9789069166155}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-02-20}, publisher = {Ars Aequi Libri}, edition = {3e dr.}, note = { 3e herziene druk, Nijmegen: Ars Aequi Libri 2014, ISBN: 9789069166155. Studieboek voor studenten rechtsgeleerdheid. |
| Dommering, E., van Eijk, N.
03.02.2015. @misc{,
title = {Bijdrage aan Rondetafelgesprek inzake dataretentie 29 januari 2015, Vaste commissie voor Veiligheid en Justitie}, author = {N.A.N.M. van Eijk and E.J. Dommering}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1490.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-02-03}, note = { Zie ook 'Vertekend beeld door afschaflobby bewaarplicht' in Netkwesties, 29 januari 2015, met commentaar van Egbert Dommering 'Niet verzamelen is uitgangspunt'. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } |
| Irion, K.
The Court of Justice and the Data Retention Directive in Digital Rights Ireland European Law Review, (6), pp. 835-850., 2015. @article{,
title = {The Court of Justice and the Data Retention Directive in Digital Rights Ireland}, author = {K. Irion}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1456.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-15}, journal = {European Law Review}, number = {6}, pages = {835-850.}, abstract = { In Digital Rights Ireland, the Court of Justice invalidated the 2006 Data Retention Directive, which required private providers to retain for a considerable period electronic communication metadata for law enforcement purposes. In this landmark ruling, the EU judiciary introduced a strict scrutiny test for EU legislative acts that interfere seriously with important rights protected by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights—in this case, the rights to privacy and data protection—and applied a rigorous assessment of the proportionality of the measure under the Charter, criticising numerous aspects of the Directive. This article presents and analyses the judgment, discussing its implications for constitutional review and constitutionalism in the European Union, and the substantive and procedural constraints that it imposes on EU and national data retention schemes. It concludes by reflecting on the ruling’s impact on European integration and data related policies. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
In Digital Rights Ireland, the Court of Justice invalidated the 2006 Data Retention Directive, which required private providers to retain for a considerable period electronic communication metadata for law enforcement purposes. In this landmark ruling, the EU judiciary introduced a strict scrutiny test for EU legislative acts that interfere seriously with important rights protected by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights—in this case, the rights to privacy and data protection—and applied a rigorous assessment of the proportionality of the measure under the Charter, criticising numerous aspects of the Directive. This article presents and analyses the judgment, discussing its implications for constitutional review and constitutionalism in the European Union, and the substantive and procedural constraints that it imposes on EU and national data retention schemes. It concludes by reflecting on the ruling’s impact on European integration and data related policies.
|
| Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.
Kinderen worden gevolgd op websites en in apps 2015. @misc{,
title = {Kinderen worden gevolgd op websites en in apps}, author = {F.J. Zuiderveen Borgesius}, url = {http://kassa.vara.nl/tv/afspeelpagina/fragment/kinderen-worden-gevolgd-op-websites-en-in-apps/speel/1/}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-08}, note = { Frederik Borgesius te gast bij het programma Kassa over websites en apps voor kinderen. Zie ook het artikel in De Correspondent van Dimitri Tokmetzis, Dit zijn de virtuele stalkers van uw kind, waar o.a. Ot van Daalen aan het woord komt. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| Arnbak, A.
Wat eeuwen van spam ons leren over cybersecurity 2015. @misc{,
title = {Wat eeuwen van spam ons leren over cybersecurity}, author = {A.M. Arnbak}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1480.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-08}, note = { Column in Het Financieele Dagblad van 31 december 2014. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.
New Forms of Commercial Communications and Data Protection Law 2015. @misc{,
title = {New Forms of Commercial Communications and Data Protection Law}, author = {F.J. Zuiderveen Borgesius}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1481.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-08}, note = { In: New Forms of Commercial Communications in a Converged Audiovisual Sector, IRIS Special, p. 67-76. Ook beschikbaar in het Duits en Frans. |
| Dommering, E.
Het internet: een wereldwijde vrije ruimte met begrensde staatsmacht 2015. @techreport{,
title = {Het internet: een wereldwijde vrije ruimte met begrensde staatsmacht}, author = {E.J. Dommering}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1472.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-06}, abstract = { Op 20 februari 2014 vroeg het kabinet de Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken (AIV) te adviseren over internetvrijheid. Volgens de adviesaanvraag zijn het recht op privacy, het recht op bescherming van data, het recht op vertrouwelijke communicatie en de vrijheid van meningsuiting voorbeelden van internetvrijheid. Het basisbeginsel is dat rechten die \emph{offline} gelden, ook \emph{online} gelden. Het ontstaan en de snelle groei van het internet hebben geleid tot nieuwe vormen van communicatie, die op hun beurt hebben geleid tot nieuwe vragen hoe deze rechten gewaarborgd kunnen worden, mede omdat deze rechten soms moeten worden afgewogen tegen veiligheidsbelangen. Het kabinet legt aan de AIV de vraag voor hoe internetvrijheid verder bevorderd kan worden in nationaal en internationaal beleid, hoe ver de Nederlandse jurisdictie strekt en wat de rol van het bedrijfsleven is bij het bevorderen van internetvrijheid. De AIV heeft een gecombineerde commissie ingesteld om dit advies voor te bereiden onder voorzitterschap van prof.mr. E.J. Dommering (Commissie Mensenrechten, CMR). De leden van de commissie waren mw.mr. dr. B.T. van Ginkel (Commissie Vrede en Veiligheid, CVV), mw. prof.dr. M. de Goede (CVV), prof.dr. E.J. Koops (CMR), mw. dr. P.C. Plooij-van Gorsel (AIV / Commissie Europese Integratie) en mw. mr. H.M. Verrijn Stuart (AIV / CMR). See also the English version of the advisory report: The Internet: A Global Free Space with Limited State Control, No. 92, Advisory Council on International Affairs, November 2014.
Op 20 februari 2014 vroeg het kabinet de Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken (AIV) te adviseren over internetvrijheid. Volgens de adviesaanvraag zijn het recht op privacy, het recht op bescherming van data, het recht op vertrouwelijke communicatie en de vrijheid van meningsuiting voorbeelden van internetvrijheid. Het basisbeginsel is dat rechten die offline gelden, ook online gelden. Het ontstaan en de snelle groei van het internet hebben geleid tot nieuwe vormen van communicatie, die op hun beurt hebben geleid tot nieuwe vragen hoe deze rechten gewaarborgd kunnen worden, mede omdat deze rechten soms moeten worden afgewogen tegen veiligheidsbelangen. Het kabinet legt aan de AIV de vraag voor hoe internetvrijheid verder bevorderd kan worden in nationaal en internationaal beleid, hoe ver de Nederlandse jurisdictie strekt en wat de rol van het bedrijfsleven is bij het bevorderen van internetvrijheid.
De AIV heeft een gecombineerde commissie ingesteld om dit advies voor te bereiden onder voorzitterschap van prof.mr. E.J. Dommering (Commissie Mensenrechten, CMR). De leden van de commissie waren mw.mr. dr. B.T. van Ginkel (Commissie Vrede en Veiligheid, CVV), mw. prof.dr. M. de Goede (CVV), prof.dr. E.J. Koops (CMR), mw. dr. P.C. Plooij-van Gorsel (AIV / Commissie Europese Integratie) en mw. mr. H.M. Verrijn Stuart (AIV / CMR). |
| van Daalen, O.
Bescherm je cliënten tegen de staat, versleutel je mail 2015. @periodical{,
title = {Bescherm je cli\"{e}nten tegen de staat, versleutel je mail}, author = {O.L. van Daalen}, url = {http://www.nrc.nl/handelsblad/van/2014/december/22/bescherm-je-clienten-tegen-de-staat-versleutel-je-1450964}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-06}, abstract = { De AIVD houdt zich niet aan aftapbevoegdheden. Een gezonde dosis paranoia zou advocaten daarom niet misstaan, meent Ot van Daalen. }, note = { Opinie in NRC Handelsblad op 22 december 2014. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {periodical} }
De AIVD houdt zich niet aan aftapbevoegdheden. Een gezonde dosis paranoia zou advocaten daarom niet misstaan, meent Ot van Daalen.
|
| Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.
2014. @article{,
title = {Improving Privacy Protection in the area of Behavioural Targeting / Betere privacybescherming op het gebied van behavioural targeting}, author = {F.J. Zuiderveen Borgesius}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1455.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-12-16}, note = { Short summary of PhD thesis in English and Dutch. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Arnbak, A.
Expert Panel Report: A New Governance Model for Communications Security? 2014. @techreport{,
title = {Expert Panel Report: A New Governance Model for Communications Security?}, author = {A.M. Arnbak}, url = {https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/axel/expert-panel-report-a-new-governance-model-for-communications-security/}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-12-09}, abstract = { Today, the vulnerable state of electronic communications security dominates headlines across the globe, while surveillance, money and power increasingly permeate the ?cybersecurity? policy arena. With the stakes so high, how should communications security be regulated? Deirdre Mulligan (UC Berkeley), Ashkan Soltani (independent, Washington Post), Ian Brown (Oxford) and Michel van Eeten (TU Delft) weighed in on this proposition at an expert panel on my doctoral project at the Amsterdam Information Influx conference.
Today, the vulnerable state of electronic communications security dominates headlines across the globe, while surveillance, money and power increasingly permeate the ?cybersecurity? policy arena. With the stakes so high, how should communications security be regulated?
Deirdre Mulligan (UC Berkeley), Ashkan Soltani (independent, Washington Post), Ian Brown (Oxford) and Michel van Eeten (TU Delft) weighed in on this proposition at an expert panel on my doctoral project at the Amsterdam Information Influx conference. |
| Breemen, V.
United in diversity - The future of the public mission 2014. @techreport{,
title = {United in diversity - The future of the public mission}, author = {V.E. Breemen}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1446.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-11-28}, note = { Panel report of session United in diversity- the future of the public mission at the Information Influx Conference. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |
| Arnbak, A.
De unieke sleutel tot onze digitale informatie 2014. @periodical{,
title = {De unieke sleutel tot onze digitale informatie}, author = {A.M. Arnbak}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1442.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-11-25}, journal = {Financieel Dagblad}, note = { Column van 25 november 2014. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {periodical} } |
| Irion, K.
2014, (In: M. Rotenberg, J. Horwitz & J. Scott, eds., Visons of Privacy in a Modern Age, New York: New Press, 2015. ). @misc{Irion2014,
title = {Accountability unchained: Bulk Data Retention, Preemptive Surveillance, and Transatlantic Data Protection}, author = {Irion, K.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/accountability-unchained-kristina-irion_final/}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-11-21}, abstract = {The innovations on which today’s Internet proliferated have been a major gift from its founders and the US government to the world. Ever since the rise of the Internet it has attracted utopian ideas of a free and borderless cyberspace, a men-made global commons that serves an international community of users. First commercialization and now the prevalence of state surveillance have significantly depreciated the utopist patina. Internet’s borderless nature which was once heralded to rise above the nation state has actually enabled some states to rise above their borders when engaging in mass surveillance that affects users on a global scale. International human rights law and emerging Internet governance principles have not been authoritative enough to protect users’ privacy and the confidentiality of communications. More or less openly, Western democracies embarked on the path of mass surveillance with the aim to fight crime and defend national security. This chapter’s focus is on the safeguards and accountability of mass surveillance in Europe and the US and how this affects transatlantic relations. It queries whether national systems of checks and balances are still adequate in relation to the growth and the globalization of surveillance capabilities. Lacking safeguards and accountability at the national level can exacerbate in the context of transnational surveillance. It can lead to asymmetries between countries which are precisely at the core of the transatlantic rift over mass surveillance. The chapter concludes with a brief review of proposals how to reduce them. }, The innovations on which today’s Internet proliferated have been a major gift from its founders and the US government to the world. Ever since the rise of the Internet it has attracted utopian ideas of a free and borderless cyberspace, a men-made global commons that serves an international community of users. First commercialization and now the prevalence of state surveillance have significantly depreciated the utopist patina. Internet’s borderless nature which was once heralded to rise above the nation state has actually enabled some states to rise above their borders when engaging in mass surveillance that affects users on a global scale. International human rights law and emerging Internet governance principles have not been authoritative enough to protect users’ privacy and the confidentiality of communications.
More or less openly, Western democracies embarked on the path of mass surveillance with the aim to fight crime and defend national security. This chapter’s focus is on the safeguards and accountability of mass surveillance in Europe and the US and how this affects transatlantic relations. It queries whether national systems of checks and balances are still adequate in relation to the growth and the globalization of surveillance capabilities. Lacking safeguards and accountability at the national level can exacerbate in the context of transnational surveillance. It can lead to asymmetries between countries which are precisely at the core of the transatlantic rift over mass surveillance. The chapter concludes with a brief review of proposals how to reduce them. |
| Arnbak, A.
Deltaplan voor online privacy & beveiliging Het Financieele Dagblad, 2014. @article{,
title = {Deltaplan voor online privacy & beveiliging}, author = {A.M. Arnbak}, url = {https://www.axelarnbak.nl/2014/11/04/derde-column-in-financieele-dagblad-deltaplan-online-privacy-en-beveiliging/}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-11-06}, journal = {Het Financieele Dagblad}, note = { Column, 28 oktober 2014. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| van der Sloot, B.
De noodzaak om privacy als publiek belang te herfomuleren Christen Democratische Verkenningen, (3), pp. 125-132., 2014. @article{,
title = {De noodzaak om privacy als publiek belang te herfomuleren}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1428.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-10-30}, journal = {Christen Democratische Verkenningen}, number = {3}, pages = {125-132.}, abstract = { Privacy wordt tegenwoordig geformuleerd als individueel recht dat bescherming biedt aan persoonlijke belangen. Deze benadering is echter niet langer houdbaar in Big Data-processen, die niet op specifieke individuen zijn gericht, maar potentieel eenieder betreffen. Privacy zou dan ook moeten worden geherformuleerd als maatschappelijke waarde. Een dergelijke benadering ondervangt de knelpunten van het huidige privacyparadigma en kan voorkomen dat grootscheepse gegevensverzameling door inlichtingendiensten en instellingen elementaire rechtsbeginselen schendt. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
Privacy wordt tegenwoordig geformuleerd als individueel recht dat bescherming biedt aan persoonlijke belangen. Deze benadering is echter niet langer houdbaar in Big Data-processen, die niet op specifieke individuen zijn gericht, maar potentieel eenieder betreffen. Privacy zou dan ook moeten worden geherformuleerd als maatschappelijke waarde. Een dergelijke benadering ondervangt de knelpunten van het huidige privacyparadigma en kan voorkomen dat grootscheepse gegevensverzameling door inlichtingendiensten en instellingen elementaire rechtsbeginselen schendt.
|
| van der Sloot, B.
SEW - Tijdschrift voor Europees en economisch recht, (10), pp. 420-431., 2014. @article{,
title = {Welcome to the jungle: de aansprakelijkheid van internet-intermediairs voor privacyschendingen in Europa}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1429.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-10-30}, journal = {SEW - Tijdschrift voor Europees en economisch recht}, number = {10}, pages = {420-431.}, abstract = { In Europa zijn globaal drie regimes van toepassing op de aansprakelijkheid van internetintermediairs voor privacyschendingen begaan door hun gebruikers via hun netwerk. Dit zijn de e-commercerichtlijn, die providers onder bepaalde voorwaarden uitsluit van aansprakelijkheid, de Richtlijn bescherming persoonsgegevens, die providers die actief persoonsgegevens verwerken tal van plichten en verantwoordelijkheden oplegt, en de in het EVRM vervatte vrijheid van meningsuiting, die internetproviders onder voorwaarden bepaalde privileges en vrijheden toekent. Deze stelsels zijn ieder op een eigen gebied van toepassing, maar kennen ook een gedeeltelijke overlap, terwijl ze elk een geheel eigen ration en beschermingsregime kennen. In de praktijk brengt dit rechtsongelijkheid en onzekerheid met zich mee, voornamelijk voor providers die actief betrokken zijn bij de inrichting van online platforms. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
In Europa zijn globaal drie regimes van toepassing op de aansprakelijkheid van internetintermediairs voor privacyschendingen begaan door hun gebruikers via hun netwerk. Dit zijn de e-commercerichtlijn, die providers onder bepaalde voorwaarden uitsluit van aansprakelijkheid, de Richtlijn bescherming persoonsgegevens, die providers die actief persoonsgegevens verwerken tal van plichten en verantwoordelijkheden oplegt, en de in het EVRM vervatte vrijheid van meningsuiting, die internetproviders onder voorwaarden bepaalde privileges en vrijheden toekent. Deze stelsels zijn ieder op een eigen gebied van toepassing, maar kennen ook een gedeeltelijke overlap, terwijl ze elk een geheel eigen ration en beschermingsregime kennen. In de praktijk brengt dit rechtsongelijkheid en onzekerheid met zich mee, voornamelijk voor providers die actief betrokken zijn bij de inrichting van online platforms.
|
| Kulk, S., Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.
Google Spain v. González: Did the Court forget about freedom of expression? European Journal of Risk Regulation, (3), 2014. @article{,
title = {Google Spain v. Gonz\'{a}lez: Did the Court forget about freedom of expression?}, author = {F.J. Zuiderveen Borgesius and S. Kulk}, url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2491486}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-10-30}, journal = {European Journal of Risk Regulation}, number = {3}, abstract = { In this note we discuss the controversial judgment in Google Spain v. González of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Our focus is on the judgment’s implications for freedom of expression. First, the facts of the case and the CJEU’s judgment are summarised. We then argue that the CJEU did not give enough attention to the right to freedom of expression. By seeing a search engine operator as a controller regarding the processing of personal data on third party web pages, the CJEU assigns the operator the delicate task of balancing the fundamental rights at stake. However, such an operator may not be the most appropriate party to balance the rights of all involved parties, in particular in cases where such a balance is hard to strike. Furthermore, it is a departure from human rights doctrine that according to the CJEU privacy and data protection rights override, “as a rule”, the public’s right to receive information. In addition, after the judgement it has become unclear whether search engine operators have a legal basis for indexing websites that contain special categories of data. We also discuss steps taken by Google to comply with the judgment. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
In this note we discuss the controversial judgment in Google Spain v. González of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Our focus is on the judgment’s implications for freedom of expression. First, the facts of the case and the CJEU’s judgment are summarised. We then argue that the CJEU did not give enough attention to the right to freedom of expression. By seeing a search engine operator as a controller regarding the processing of personal data on third party web pages, the CJEU assigns the operator the delicate task of balancing the fundamental rights at stake. However, such an operator may not be the most appropriate party to balance the rights of all involved parties, in particular in cases where such a balance is hard to strike. Furthermore, it is a departure from human rights doctrine that according to the CJEU privacy and data protection rights override, “as a rule”, the public’s right to receive information. In addition, after the judgement it has become unclear whether search engine operators have a legal basis for indexing websites that contain special categories of data. We also discuss steps taken by Google to comply with the judgment.
|
| Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.
Behavioural Sciences and the Regulation of Privacy on the Internet 2014. @misc{,
title = {Behavioural Sciences and the Regulation of Privacy on the Internet}, author = {F.J. Zuiderveen Borgesius}, url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2513771}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-10-30}, abstract = { This chapter examines the policy implications of behavioural sciences insights for the regulation of privacy on the Internet, by focusing in particular on behavioural targeting. This marketing technique involves tracking people’s online behaviour to use the collected information to show people individually targeted advertisements. Enforcing data protection law may not be enough to protect privacy in this area. I argue that, if society is better off when certain behavioural targeting practices do not happen, policymakers should consider banning them. }, note = { Draft chapter for the book 'Nudging and the Law - What can EU Law learn from Behavioural Sciences?', editors A-L. Sibony & A. Alemanno, Hart Publishing. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
This chapter examines the policy implications of behavioural sciences insights for the regulation of privacy on the Internet, by focusing in particular on behavioural targeting. This marketing technique involves tracking people’s online behaviour to use the collected information to show people individually targeted advertisements. Enforcing data protection law may not be enough to protect privacy in this area. I argue that, if society is better off when certain behavioural targeting practices do not happen, policymakers should consider banning them.
|
| van der Sloot, B.
International Data Privacy Law, (4), pp. 307-325., 2014. @article{,
title = {Do data protection rules protect the individual and should they? An assessment of the proposed General Data Protection Regulation}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://idpl.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/4/307.full.pdf+html}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-10-28}, journal = {International Data Privacy Law}, number = {4}, pages = {307-325.}, abstract = { Currently under discussion is the European Commission's proposal for a General Data Protection Regulation, which will replace the Data Protection Directive from 1995 over time. The Regulation proposes introducing a number of specific obligations and rights in order to protect the interests of citizens and consumers and provides far-reaching powers for governmental agencies to enforce these rules. However, this is directly against the original purpose of and rationale behind data protection rules and, moreover, an increased emphasis on consumer interests and rights to control personal data seems like an inadequate tool for solving the current problems involved with Big Data. <p id="p-6">
Currently under discussion is the European Commission's proposal for a General Data Protection Regulation, which will replace the Data Protection Directive from 1995 over time.<br /> The Regulation proposes introducing a number of specific obligations and rights in order to protect the interests of citizens and consumers and provides far-reaching powers for governmental agencies to enforce these rules.<br /> However, this is directly against the original purpose of and rationale behind data protection rules and, moreover, an increased emphasis on consumer interests and rights to control personal data seems like an inadequate tool for solving the current problems involved with Big Data. |
| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 7 maart 2014 2014. @misc{,
title = {Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 7 maart 2014}, author = {E.J. Dommering}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_2014_379.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-10-14}, journal = {NJ}, number = {40}, pages = {4816-4818.}, abstract = { Klacht over een column in \textit{NJB } van een Advocaat-Generaal bij de Hoge Raad, redacteur van \textit{NJB}, over mensenrechtschendingen in Rusland in verband met de onteigening van het olieconcern Yukos. Deze column zou de onafhankelijkheid van de rechterlijke macht schaden, omdat over deze onteigeningen ten tijde van de column procedures in Nederland liepen. De klacht op grond van artikel 13a RO wordt afgewezen, omdat dit een te vergaande beperking van de vrijheid van meningsuiting van een lid van de rechterlijke macht zou zijn. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
Klacht over een column in NJB van een Advocaat-Generaal bij de Hoge Raad, redacteur van NJB, over mensenrechtschendingen in Rusland in verband met de onteigening van het olieconcern Yukos. Deze column zou de onafhankelijkheid van de rechterlijke macht schaden, omdat over deze onteigeningen ten tijde van de column procedures in Nederland liepen. De klacht op grond van artikel 13a RO wordt afgewezen, omdat dit een te vergaande beperking van de vrijheid van meningsuiting van een lid van de rechterlijke macht zou zijn.
|
| Dommering, E.
Meningsuiting of oproep tot terreur, waar ligt de grens? 2014. @periodical{,
title = {Meningsuiting of oproep tot terreur, waar ligt de grens?}, author = {E.J. Dommering}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Parool_23082014.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-08-28}, journal = {Het Parool}, pages = {6.}, note = { Interview 23 augustus 2014. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {periodical} } |
| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 28 mei 2013 2014. @misc{,
title = {Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 28 mei 2013}, author = {E.J. Dommering}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/NJ_2014_350.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-08-28}, journal = {NJ}, number = {34/35}, pages = {4450-4451.}, abstract = { Afpersen van gegevens, alleen voor gegevens waarbij het oogmerk bestond er voordeel mee te behalen. Afgrenzing van het begrip 'voordeel'. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
Afpersen van gegevens, alleen voor gegevens waarbij het oogmerk bestond er voordeel mee te behalen. Afgrenzing van het begrip 'voordeel'.
|
| Dommering, E., Nieuwenhuis, A., van Eijk, N.
2014. @misc{,
title = {Haatboek blijft splijtzwam}, author = {N.A.N.M. van Eijk and E.J. Dommering and A.J. Nieuwenhuis}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1475.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-08-27}, abstract = { 27 jaar na de laatste uitspraak wordt een Amsterdamse antiquaar strafrechtelijk vervolgd voor de verkoop van Hitlers boek Mein Kampf. Vier overwegingen die wetenschap en politiek nog altijd verdelen. }, note = { Interview in Het Parool, 26 augustus 2014. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
27 jaar na de laatste uitspraak wordt een Amsterdamse antiquaar strafrechtelijk vervolgd voor de verkoop van Hitlers boek Mein Kampf. Vier overwegingen die wetenschap en politiek nog altijd verdelen.
|
| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij EHRM 13 juli 2012 (Raëlien / Zwitserland) 2014. @misc{,
title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 13 juli 2012 (Ra\"{e}lien / Zwitserland)}, author = {E.J. Dommering}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/NJ_2014_319.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-08-14}, journal = {NJ}, number = {31}, pages = {4074-4075}, abstract = { Poster niet toegestaan, omdat deze verwees naar een website van een religieuze beweging met mogelijk (voor minderjarigen) zedenkwetsend materiaal. Minderheid acht dit een ongeoorloofde toegangsbelemmering van internet, meerderheid (met een stem verschil) niet. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
Poster niet toegestaan, omdat deze verwees naar een website van een religieuze beweging met mogelijk (voor minderjarigen) zedenkwetsend materiaal. Minderheid acht dit een ongeoorloofde toegangsbelemmering van internet, meerderheid (met een stem verschil) niet.
|
| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij EHRM 18 december 2012 (Yildirim / Turkije) 2014. @misc{,
title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 18 december 2012 (Yildirim / Turkije)}, author = {E.J. Dommering}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/NJ_2014_320.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-08-14}, journal = {NJ}, number = {31}, pages = {4086-4087}, abstract = { Blokkering van website door Turkse overheid strijdig met artikel 10 EVRM, ook als de hoster van de site buiten Turkije is gevestigd. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
Blokkering van website door Turkse overheid strijdig met artikel 10 EVRM, ook als de hoster van de site buiten Turkije is gevestigd.
|
| Arnbak, A.
pp. 1-24, 2014. @article{,
title = {Loopholes for Circumventing the Constitution: Unrestrained Bulk Surveillance on Americans by Collecting Network Traffic Abroad}, author = {A.M. Arnbak}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1375.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-07-08}, pages = {1-24}, abstract = { We reveal interdependent legal and technical loopholes that the U.S. intelligence community could use to circumvent constitutional and statutory safeguards for Americans. These loopholes involve the collection of Internet traffic on foreign territory, and leave Americans as unprotected as foreigners by current U.S. surveillance laws. We also describe how modern Internet protocols can be manipulated to deliberately divert American's traffic abroad, where traffic can then be collected under a more permissive legal regime (Executive Order 12333) that is overseen solely by the Executive branch of the U.S. government. While the media has reported on some of the techniques we describe, we cannot establish the extent to which these loopholes are exploited in practice. An actionable short-term remedy to these loopholes involves updating the antiquated legal definition of "electronic surveillance" in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), that has remained largely intact since 1978. On the long term, however, a fundamental reconsideration of established principles in U.S. surveillance law is required, since these loopholes cannot be closed by technology alone. Legal issues that require reconsideration include: the determination of applicable law by the geographical point of collection of network traffic; the lack of general constitutional or statutory protection for network traffic collection before users are "intentionally targeted"; and the fact that constitutional protection under the Fourth Amendment is limited to "U.S. persons" only. The combination of these three principles means that Americans remain highly vulnerable to bulk surveillance when the U.S. intelligence community collects their network traffic abroad. Presented at the Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium, July 2014, Amsterdam. See also: Legal loopholes could allow wider NSA surveillance, researchers say, CBS news, 30 June 2014. “Loopholes for Circumventing the Constitution”, the NSA Statement, and Our Response, Freedom to Tinker, 11 July 2014.
We reveal interdependent legal and technical loopholes that the U.S. intelligence community could use to circumvent constitutional and statutory safeguards for Americans. These loopholes involve the collection of Internet traffic on foreign territory, and leave Americans as unprotected as foreigners by current U.S. surveillance laws. We also describe how modern Internet protocols can be manipulated to deliberately divert American's traffic abroad, where traffic can then be collected under a more permissive legal regime (Executive Order 12333) that is overseen solely by the Executive branch of the U.S. government. While the media has reported on some of the techniques we describe, we cannot establish the extent to which these loopholes are exploited in practice.
An actionable short-term remedy to these loopholes involves updating the antiquated legal definition of "electronic surveillance" in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), that has remained largely intact since 1978. On the long term, however, a fundamental reconsideration of established principles in U.S. surveillance law is required, since these loopholes cannot be closed by technology alone. Legal issues that require reconsideration include: the determination of applicable law by the geographical point of collection of network traffic; the lack of general constitutional or statutory protection for network traffic collection before users are "intentionally targeted"; and the fact that constitutional protection under the Fourth Amendment is limited to "U.S. persons" only. The combination of these three principles means that Americans remain highly vulnerable to bulk surveillance when the U.S. intelligence community collects their network traffic abroad. |
| van Eijk, N.
2014. @misc{,
title = {Om niet te vergeten}, author = {N.A.N.M. van Eijk}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2014_6.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-06-26}, journal = {Mediaforum}, number = {6}, pages = {157}, note = { Opinie }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.
Als u niet akkoord gaat met deze onleesbare privacyvoorwaarden, klik toch maar op OK De Correspondent, 2014. @article{,
title = {Als u niet akkoord gaat met deze onleesbare privacyvoorwaarden, klik toch maar op OK}, author = {F.J. Zuiderveen Borgesius}, url = {https://decorrespondent.nl/1290/als-u-niet-akkoord-gaat-met-deze-onleesbare-privacyvoorwaarden-klik-toch-maar-op-ok/39675240-a02863dc}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-06-26}, journal = {De Correspondent}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| van Daalen, O.
Consternatie bij de afdeling Vermiste en Gevonden Telefoons 2014. @misc{,
title = {Consternatie bij de afdeling Vermiste en Gevonden Telefoons}, author = {O.L. van Daalen}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2014_5.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-05-23}, journal = {Mediaforum}, number = {5}, pages = {133}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| van Eijk, N.
Gebruik klantgegevens door banken 2014. @misc{,
title = {Gebruik klantgegevens door banken}, author = {N.A.N.M. van Eijk}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Rondetafelgesprek_TK_21mei2014.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-05-22}, note = { Rondetafelgesprek Tweede Kamer, 21 mei 2014. Zie ook: Banken moeten afspreken data niet te delen', SC Online, 20 mei 2014; 'Betalingen iets heel persoonlijks', De Telegraaf, 11 maart 2014; 'Plan ING juridisch haalbaar, maar ondoordacht', Nederlands Dagblad, 11 maart 2014. |
| van Eijk, N.
Mass surveillance: the Dutch state of denial 2014. @misc{,
title = {Mass surveillance: the Dutch state of denial}, author = {N.A.N.M. van Eijk}, url = {https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/nico-van-eijk/mass-surveillance-dutch-state-of-denial}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-05-20}, note = { Verschenen bij Open Democracy, 16 mei 2014. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| Dommering, E.
Straks verwijdert Google alle oude informatie 2014. @misc{,
title = {Straks verwijdert Google alle oude informatie}, author = {E.J. Dommering}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/NRC_17_5_2014.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-05-20}, journal = {NRC Handelsblad}, note = { Opinie, 17 mei 2014. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } |
| Arnbak, A.
2014. @periodical{,
title = {Nederland als internetdokter tussen cybergrootmachten: Faciliteer een veilige en vrije IT-infrastructuur passend bij onze structurele culturele, economische en politieke belangen}, author = {A.M. Arnbak}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/FD_20052014.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-05-20}, journal = {Het Financieele Dagblad}, note = { 20 mei 2014. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {periodical} } |
| van der Sloot, B.
Privacy in the Post-NSA Era: Time for a Fundamental Revision? JIPITEC, (1), 2014. @article{,
title = {Privacy in the Post-NSA Era: Time for a Fundamental Revision?}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1437.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-05-06}, journal = {JIPITEC}, number = {1}, abstract = { Big Brother Watch and others have filed a complaint against the United Kingdom under the European Convention on Human Rights about a violation of Article 8, the right to privacy. It regards the NSA affair and UK-based surveillance activities operated by secret services. The question is whether it will be declared admissible and, if so, whether the European Court of Human Rights will find a violation. This article discusses three possible challenges for these types of complaints and analyses whether the current privacy paradigm is still adequate in view of the development known as Big Data. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
Big Brother Watch and others have filed a complaint against the United Kingdom under the European Convention on Human Rights about a violation of Article 8, the right to privacy. It regards the NSA affair and UK-based surveillance activities operated by secret services. The question is whether it will be declared admissible and, if so, whether the European Court of Human Rights will find a violation. This article discusses three possible challenges for these types of complaints and analyses whether the current privacy paradigm is still adequate in view of the development known as Big Data.
|
| van der Sloot, B.
Privacy in het Post-NSA tijdperk: tijd voor een fundamentele herziening? Nederlands Juristenblad, (17), pp. 1172-1179., 2014. @article{,
title = {Privacy in het Post-NSA tijdperk: tijd voor een fundamentele herziening?}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1438.pdf}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-05-06}, journal = {Nederlands Juristenblad}, number = {17}, pages = {1172-1179.}, abstract = { De recente NSA-affaire heeft een brede technologische ontwikkeling blootgelegd waarin zeer grote hoeveelheden persoonsgegevens worden verzameld, opgeslagen en verwerkt, zonder dat dit een vooraf en helder bepaald doel heeft. Alhoewel dit evidente privacyproblemen met zich meebrengt, lijken de meeste privacydoctrines, waarvan in Europa de belangrijkste artikel 8 EVRM is, niet toegesneden op deze nieuwe ontwikkeling. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
De recente NSA-affaire heeft een brede technologische ontwikkeling blootgelegd waarin zeer grote hoeveelheden persoonsgegevens worden verzameld, opgeslagen en verwerkt, zonder dat dit een vooraf en helder bepaald doel heeft. Alhoewel dit evidente privacyproblemen met zich meebrengt, lijken de meeste privacydoctrines, waarvan in Europa de belangrijkste artikel 8 EVRM is, niet toegesneden op deze nieuwe ontwikkeling.
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