Publications
Voorhoof, D.; McGonagle, T.
Freedom of expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights Book
2022, ISBN: 9789287184351, (IRIS Themes, vol. III, 7th edition, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg).
@book{nokey,
title = {Freedom of expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights},
author = {Voorhoof, D. and McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://rm.coe.int/iris-themes-vol-iii-7th-edition-april-2022-final-/1680a65f50},
isbn = { 9789287184351},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-26},
abstract = {This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first six editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2020 and 2021) have proved hugely successful. The new seventh edition summarises over 360 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database).},
note = {IRIS Themes, vol. III, 7th edition, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first six editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2020 and 2021) have proved hugely successful. The new seventh edition summarises over 360 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database).
Hins, A.
Opinie: Staatspropaganda en uitingsvrijheid Journal Article
In: Mediaforum, vol. 34, iss. 2, pp. 45, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Opinie: Staatspropaganda en uitingsvrijheid},
author = {Hins, A.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/opinie_mediaforum_2022_2/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-25},
journal = {Mediaforum},
volume = {34},
issue = {2},
pages = {45},
abstract = {Op 10 januari 2022 is de Europese Commissie een openbare raadpleging gestart inzake een nieuwe verordening op basis van art. 114 VWEU, genaamd ‘Europese wet inzake mediavrijheid. ’ Deze opinie bepleit om in de te toekomstige verordening vast te leggen dat publieke mediadiensten binnen de EU onafhankelijk moeten functioneren van de politieke macht. Het aanleggen van dezelfde criteria voor het doorgeven van programma’s die elders zijn uitgezonden is echter onevenredig.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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}
Op 10 januari 2022 is de Europese Commissie een openbare raadpleging gestart inzake een nieuwe verordening op basis van art. 114 VWEU, genaamd ‘Europese wet inzake mediavrijheid. ’ Deze opinie bepleit om in de te toekomstige verordening vast te leggen dat publieke mediadiensten binnen de EU onafhankelijk moeten functioneren van de politieke macht. Het aanleggen van dezelfde criteria voor het doorgeven van programma’s die elders zijn uitgezonden is echter onevenredig.
Trapova, A.; Quintais, J.
The UK government moves forward with a text and data mining exception for all purposes Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {The UK government moves forward with a text and data mining exception for all purposes},
author = {Trapova, A. and Quintais, J.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/08/24/the-uk-government-moves-forward-with-a-text-and-data-mining-exception-for-all-purposes/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-24},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
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pubstate = {published},
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Rognstad, O-A.,; Benabou, V.L.; Metzger, A.; Sganga, C.; van Eechoud, M.
Comment of the European Copyright Society on the impact and consequences of the CJEU decision in C-265/19 (RAAP) Technical Report
2022.
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Comment of the European Copyright Society on the impact and consequences of the CJEU decision in C-265/19 (RAAP) },
author = {Rognstad, O-A., and Benabou, V.L. and Metzger, A. and Sganga, C. and van Eechoud, M.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/ecs_raap/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-23},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Drunen, M. van; Fechner, D.
Safeguarding Editorial Independence in an Automated Media System: The Relationship Between Law and Journalistic Perspectives Journal Article
In: Digital Journalism, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Safeguarding Editorial Independence in an Automated Media System: The Relationship Between Law and Journalistic Perspectives},
author = {Drunen, M. van and Fechner, D.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/digitaljournalism_2022/},
doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2108868},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-16},
journal = {Digital Journalism},
abstract = {This article explores the relationship between legal and journalistic perspectives on the way editorial independence can be safeguarded in the context of automation. It aims to bridge two discussions. First, the journalism studies literature that has explored how automation challenges the way editors and journalists fulfil their role in newsrooms and society. Second, the legal discussion that is revisiting how the conditions for editorial independence can be created in a media system where automation is increasingly important. To do so, this article contrasts a normative framework that outlines the functions of editorial independence in European media law with interviews with editors and journalists involved in data journalism and news personalisation. It finds excellent potential for a complementary relationship between legal and journalistic perspectives on editorial independence. However, the challenges posed by automation fall outside the mechanisms through which this relationship has traditionally been operationalised.},
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This article explores the relationship between legal and journalistic perspectives on the way editorial independence can be safeguarded in the context of automation. It aims to bridge two discussions. First, the journalism studies literature that has explored how automation challenges the way editors and journalists fulfil their role in newsrooms and society. Second, the legal discussion that is revisiting how the conditions for editorial independence can be created in a media system where automation is increasingly important. To do so, this article contrasts a normative framework that outlines the functions of editorial independence in European media law with interviews with editors and journalists involved in data journalism and news personalisation. It finds excellent potential for a complementary relationship between legal and journalistic perspectives on editorial independence. However, the challenges posed by automation fall outside the mechanisms through which this relationship has traditionally been operationalised.
Hugenholtz, P.
In: Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, iss. 30, no. 225, pp. 4168-4170, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 2 oktober 2020 (Stichting Lira / Ziggo, Delta Fiber Nederland \& Vereniging Rechtenoverleg voor distributie van audiovisuele producties)},
author = {Hugenholtz, P.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/annotatie_nj_2022_225/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-03},
journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie},
number = {225},
issue = {30},
pages = {4168-4170},
abstract = {Auteursrecht. Vermoeden van overdracht auteursrechten op filmwerken aan producent film (art. 45d (oud) Aw); verhouding tot eerdere overdracht door auteur van zijn rechten aan collectieve beheersorganisatie. Collectief rechtenbeheer op grond van art. 26a Aw; begrip ‘doorgifte via de kabel’; moet worden teruggekomen van HR 28 maart 2014, NJ 2015/365 (Norma/NLKabel)?},
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Auteursrecht. Vermoeden van overdracht auteursrechten op filmwerken aan producent film (art. 45d (oud) Aw); verhouding tot eerdere overdracht door auteur van zijn rechten aan collectieve beheersorganisatie. Collectief rechtenbeheer op grond van art. 26a Aw; begrip ‘doorgifte via de kabel’; moet worden teruggekomen van HR 28 maart 2014, NJ 2015/365 (Norma/NLKabel)?
Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 8 februari 2022 (Demonstratie in de RAI bij vakbeurs) Journal Article
In: Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, iss. 29, no. 222, pp. 4062-4065, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 8 februari 2022 (Demonstratie in de RAI bij vakbeurs)},
author = {Dommering, E.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/annotatie_nj_2022_222/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-02},
urldate = {2022-08-02},
journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie},
number = {222},
issue = {29},
pages = {4062-4065},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
van Eechoud, M.
Study on the Open Data Directive, Data Governance and Data Act and their possible impact on research Technical Report
2022, ISBN: 9789276536314, (Independent expert report commissioned by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Study on the Open Data Directive, Data Governance and Data Act and their possible impact on research},
author = {van Eechoud, M.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/ki0822204enn-en/},
doi = {10.2777/71619},
isbn = {9789276536314},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-01},
abstract = {This study analyses the possible impact of three major legislative instruments in the European Sstrategy for data (the Open Data Directive, the Data Governance Act and the proposed Data Act) for the field of research, especially for research performing organisations and research funding organisations. It does so against the background of the European Open Science policy pursued, in which the development of a European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) is a major undertaking. Although the impact is difficult to assess at this stage, the study identifies and makes recommendations about key legal issues that need to be resolved. These have to do with ambiguities in the scope of application to research data, the interpretation of provisions, and the consistency between the instruments from the perspective of open science research policy.},
note = {Independent expert report commissioned by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
This study analyses the possible impact of three major legislative instruments in the European Sstrategy for data (the Open Data Directive, the Data Governance Act and the proposed Data Act) for the field of research, especially for research performing organisations and research funding organisations. It does so against the background of the European Open Science policy pursued, in which the development of a European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) is a major undertaking. Although the impact is difficult to assess at this stage, the study identifies and makes recommendations about key legal issues that need to be resolved. These have to do with ambiguities in the scope of application to research data, the interpretation of provisions, and the consistency between the instruments from the perspective of open science research policy.
Senftleben, M.
Study on EU copyright and related rights and access to and reuse of data Technical Report
2022, ISBN: 9789276536321, (Independent expert report commissioned by European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Study on EU copyright and related rights and access to and reuse of data},
author = {Senftleben, M.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/ki0822205enn-en/},
doi = {10.2777/78973},
isbn = {9789276536321},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-01},
abstract = {EU legislation in the field of copyright, related rights and sui generis database rights can have a deep impact on access to data resources for scientific research and the availability of data resulting from publicly funded research. To establish a copyright and related rights framework that offers appropriate data access and reuse opportunities for scientific research, it is necessary to identify potential barriers and challenges that may arise from EU copyright and related rights legislation and corresponding rights management. This study analyses the interaction between copyright and related rights law and data access and reuse for scientific research purposes. It proposes legislative and non-legislative measures to improve the current EU regulatory framework.},
note = {Independent expert report commissioned by European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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}
EU legislation in the field of copyright, related rights and sui generis database rights can have a deep impact on access to data resources for scientific research and the availability of data resulting from publicly funded research. To establish a copyright and related rights framework that offers appropriate data access and reuse opportunities for scientific research, it is necessary to identify potential barriers and challenges that may arise from EU copyright and related rights legislation and corresponding rights management. This study analyses the interaction between copyright and related rights law and data access and reuse for scientific research purposes. It proposes legislative and non-legislative measures to improve the current EU regulatory framework.
McGonagle, T.
2022, (Study commissioned by the Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Doubling down on safety of journalists \textendash An analysis and positioning of OSCE Ministerial Council Decision No. 3/18 - Safety of Journalists (2018) in a wider context},
author = {McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/doubling_down_on_safety_of_journalists/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-22},
note = {Study commissioned by the Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media},
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pubstate = {published},
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McGonagle, T.
Another string to the bow of media freedom: An analysis of the Communiqués of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2014 – 2022) Technical Report
2022, (Study commissioned by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, OSCE, Vienna).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Another string to the bow of media freedom: An analysis of the Communiqu\'{e}s of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2014 \textendash 2022)},
author = {McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/another_string_to_the_bow_of_media_freedom/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-21},
abstract = {Since 2014, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media has issued 20 communiqu\'{e}s on a range of different themes relating to freedom of expression and information; media and internet freedom; and the safety and freedoms of journalists and other (media) actors. They were introduced as a new form of output that would have more depth and impact than regular
press releases or statements. This study provides an analysis of this corpus of communiqu\'{e}s. It examines their aims, instruments and formats used by the Representative to make political interventions and develop standpoints. The thematic analysis is grouped into the following rough categories: 1) enduring threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; 2) emerging threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; and 3) signature themes of the Office of the Representative. The signature themes are open journalism and safety of female journalists online \textendash the focuses of two recent flagship projects by the Office of the Representative. The picture that emerges from the analysis is one of complementary focuses and consistent approaches. Nevertheless, the conclusions offer a few modest recommendations to make future communiqu\'{e}s more distinctly recognisable as such and to further enhance the consistency across the growing corpus of communiqu\'{e}s.},
note = {Study commissioned by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, OSCE, Vienna},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Since 2014, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media has issued 20 communiqués on a range of different themes relating to freedom of expression and information; media and internet freedom; and the safety and freedoms of journalists and other (media) actors. They were introduced as a new form of output that would have more depth and impact than regular
press releases or statements. This study provides an analysis of this corpus of communiqués. It examines their aims, instruments and formats used by the Representative to make political interventions and develop standpoints. The thematic analysis is grouped into the following rough categories: 1) enduring threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; 2) emerging threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; and 3) signature themes of the Office of the Representative. The signature themes are open journalism and safety of female journalists online – the focuses of two recent flagship projects by the Office of the Representative. The picture that emerges from the analysis is one of complementary focuses and consistent approaches. Nevertheless, the conclusions offer a few modest recommendations to make future communiqués more distinctly recognisable as such and to further enhance the consistency across the growing corpus of communiqués.
press releases or statements. This study provides an analysis of this corpus of communiqués. It examines their aims, instruments and formats used by the Representative to make political interventions and develop standpoints. The thematic analysis is grouped into the following rough categories: 1) enduring threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; 2) emerging threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; and 3) signature themes of the Office of the Representative. The signature themes are open journalism and safety of female journalists online – the focuses of two recent flagship projects by the Office of the Representative. The picture that emerges from the analysis is one of complementary focuses and consistent approaches. Nevertheless, the conclusions offer a few modest recommendations to make future communiqués more distinctly recognisable as such and to further enhance the consistency across the growing corpus of communiqués.
Giannopoulou, A.
Allocating Control in Decentralised Identity Management Journal Article
In: European Review of Digital Administration & Law - Erdal, vol. 2021, iss. 2, pp. 75-87, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Allocating Control in Decentralised Identity Management},
author = {Giannopoulou, A.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/erdal_2021_2/},
doi = {10.53136/97912599475299},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-21},
urldate = {2022-07-21},
journal = {European Review of Digital Administration \& Law - Erdal},
volume = {2021},
issue = {2},
pages = {75-87},
abstract = {Creating legal identity in the digital space involves the challenging task of addressing the datarelated responsibilities and obligations for data governance and data protection (by design and by default) to name a few. Substantially, it also requires the datafication of legal identity which means transposing all its properties and foundational traits inits corresponding data expressions and relations. As (digital) legal identity evolves from the fringes of purely technology-related challenges towards the legal and socio-technical, state institutions \textendashsovereignly responsible for delivering digital legal identities to citizens\textendash are acknowledging the polyvalent, non-monolithic, and relational characters of identitiesand they explore appropriate architectures. This paper sets out to explore the institutional turn towards decentralized digital identities. The claims surrounding these digital identities raise high hopes for the cross border digital identity provisioning being data protection and privacy compliant, technologically secure, and user-centric. This paper attempts to explore how the relevant accountable actors \textendashas recognized through the data protection normative framework\textendash are formed around the technological identity infrastructure.We highlight and examine the conflict between the European proposals on the provision of digital identity infrastructures through decentralized architectures and the concepts of data controllership in the GDPR.
},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Creating legal identity in the digital space involves the challenging task of addressing the datarelated responsibilities and obligations for data governance and data protection (by design and by default) to name a few. Substantially, it also requires the datafication of legal identity which means transposing all its properties and foundational traits inits corresponding data expressions and relations. As (digital) legal identity evolves from the fringes of purely technology-related challenges towards the legal and socio-technical, state institutions –sovereignly responsible for delivering digital legal identities to citizens– are acknowledging the polyvalent, non-monolithic, and relational characters of identitiesand they explore appropriate architectures. This paper sets out to explore the institutional turn towards decentralized digital identities. The claims surrounding these digital identities raise high hopes for the cross border digital identity provisioning being data protection and privacy compliant, technologically secure, and user-centric. This paper attempts to explore how the relevant accountable actors –as recognized through the data protection normative framework– are formed around the technological identity infrastructure.We highlight and examine the conflict between the European proposals on the provision of digital identity infrastructures through decentralized architectures and the concepts of data controllership in the GDPR.
Martinelli, A.; Mazzei, J.; Nuvolari, A.; Poort, J.
Report on effect of digitisation and regulatory changes on access to cultural/creative goods and services Technical Report
2022, (Part of Rethinking digital copyright law for a culturally diverse, accessible, creative Europe, ReCreating Europe).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Report on effect of digitisation and regulatory changes on access to cultural/creative goods and services},
author = {Martinelli, A. and Mazzei, J. and Nuvolari, A. and Poort, J.},
url = {https://zenodo.org/record/6779277#.YtkA5XZBy5e
https://www.ivir.nl/report-on-effect-of-digitisation-and-regulatory-changes-on-access-to-cultural-creative-goods-and-services/},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.6779277},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-21},
urldate = {2022-07-21},
publisher = {ReCreating Europe},
abstract = {This report stems from the research conducted within the reCreating Europe 1 Work Package (WP) 2, which focuses on End-users and access to culture. It complements other final deliverables which include: a final report and public dataset on copyright flexibilities (D.2.3), a final policy brief on barriers for vulnerable groups (D.2.4), a final report on two empirical case studies assessing the impact of copyright perception and knowledge on the access of two specific groups of users who benefit of specific copyright exceptions (i.e. academics and persons with visual impairment) (D.2.8), a peer-reviewed publication on the impact of copyright law and perception on the demand for cultural goods and services (D.2.6), and final policy recommendations (D.2.9).},
note = {Part of Rethinking digital copyright law for a culturally diverse, accessible, creative Europe, ReCreating Europe},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
This report stems from the research conducted within the reCreating Europe 1 Work Package (WP) 2, which focuses on End-users and access to culture. It complements other final deliverables which include: a final report and public dataset on copyright flexibilities (D.2.3), a final policy brief on barriers for vulnerable groups (D.2.4), a final report on two empirical case studies assessing the impact of copyright perception and knowledge on the access of two specific groups of users who benefit of specific copyright exceptions (i.e. academics and persons with visual impairment) (D.2.8), a peer-reviewed publication on the impact of copyright law and perception on the demand for cultural goods and services (D.2.6), and final policy recommendations (D.2.9).
Volgenant, O.; McGonagle, T.
Persvrijheidsmonitor 2021 Journal Article
In: Mediaforum, iss. 3, pp. 74-77, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Persvrijheidsmonitor 2021},
author = {Volgenant, O. and McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/mediaforum_2022_3/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-14},
journal = {Mediaforum},
issue = {3},
pages = {74-77},
abstract = {De persvrijheid staat wereldwijd onder druk. Ook in Nederland is sprake van een neerwaartse trend. Nederland daalde voor het derde jaar op rij een plekje op de jaarlijkse ranglijst van landen met de meeste persvrijheid. Nederland zakte in 2021 af naar de zesde plaats, en in 2022 duikelde Nederland zelfs naar de 28ste plaats. Er is kritiek op de gebrekkige wijze waarop overheidsinformatie wordt gedeeld, en de veiligheid van journalisten is een belangrijk aandachtspunt. De Europese Commissie rapporteert jaarlijks over de rechtsstaat in Nederland, en noemde in 2021 als aandachtspunten: toegang tot overheidsinformatie, bedreigingen van journalisten, en het openbaar maken van eigendomsstructuren van media. Dit laatste punt wordt ook door het Commissariaat voor de Media in de jaarlijkse Monitor voor de pluriformiteit van de media benoemd, in het licht van de trend van toenemende mediaconcentratie.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
De persvrijheid staat wereldwijd onder druk. Ook in Nederland is sprake van een neerwaartse trend. Nederland daalde voor het derde jaar op rij een plekje op de jaarlijkse ranglijst van landen met de meeste persvrijheid. Nederland zakte in 2021 af naar de zesde plaats, en in 2022 duikelde Nederland zelfs naar de 28ste plaats. Er is kritiek op de gebrekkige wijze waarop overheidsinformatie wordt gedeeld, en de veiligheid van journalisten is een belangrijk aandachtspunt. De Europese Commissie rapporteert jaarlijks over de rechtsstaat in Nederland, en noemde in 2021 als aandachtspunten: toegang tot overheidsinformatie, bedreigingen van journalisten, en het openbaar maken van eigendomsstructuren van media. Dit laatste punt wordt ook door het Commissariaat voor de Media in de jaarlijkse Monitor voor de pluriformiteit van de media benoemd, in het licht van de trend van toenemende mediaconcentratie.
European Data Protection Scholars Network
The Right to Lodge a Data Protection Complaint: Ok, But Then What? An empirical study of current practices under the GDPR Miscellaneous
2022.
@misc{Network2022,
title = {The Right to Lodge a Data Protection Complaint: Ok, But Then What? An empirical study of current practices under the GDPR},
author = {European Data Protection Scholars Network
},
editor = {Irion, K. and Ausloos, J.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/gdpr-complaint-study-2/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-12},
urldate = {2022-07-12},
abstract = {This study examines current Data Protection Authorities' (DPA) practices related to their obligation to facilitate the submission of complaints, granting special attention to the connection between this obligation and the right to an effective judicial remedy against DPAs. It combines legal analysis and the observation of DPA websites, together with insights obtained from the online public register of decisions adopted under the ʻone-stop-shopʼ mechanism. This study was commissioned by Access Now.},
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}
This study examines current Data Protection Authorities' (DPA) practices related to their obligation to facilitate the submission of complaints, granting special attention to the connection between this obligation and the right to an effective judicial remedy against DPAs. It combines legal analysis and the observation of DPA websites, together with insights obtained from the online public register of decisions adopted under the ʻone-stop-shopʼ mechanism. This study was commissioned by Access Now.
van Daalen, O.
In defense of offense: information security research under the right to science Journal Article
In: Computer Law & Security Review, vol. 46, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {In defense of offense: information security research under the right to science},
author = {van Daalen, O.},
doi = {10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105706},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-12},
journal = {Computer Law \& Security Review},
volume = {46},
abstract = {Information security is something you do, not something you have. It's a recurring process of finding weaknesses and fixing them, only for the next weakness to be discovered, and fixed, and so on. Yet, European Union rules in this field are not built around this cycle of making and breaking: doing offensive information security research is not always legal, and doubts about its legality can have a chilling effect. At the same time, the results of such research are sometimes not used to allow others to take defensive measures, but instead are used to attack. In this article, I review whether states have an obligation under the right to science and the right to communications freedom to develop governance which addresses these two issues. I first discuss the characteristics of this cycle of making and breaking. I then discuss the rules in the European Union with regard to this cycle. Then I discuss how the right to science and the right to communications freedom under the European Convention for Human Rights , the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights apply to this domain. I then conclude that states must recognise a right to research information security vulnerabilities, but that this right comes with a duty of researchers to disclose their findings in a way which strengthens information security.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Information security is something you do, not something you have. It's a recurring process of finding weaknesses and fixing them, only for the next weakness to be discovered, and fixed, and so on. Yet, European Union rules in this field are not built around this cycle of making and breaking: doing offensive information security research is not always legal, and doubts about its legality can have a chilling effect. At the same time, the results of such research are sometimes not used to allow others to take defensive measures, but instead are used to attack. In this article, I review whether states have an obligation under the right to science and the right to communications freedom to develop governance which addresses these two issues. I first discuss the characteristics of this cycle of making and breaking. I then discuss the rules in the European Union with regard to this cycle. Then I discuss how the right to science and the right to communications freedom under the European Convention for Human Rights , the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights apply to this domain. I then conclude that states must recognise a right to research information security vulnerabilities, but that this right comes with a duty of researchers to disclose their findings in a way which strengthens information security.
Trapova, A.; Quintais, J.
EU copyright law round up – second trimester of 2022 Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {EU copyright law round up \textendash second trimester of 2022},
author = {Trapova, A. and Quintais, J.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/07/07/eu-copyright-law-round-up-second-trimester-of-2022/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-08},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Reda, F.; Keller, P.
Filtered Futures Conference: Exploring the Fundamental Rights Constraints of Automated Filtering After the CJEU Ruling on Article 17 Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Filtered Futures Conference: Exploring the Fundamental Rights Constraints of Automated Filtering After the CJEU Ruling on Article 17},
author = {Reda, F. and Keller, P.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/06/17/filtered-futures-conference-exploring-the-fundamental-rights-constraints-of-automated-filtering-after-the-cjeu-ruling-on-article-17/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-17},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Irion, K.
In 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’22), June 21–24, 2022, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2022.
@proceedings{Irion2022b,
title = {Algorithms Off-limits? If digital trade law restricts access to source code of software then accountability will suffer},
author = {Irion, K.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/facct22-125-2/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-17},
urldate = {2022-06-17},
abstract = {Free trade agreements are increasingly used to construct an additional layer of protection for source code of software. This comes in the shape of a new prohibition for governments to require access to, or transfer of, source code of software, subject to certain exceptions. A clause on software source code is also part and parcel of an ambitious set of new rules on trade-related aspects of electronic commerce currently negotiated by 86 members of the World Trade Organization. Our understanding to date of how such a commitment inside trade law impacts on governments right to regulate digital technologies and the policy space that is allowed under trade law is limited. Access to software source code is for example necessary to meet regulatory and judicial needs in order to ensure that digital technologies are in conformity with individuals’ human rights and societal values. This article will analyze the implications of such a source code clause for current and future digital policies by governments that aim to ensure transparency, fairness and accountability of computer and machine learning algorithms.},
howpublished = {In 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’22), June 21\textendash24, 2022, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ACM, New York, NY, USA},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
Free trade agreements are increasingly used to construct an additional layer of protection for source code of software. This comes in the shape of a new prohibition for governments to require access to, or transfer of, source code of software, subject to certain exceptions. A clause on software source code is also part and parcel of an ambitious set of new rules on trade-related aspects of electronic commerce currently negotiated by 86 members of the World Trade Organization. Our understanding to date of how such a commitment inside trade law impacts on governments right to regulate digital technologies and the policy space that is allowed under trade law is limited. Access to software source code is for example necessary to meet regulatory and judicial needs in order to ensure that digital technologies are in conformity with individuals’ human rights and societal values. This article will analyze the implications of such a source code clause for current and future digital policies by governments that aim to ensure transparency, fairness and accountability of computer and machine learning algorithms.
Janssen, H.; Seng Ah Lee, M.; Singh, J.; Cobbe, J.
Defining the scope of AI ADM system risk assessment Book Chapter
In: Research handbook on EU data protection law, E. Kosta, R. Leenes & I. Kamara (ed.), Chapter 16, pp. 405-434, Edgar Elgar Publishing, 2022.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Defining the scope of AI ADM system risk assessment},
author = {Janssen, H. and Seng Ah Lee, M. and Singh, J. and Cobbe, J.},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-16},
booktitle = {Research handbook on EU data protection law, E. Kosta, R. Leenes \& I. Kamara (ed.)},
pages = {405-434},
publisher = {Edgar Elgar Publishing},
chapter = {16},
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tppubtype = {inbook}
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Janssen, H.; Singh, J.
Data intermediary Journal Article
In: Internet Policy Review, vol. 11, iss. 1, 2022, (Glossary of decentralised technosocial systems).
@article{nokey,
title = {Data intermediary},
author = {Janssen, H. and Singh, J.},
doi = {10.14763/2022.1.1644},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-16},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
volume = {11},
issue = {1},
abstract = {Data intermediaries serve as a mediator between those who wish to make their data available, and those who seek to leverage that data. The intermediary works to govern the data in specific ways, and provides some degree of confidence regarding how the data will be used.},
note = {Glossary of decentralised technosocial systems},
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Data intermediaries serve as a mediator between those who wish to make their data available, and those who seek to leverage that data. The intermediary works to govern the data in specific ways, and provides some degree of confidence regarding how the data will be used.
Janssen, H.; Singh, J.
Personal Information Management Systems Journal Article
In: Internet Policy Review, vol. 11, iss. 2, 2022, (Glossary of decentralised technosocial systems).
@article{nokey,
title = {Personal Information Management Systems},
author = {Janssen, H. and Singh, J.},
doi = {10.14763/2022.2.1659 },
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-16},
urldate = {2022-06-16},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
volume = {11},
issue = {2},
abstract = {Personal Information Management Systems (PIMS) seek to empower users by equipping them with mechanisms for mediating, monitoring and controlling how their data is accessed, used, or shared.},
note = {Glossary of decentralised technosocial systems},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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Personal Information Management Systems (PIMS) seek to empower users by equipping them with mechanisms for mediating, monitoring and controlling how their data is accessed, used, or shared.
Leerssen, P.
Annotatie bij Rb Noord-Holland 6 oktober 2021 (Kamerlid / LinkedIn Ierland & LinkedIn Nederland) Journal Article
In: Computerrecht, iss. 3, no. 97, pp. 228-230, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Annotatie bij Rb Noord-Holland 6 oktober 2021 (Kamerlid / LinkedIn Ierland \& LinkedIn Nederland)},
author = {Leerssen, P.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/annotatie_computerrecht_2022_97/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-16},
journal = {Computerrecht},
number = {97},
issue = {3},
pages = {228-230},
keywords = {},
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Mil, J. van; Quintais, J.
A Matter of (Joint) control? Virtual assistants and the general data protection regulation Journal Article
In: Computer Law & Security Review, vol. 45, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {A Matter of (Joint) control? Virtual assistants and the general data protection regulation},
author = {Mil, J. van and Quintais, J.},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105689},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-16},
journal = {Computer Law \& Security Review},
volume = {45},
abstract = {This article provides an overview and critical examination of the rules for determining who qualifies as controller or joint controller under the General Data Protection Regulation. Using Google Assistant \textendash an artificial intelligence-driven virtual assistant \textendash as a case study, we argue that these rules are overreaching and difficult to apply in the present-day information society and Internet of Things environments. First, as a consequence of recent developments in case law and supervisory guidance, these rules lead to a complex and ambiguous test to determine (joint) control. Second, due to advances in technological applications and business models, it is increasingly challenging to apply such rules to contemporary processing operations. In particular, as illustrated by the Google Assistant, individuals will likely be qualified as joint controllers, together with Google and also third-party developers, for at least the collection and possible transmission of other individuals’ personal data via the virtual assistant. Third, we identify follow-on issues relating to the apportionment of responsibilities between joint controllers and the effective and complete protection of data subjects. We conclude by questioning whether the framework for determining who qualifies as controller or joint controller is future-proof and normatively desirable.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This article provides an overview and critical examination of the rules for determining who qualifies as controller or joint controller under the General Data Protection Regulation. Using Google Assistant – an artificial intelligence-driven virtual assistant – as a case study, we argue that these rules are overreaching and difficult to apply in the present-day information society and Internet of Things environments. First, as a consequence of recent developments in case law and supervisory guidance, these rules lead to a complex and ambiguous test to determine (joint) control. Second, due to advances in technological applications and business models, it is increasingly challenging to apply such rules to contemporary processing operations. In particular, as illustrated by the Google Assistant, individuals will likely be qualified as joint controllers, together with Google and also third-party developers, for at least the collection and possible transmission of other individuals’ personal data via the virtual assistant. Third, we identify follow-on issues relating to the apportionment of responsibilities between joint controllers and the effective and complete protection of data subjects. We conclude by questioning whether the framework for determining who qualifies as controller or joint controller is future-proof and normatively desirable.
Poort, J.
Inbreng Rondetafelgesprek over de Wet kansspelen op afstand Technical Report
2022, (Position paper voor Rondetafelgesprek van de Vaste commissie voor Justitie en Veiligheid, 9 juni 2022).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Inbreng Rondetafelgesprek over de Wet kansspelen op afstand},
author = {Poort, J.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/inbreng-rondetafel_kansspelen_9juni2022/
https://debatgemist.tweedekamer.nl/debatten/wet-kansspelen-op-afstand},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-09},
urldate = {2022-06-09},
note = {Position paper voor Rondetafelgesprek van de Vaste commissie voor Justitie en Veiligheid, 9 juni 2022},
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Margoni, T.; Quintais, J.; Schwemer, S.
Algorithmic propagation: do property rights in data increase bias in content moderation? – Part II Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Algorithmic propagation: do property rights in data increase bias in content moderation? \textendash Part II},
author = {Margoni, T. and Quintais, J. and Schwemer, S.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/06/09/algorithmic-propagation-do-property-rights-in-data-increase-bias-in-content-moderation-part-ii/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-09},
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Margoni, T.; Quintais, J.; Schwemer, S.
Algorithmic propagation: do property rights in data increase bias in content moderation? Part I Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Algorithmic propagation: do property rights in data increase bias in content moderation? Part I},
author = {Margoni, T. and Quintais, J. and Schwemer, S.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/06/08/algorithmic-propagation-do-property-rights-in-data-increase-bias-in-content-moderation-part-i/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-08},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Poort, J.
Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 12 december 2021 (SENA/Organisatoren Dance Events) Journal Article
In: Auteursrecht, iss. 2, no. 4, pp. 107-109, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 12 december 2021 (SENA/Organisatoren Dance Events)},
author = {Poort, J.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/annotatie_auteursrecht_2022_2/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-07},
journal = {Auteursrecht},
number = {4},
issue = {2},
pages = {107-109},
abstract = {De zaak draait om de hoogte van de billijke vergoeding voor openbaarmaking van commerci\"{e}le fonogrammen tijdens dance-evenementen. De Hoge Raad bekrachtigt het arrest van het gerechtshof Den Haag, dat tot uitgangspunt had genomen dat tussen de ‘ticketprijs’ en de ‘prijs per bezoeker’ geen recht evenredig verband bestaat.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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De zaak draait om de hoogte van de billijke vergoeding voor openbaarmaking van commerciële fonogrammen tijdens dance-evenementen. De Hoge Raad bekrachtigt het arrest van het gerechtshof Den Haag, dat tot uitgangspunt had genomen dat tussen de ‘ticketprijs’ en de ‘prijs per bezoeker’ geen recht evenredig verband bestaat.
Hugenholtz, P.
De playlists van Spotify: Hoe ver reikt het nabuurrechtelijke vergoedingsrecht met betrekking tot audiostreamingdiensten? Journal Article
In: Auteursrecht, iss. 2, pp. 75-84, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {De playlists van Spotify: Hoe ver reikt het nabuurrechtelijke vergoedingsrecht met betrekking tot audiostreamingdiensten?},
author = {Hugenholtz, P.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/auteursrecht_2022_2/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-07},
journal = {Auteursrecht},
issue = {2},
pages = {75-84},
abstract = {Op grond van art. 7 lid 1 WNR vallen onder het vergoedingsrecht voor ‘secundair gebruik’ alle mogelijke vormen van openbaarmaking van commercieel uitgebrachte fonogrammen, doch niet het online beschikbaar stellen. Algemeen wordt aangenomen dat het vergoedingsrecht niet geldt voor het streamen via Spotify en dergelijke diensten. Maar geldt dat ook voor de door Spotify aangeboden playlists en vergelijkbare omroepachtige diensten? In dit artikel wordt een poging gedaan criteria te formuleren aan de hand waarvan het ‘beschikbaar stellen’ van andere vormen van openbaarmaking kan worden onderscheiden.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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}
Op grond van art. 7 lid 1 WNR vallen onder het vergoedingsrecht voor ‘secundair gebruik’ alle mogelijke vormen van openbaarmaking van commercieel uitgebrachte fonogrammen, doch niet het online beschikbaar stellen. Algemeen wordt aangenomen dat het vergoedingsrecht niet geldt voor het streamen via Spotify en dergelijke diensten. Maar geldt dat ook voor de door Spotify aangeboden playlists en vergelijkbare omroepachtige diensten? In dit artikel wordt een poging gedaan criteria te formuleren aan de hand waarvan het ‘beschikbaar stellen’ van andere vormen van openbaarmaking kan worden onderscheiden.
Dommering, E.
Naar een algemeen transparantiebeginsel? : Bespreking van het preadvies van A.W.G.J. Buijze voor de VAR 2022 Journal Article
In: Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Bestuursrecht, iss. 5, no. 141, pp. 265-271, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Naar een algemeen transparantiebeginsel? : Bespreking van het preadvies van A.W.G.J. Buijze voor de VAR 2022},
author = {Dommering, E.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/ntb_2022_5_141/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-07},
urldate = {2022-06-07},
journal = {Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Bestuursrecht},
number = {141},
issue = {5},
pages = {265-271},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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Senftleben, M.
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {The Meaning of “Additional” in the Poland ruling of the Court of Justice: Double Safeguards \textendash Ex Ante Flagging and Ex Post Complaint Systems \textendash are Indispensable},
author = {Senftleben, M.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/06/01/the-meaning-of-additional-in-the-poland-ruling-of-the-court-of-justice-double-safeguards-ex-ante-flagging-and-ex-post-complaint-systems-are-indispensable/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-02},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Helberger, N.; Sax, M.; Strycharz, J.; Micklitz, H.-W.
Choice Architectures in the Digital Economy: Towards a New Understanding of Digital Vulnerability Journal Article
In: Journal of Consumer Policy, vol. 45, iss. 2, pp. 175-200, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Choice Architectures in the Digital Economy: Towards a New Understanding of Digital Vulnerability},
author = {Helberger, N. and Sax, M. and Strycharz, J. and Micklitz, H.-W.},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10603-021-09500-5},
doi = {10.1007/s10603-021-09500-5},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-24},
urldate = {2021-12-22},
journal = {Journal of Consumer Policy},
volume = {45},
issue = {2},
pages = {175-200},
abstract = {In the digital economy, consumer vulnerability is not simply a vantage point from which to assess some consumers’ lack of ability to activate their awareness of persuasion. Instead, digital vulnerability describes a universal state of defencelessness and susceptibility to (the exploitation of) power imbalances that are the result of the increasing automation of commerce, datafied consumer\textendashseller relations, and the very architecture of digital marketplaces. Digital vulnerability, we argue, is architectural, relational, and data-driven. Based on our concept of digital vulnerability, we demonstrate how and why using digital technology to render consumers vulnerable is the epitome of an unfair digital commercial practice.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In the digital economy, consumer vulnerability is not simply a vantage point from which to assess some consumers’ lack of ability to activate their awareness of persuasion. Instead, digital vulnerability describes a universal state of defencelessness and susceptibility to (the exploitation of) power imbalances that are the result of the increasing automation of commerce, datafied consumer–seller relations, and the very architecture of digital marketplaces. Digital vulnerability, we argue, is architectural, relational, and data-driven. Based on our concept of digital vulnerability, we demonstrate how and why using digital technology to render consumers vulnerable is the epitome of an unfair digital commercial practice.
Bodó, B.; Janssen, H.
Maintaining trust in a technologized public sector Journal Article
In: Policy and Society, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Maintaining trust in a technologized public sector},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Janssen, H.},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puac019},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-19},
journal = {Policy and Society},
abstract = {Emerging technologies permeate and potentially disrupt a wide spectrum of our social, economic, and political relations. Various state institutions, including education, law enforcement, and healthcare, increasingly rely on technical components, such as automated decision-making systems, e-government systems, and other digital tools to provide cheap, efficient public services, and supposedly fair, transparent, disinterested, and accountable public administration. The increased interest in various blockchain-based solutions from central bank digital currencies, via tokenized educational credentials, and distributed ledger-based land registries to self-sovereign identities is the latest, still mostly unwritten chapter in a long history of standardized, objectified, automated, technocratic, and technologized public administration. The rapid, (often) unplanned, and uncontrolled technologization of public services (as happened in the hasty adoption of distance-learning and teleconferencing systems during Corona Virus Disease (COVID) lockdowns) raises complex questions about the use of novel technological components, which may or may not be ultimately adequate for the task for which they are used. The question whether we can trust the technical infrastructures the public sector uses when providing public services is a central concern in an age where trust in government is declining: If the government’s artificial intelligence system that detects welfare fraud fails, the public’s confidence in the government is ultimately hit. In this paper, we provide a critical assessment of how the use of potentially untrustworthy (private) technological systems including blockchain-based systems in the public sector may affect trust in government. We then propose several policy options to protect the trust in government even if some of their technological components prove fundamentally untrustworthy.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Emerging technologies permeate and potentially disrupt a wide spectrum of our social, economic, and political relations. Various state institutions, including education, law enforcement, and healthcare, increasingly rely on technical components, such as automated decision-making systems, e-government systems, and other digital tools to provide cheap, efficient public services, and supposedly fair, transparent, disinterested, and accountable public administration. The increased interest in various blockchain-based solutions from central bank digital currencies, via tokenized educational credentials, and distributed ledger-based land registries to self-sovereign identities is the latest, still mostly unwritten chapter in a long history of standardized, objectified, automated, technocratic, and technologized public administration. The rapid, (often) unplanned, and uncontrolled technologization of public services (as happened in the hasty adoption of distance-learning and teleconferencing systems during Corona Virus Disease (COVID) lockdowns) raises complex questions about the use of novel technological components, which may or may not be ultimately adequate for the task for which they are used. The question whether we can trust the technical infrastructures the public sector uses when providing public services is a central concern in an age where trust in government is declining: If the government’s artificial intelligence system that detects welfare fraud fails, the public’s confidence in the government is ultimately hit. In this paper, we provide a critical assessment of how the use of potentially untrustworthy (private) technological systems including blockchain-based systems in the public sector may affect trust in government. We then propose several policy options to protect the trust in government even if some of their technological components prove fundamentally untrustworthy.
Ferrari, V.
The platformisation of digital payments: The fabrication of consumer interest in the EU FinTech agenda Journal Article
In: Computer Law & Security Review, vol. 45, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {The platformisation of digital payments: The fabrication of consumer interest in the EU FinTech agenda},
author = {Ferrari, V.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/computerlawsecurityreview_2022/},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105687},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-19},
journal = { Computer Law \& Security Review},
volume = {45},
abstract = {This paper investigates, through a qualitative analysis of official documents, how certain imaginaries about technology filter into EU policymaking, allowing or accelerating the transformation of payment infrastructures into the platform economy.
One of the ways in which socio-technical imaginaries filter into policymaking is, it turns out, by informing an image of the consumer which serves to justify measures for the realization of a desired future. In particular, the documents offer a view of the consumer as an actor that is empowered by digitisation. The thesis of this paper is that this view of the consumer is partial: the rhetoric of consumer technological empowerment outweighs and conceals much needed considerations about the vulnerability of consumers vis-a-vis data-intensive payment technologies. Ultimately, the fault lies with the future imaginaries upon which such image is grounded. The vision of the digital payment infrastructure portrayed in the documents is in fact problematic for two reasons. First, the technologies that are portraited as desirable are chosen based on industry interests and trends rather than considerations of benefits and risks that these technologies entail. Secondly, the assumption that a liberalized market will offer more and better choices is flawed, as platformisation entails risks of monopolization and abuses of market power. We suggest that policymakers in this domain should be more critical of the risks entailed by platformisation, and open their imagination to alternative technological futures.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper investigates, through a qualitative analysis of official documents, how certain imaginaries about technology filter into EU policymaking, allowing or accelerating the transformation of payment infrastructures into the platform economy.
One of the ways in which socio-technical imaginaries filter into policymaking is, it turns out, by informing an image of the consumer which serves to justify measures for the realization of a desired future. In particular, the documents offer a view of the consumer as an actor that is empowered by digitisation. The thesis of this paper is that this view of the consumer is partial: the rhetoric of consumer technological empowerment outweighs and conceals much needed considerations about the vulnerability of consumers vis-a-vis data-intensive payment technologies. Ultimately, the fault lies with the future imaginaries upon which such image is grounded. The vision of the digital payment infrastructure portrayed in the documents is in fact problematic for two reasons. First, the technologies that are portraited as desirable are chosen based on industry interests and trends rather than considerations of benefits and risks that these technologies entail. Secondly, the assumption that a liberalized market will offer more and better choices is flawed, as platformisation entails risks of monopolization and abuses of market power. We suggest that policymakers in this domain should be more critical of the risks entailed by platformisation, and open their imagination to alternative technological futures.
Quintais, J.
Between Filters and Fundamental Rights: How the Court of Justice saved Article 17 in C-401/19 - Poland v. Parliament and Council Journal Article
In: Verfassungsblog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Between Filters and Fundamental Rights: How the Court of Justice saved Article 17 in C-401/19 - Poland v. Parliament and Council},
author = {Quintais, J.},
url = {https://verfassungsblog.de/filters-poland/?s=09},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-16},
journal = {Verfassungsblog},
abstract = {On 26 April 2022, the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU or Court) delivered its much awaited judgement in Case C-401/19 \textendash Poland v Parliament and Council. The case focuses on the validity of Article 17 of the Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive (CDSMD) in light of fundamental rights. The judgment marks the climax of a turbulent journey in the area of copyright law, with potential implications for the future of platform regulation and content moderation in EU law.},
keywords = {},
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}
On 26 April 2022, the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU or Court) delivered its much awaited judgement in Case C-401/19 – Poland v Parliament and Council. The case focuses on the validity of Article 17 of the Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive (CDSMD) in light of fundamental rights. The judgment marks the climax of a turbulent journey in the area of copyright law, with potential implications for the future of platform regulation and content moderation in EU law.
Derclaye E.; van Eechoud, M.; Husovec, M.; Senftleben, M.
Opinion of the European Copyright Society on selected aspects of the proposed Data Act Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Opinion of the European Copyright Society on selected aspects of the proposed Data Act},
author = {Derclaye E. and van Eechoud, M. and Husovec, M. and Senftleben, M.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/05/16/opinion-of-the-european-copyright-society-on-selected-aspects-of-the-proposed-data-act/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-16},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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}
Hugenholtz, P.
Groundhog Day in Geneva: The WIPO Broadcasting Treaty is on the Agenda Once Again Working paper
2022, (Draft paper prepared for American University International Law Review Symposium on the Right
to Research in International Copyright Law, April 22, 2022).
@workingpaper{nokey,
title = {Groundhog Day in Geneva: The WIPO Broadcasting Treaty is on the Agenda Once Again},
author = {Hugenholtz, P.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/the-wipo-broadcasting-treaty-revisited/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-06},
note = {Draft paper prepared for American University International Law Review Symposium on the Right
to Research in International Copyright Law, April 22, 2022},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {workingpaper}
}
Keller, P.; Reda, F.; Quintais, J.; Giorello, M.
Video recording of the COMMUNIA Salon on the CJEU decision on Article 17 (Case C-401/19) Presentation
04.05.2022.
@misc{nokey,
title = {Video recording of the COMMUNIA Salon on the CJEU decision on Article 17 (Case C-401/19)},
author = {Keller, P. and Reda, F. and Quintais, J. and Giorello, M.},
url = {https://www.communia-association.org/2022/05/04/video-recording-of-the-communia-salon-on-the-cjeu-decision-on-article-17/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-04},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
Chocarro, S.; Harrison,J.; McGonagle, T.; Parmar, S.; Torsner, S.
Closing the normative gap: What ten years of Human Rights Council Resolutions tell us about its approach to the safety of journalists Technical Report
2022, (Working paper, the seventh Academic Conference on the Safety of Journalists, jointly organised by the University of the Republic and UNESCO, World Press Freedom Day in Punta del Este, Uruguay).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Closing the normative gap: What ten years of Human Rights Council Resolutions tell us about its approach to the safety of journalists },
author = {Chocarro, S. and Harrison,J. and McGonagle, T. and Parmar, S. and Torsner, S. },
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/closing-the-normative-gap/
https://www.article19.org/resources/world-press-freedom-day-journalism-under-siege/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-03},
urldate = {2022-05-03},
abstract = {In the last ten years, there have been high levels of development of normative work within the United Nations (UN) system on the issue of the safety of journalists. Since the approval of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity in 2012, the first ever UN strategy on this matter, and the subsequent first Human Rights Council (HRC) Resolution on the safety of journalists that same year, fifteen resolutions have been adopted by the principal UN Charter-based bodies, namely the Security Council, the General Assembly and the HRC, and also UNESCO.
The HRC resolutions, which have been adopted on a biennial basis, have proven to be the most progressive in addressing the safety of journalists from a human rights-based perspective. However, the main challenge remains their effective implementation. How have these resolutions evolved and what do they reveal about how the issue of the safety of journalists is addressed by the HRC? What are the shortcomings and gaps in the protection of the safety of journalists offered by this set of resolutions?
To answer these questions, this paper first undertakes a qualitative document analysis of HRC resolutions. It then analyzes the development of these resolutions from a humanrights perspective. Finally, based on this analysis, it identifies the normative gaps that should be addressed in order to properly respond to the most pressing challenges to the safety of journalists in the years to come.
},
note = {Working paper, the seventh Academic Conference on the Safety of Journalists, jointly organised by the University of the Republic and UNESCO, World Press Freedom Day in Punta del Este, Uruguay},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
In the last ten years, there have been high levels of development of normative work within the United Nations (UN) system on the issue of the safety of journalists. Since the approval of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity in 2012, the first ever UN strategy on this matter, and the subsequent first Human Rights Council (HRC) Resolution on the safety of journalists that same year, fifteen resolutions have been adopted by the principal UN Charter-based bodies, namely the Security Council, the General Assembly and the HRC, and also UNESCO.
The HRC resolutions, which have been adopted on a biennial basis, have proven to be the most progressive in addressing the safety of journalists from a human rights-based perspective. However, the main challenge remains their effective implementation. How have these resolutions evolved and what do they reveal about how the issue of the safety of journalists is addressed by the HRC? What are the shortcomings and gaps in the protection of the safety of journalists offered by this set of resolutions?
To answer these questions, this paper first undertakes a qualitative document analysis of HRC resolutions. It then analyzes the development of these resolutions from a humanrights perspective. Finally, based on this analysis, it identifies the normative gaps that should be addressed in order to properly respond to the most pressing challenges to the safety of journalists in the years to come.
The HRC resolutions, which have been adopted on a biennial basis, have proven to be the most progressive in addressing the safety of journalists from a human rights-based perspective. However, the main challenge remains their effective implementation. How have these resolutions evolved and what do they reveal about how the issue of the safety of journalists is addressed by the HRC? What are the shortcomings and gaps in the protection of the safety of journalists offered by this set of resolutions?
To answer these questions, this paper first undertakes a qualitative document analysis of HRC resolutions. It then analyzes the development of these resolutions from a humanrights perspective. Finally, based on this analysis, it identifies the normative gaps that should be addressed in order to properly respond to the most pressing challenges to the safety of journalists in the years to come.
Quintais, J.
Article 17 survives, but freedom of expression safeguards are key: C-401/19 – Poland v Parliament and Council Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Article 17 survives, but freedom of expression safeguards are key: C-401/19 \textendash Poland v Parliament and Council},
author = {Quintais, J.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/04/26/article-17-survives-but-freedom-of-expression-safeguards-are-key-c-401-19-poland-v-parliament-and-council/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-02},
urldate = {2022-05-02},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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Bulayenko, O.; Poort, J.; Quintais, J.; Gervais, D.J.
AI Music Outputs: Challenges to the Copyright Legal Framework – Part II Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {AI Music Outputs: Challenges to the Copyright Legal Framework \textendash Part II},
author = {Bulayenko, O. and Poort, J. and Quintais, J. and Gervais, D.J.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/04/25/ai-music-outputs-challenges-to-the-copyright-legal-framework-part-ii/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-02},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
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Reda, F.; Keller, P.
CJEU upholds Article 17, but not in the form (most) Member States imagined Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {CJEU upholds Article 17, but not in the form (most) Member States imagined},
author = {Reda, F. and Keller, P.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/04/28/cjeu-upholds-article-17-but-not-in-the-form-most-member-states-imagined/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-28},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
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pubstate = {published},
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Bulayenko, O.; Quintais, J.; Poort, J.; Gervais, D.J.
AI Music Outputs: Challenges to the Copyright Legal Framework – Part I Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {AI Music Outputs: Challenges to the Copyright Legal Framework \textendash Part I},
author = {Bulayenko, O. and Quintais, J. and Poort, J. and Gervais, D.J.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/04/22/ai-music-outputs-challenges-to-the-copyright-legal-framework-part-i/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-22},
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Hugenholtz, P.
Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie van de EU 8 september 2020 (Recorded Artists Actors Performers / Phonographic Performance (Ireland)) Journal Article
In: Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, iss. 15, no. 126, pp. 2384-2386, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie van de EU 8 september 2020 (Recorded Artists Actors Performers / Phonographic Performance (Ireland))},
author = {Hugenholtz, P.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/annotatie_nj_2022_126/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-19},
journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie},
number = {126},
issue = {15},
pages = {2384-2386},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Senftleben, M.
Robustness Check: Evaluating and Strengthening Artistic Use Defences in EU Trademark Law Journal Article
In: IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law , vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 567-603, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Robustness Check: Evaluating and Strengthening Artistic Use Defences in EU Trademark Law},
author = {Senftleben, M.},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-022-01182-x},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-12},
urldate = {2022-04-12},
journal = {IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law },
volume = {53},
number = {4},
pages = {567-603},
abstract = {The 2015 EU trademark law reform introduced a peculiar rule for reconciling trademark rights with freedom of artistic expression. According to Recital 21 EUTMR and Recital 27 TMD, artistic use can be deemed fair as long as the artist ensures compliance with “honest practices in industrial and commercial matters”. The honest practices proviso forges a link with the provisions on limitations of trademark rights. Article 14(1) EUTMR and Art. 14(1) TMD exempt from the control of trademark proprietors several types of use that can allow for artistic use. All these limitations, however, apply only when the use satisfies the test of honest practices. Confirming the obligation to comply with honest practices in industrial and commercial matters, the fairness rule of Recital 21 EUTMR and Recital 27 TMD turns out to be a double-edged sword. Instead of readily immunizing artistic use against trademark claims, it obliges artists to rely on limitations of trademark rights and furnish corresponding proof. Moreover, artists are expected to align their artistic activity with behavioural standards in the field of industry and commerce \textendash a realm that is alien to the artistic community. Evidently, this approach endangers artistic autonomy. To avoid detrimental effects on artistic expression, it is advisable to strengthen the position of artists and develop a legal solution that resembles the measures taken in Art. 9(3)(f) EUTMR and Art. 10(3)(f) TMD with regard to freedom of commercial expression. Drawing inspiration from cultural sciences and case law on both sides of the Atlantic, the analysis explores avenues for achieving this goal.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The 2015 EU trademark law reform introduced a peculiar rule for reconciling trademark rights with freedom of artistic expression. According to Recital 21 EUTMR and Recital 27 TMD, artistic use can be deemed fair as long as the artist ensures compliance with “honest practices in industrial and commercial matters”. The honest practices proviso forges a link with the provisions on limitations of trademark rights. Article 14(1) EUTMR and Art. 14(1) TMD exempt from the control of trademark proprietors several types of use that can allow for artistic use. All these limitations, however, apply only when the use satisfies the test of honest practices. Confirming the obligation to comply with honest practices in industrial and commercial matters, the fairness rule of Recital 21 EUTMR and Recital 27 TMD turns out to be a double-edged sword. Instead of readily immunizing artistic use against trademark claims, it obliges artists to rely on limitations of trademark rights and furnish corresponding proof. Moreover, artists are expected to align their artistic activity with behavioural standards in the field of industry and commerce – a realm that is alien to the artistic community. Evidently, this approach endangers artistic autonomy. To avoid detrimental effects on artistic expression, it is advisable to strengthen the position of artists and develop a legal solution that resembles the measures taken in Art. 9(3)(f) EUTMR and Art. 10(3)(f) TMD with regard to freedom of commercial expression. Drawing inspiration from cultural sciences and case law on both sides of the Atlantic, the analysis explores avenues for achieving this goal.
Senftleben, M.; Margoni, T.; Antal, D.; Bodó, B.; van Gompel, S.; Handke, C.W.; Kretschmer, M.; Poort, J.; Quintais, J.; Schwemer, S.
In: JIPITEC, vol. 13, iss. 1, pp. 67-86, 2022.
@article{Senftleben2021,
title = {Ensuring the Visibility and Accessibility of European Creative Content on the World Market: The Need for Copyright Data Improvement in the Light of New Technologies},
author = {Senftleben, M. and Margoni, T. and Antal, D. and Bod\'{o}, B. and van Gompel, S. and Handke, C.W. and Kretschmer, M. and Poort, J. and Quintais, J. and Schwemer, S.},
url = {https://www.jipitec.eu/issues/jipitec-13-1-2022/5515
https://www.ivir.nl/jipitec_2022/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-12},
urldate = {2021-03-23},
journal = {JIPITEC},
volume = {13},
issue = {1},
pages = {67-86},
abstract = {In the European Strategy for Data, the European Commission highlighted the EU’s ambition to acquire a leading role in the data economy. At the same time, the Commission conceded that the EU would have to increase its pools of quality data available for use and re-use. In the creative industries, this need for enhanced data quality and interoperability is particularly strong. Without data improvement, unprecedented opportunities for monetising the wide variety of EU creative and making this content available for new technologies, such as artificial intelligence training systems, will most probably be lost. The problem has a worldwide dimension. While the US have already taken steps to provide an integrated data space for music as of 1 January 2021, the EU is facing major obstacles not only in the field of music but also in other creative industry sectors. Weighing costs and benefits, there can be little doubt that new data improvement initiatives and sufficient investment in a better copyright data infrastructure should play a central role in EU copyright policy. A trade-off between data harmonisation and interoperability on the one hand, and transparency and accountability of content recommender systems on the other, could pave the way for successful new initiatives.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In the European Strategy for Data, the European Commission highlighted the EU’s ambition to acquire a leading role in the data economy. At the same time, the Commission conceded that the EU would have to increase its pools of quality data available for use and re-use. In the creative industries, this need for enhanced data quality and interoperability is particularly strong. Without data improvement, unprecedented opportunities for monetising the wide variety of EU creative and making this content available for new technologies, such as artificial intelligence training systems, will most probably be lost. The problem has a worldwide dimension. While the US have already taken steps to provide an integrated data space for music as of 1 January 2021, the EU is facing major obstacles not only in the field of music but also in other creative industry sectors. Weighing costs and benefits, there can be little doubt that new data improvement initiatives and sufficient investment in a better copyright data infrastructure should play a central role in EU copyright policy. A trade-off between data harmonisation and interoperability on the one hand, and transparency and accountability of content recommender systems on the other, could pave the way for successful new initiatives.
Alberdingk Thijm, Chr. A.
Knock Knock Who's There? Tussenpersonen, persoonsgegevens en de kunst van het juiste evenwicht Journal Article
In: Ars Aequi, iss. april, pp. 279-288, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Knock Knock Who's There? Tussenpersonen, persoonsgegevens en de kunst van het juiste evenwicht},
author = {Alberdingk Thijm, Chr. A.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/aa_2022/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-08},
journal = {Ars Aequi},
issue = {april},
pages = {279-288},
abstract = {Wat te doen als je op Twitter door een anoniem profiel voor rotte vis wordt uitgemaakt? Het Nederlandse recht biedt verschillende mogelijkheden om identificerende gegevens te verkrijgen van internettussenpersonen. Maar hoe wordt de afweging met de bescherming van de persoonsgegevens van de anonymus gemaakt? Hoe verhoudt het recht op een doeltreffende voorziening in rechte zich tot het gegevensbeschermingsrecht? Het Hof van Justitie schrijft voor dat bij botsende
fundamentele rechten het ‘juiste evenwicht’ moet worden gevonden. Dat blijkt de Nederlandse rechter nog niet zo eenvoudig te vinden, zo wordt duidelijk bij de bespreking van het Dutch FilmWorks-arrest in dit artikel.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wat te doen als je op Twitter door een anoniem profiel voor rotte vis wordt uitgemaakt? Het Nederlandse recht biedt verschillende mogelijkheden om identificerende gegevens te verkrijgen van internettussenpersonen. Maar hoe wordt de afweging met de bescherming van de persoonsgegevens van de anonymus gemaakt? Hoe verhoudt het recht op een doeltreffende voorziening in rechte zich tot het gegevensbeschermingsrecht? Het Hof van Justitie schrijft voor dat bij botsende
fundamentele rechten het ‘juiste evenwicht’ moet worden gevonden. Dat blijkt de Nederlandse rechter nog niet zo eenvoudig te vinden, zo wordt duidelijk bij de bespreking van het Dutch FilmWorks-arrest in dit artikel.
fundamentele rechten het ‘juiste evenwicht’ moet worden gevonden. Dat blijkt de Nederlandse rechter nog niet zo eenvoudig te vinden, zo wordt duidelijk bij de bespreking van het Dutch FilmWorks-arrest in dit artikel.
Poort, J.
De CoronaMelder door een economische lens Journal Article
In: TPEdigitaal, vol. 16, iss. 2, pp. 48-60, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {De CoronaMelder door een economische lens},
author = {Poort, J.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/tpedigitaal_2022_2/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-08},
journal = {TPEdigitaal},
volume = {16},
issue = {2},
pages = {48-60},
abstract = {In oktober 2020 lanceerde Nederland de CoronaMelder-app voor geautomatiseerd onderzoek naar blootstelling aan het Covid-19 virus. Een tentatieve analyse van de maatschappelijke kosten en baten van de app suggereert dat de baten in evenwicht zijn met de kosten, zelfs als alleen wordt gekeken naar de bespaarde levensjaren door het voorkomen van sterfgevallen. Het percentage van de positieve tests dat door de app teweeg wordt gebracht, is de sleutel tot de positieve bijdrage ervan aan de maatschappelijke welvaart. Dit percentage is aanzienlijk lager voor de app dan voor handmatig contactonderzoek door de GGD, wat erop wijst dat de app effici\"{e}nt kan zijn als aanvulling op handmatig contactonderzoek, maar niet als vervanging daarvan.
},
keywords = {},
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tppubtype = {article}
}
In oktober 2020 lanceerde Nederland de CoronaMelder-app voor geautomatiseerd onderzoek naar blootstelling aan het Covid-19 virus. Een tentatieve analyse van de maatschappelijke kosten en baten van de app suggereert dat de baten in evenwicht zijn met de kosten, zelfs als alleen wordt gekeken naar de bespaarde levensjaren door het voorkomen van sterfgevallen. Het percentage van de positieve tests dat door de app teweeg wordt gebracht, is de sleutel tot de positieve bijdrage ervan aan de maatschappelijke welvaart. Dit percentage is aanzienlijk lager voor de app dan voor handmatig contactonderzoek door de GGD, wat erop wijst dat de app efficiënt kan zijn als aanvulling op handmatig contactonderzoek, maar niet als vervanging daarvan.
Quintais, J.; Trapova, A.
EU copyright law round up – first trimester of 2022 Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {EU copyright law round up \textendash first trimester of 2022},
author = {Quintais, J. and Trapova, A.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/04/06/eu-copyright-law-round-up-first-trimester-of-2022/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-07},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bulayenko, O.; Quintais, J.; Gervais, D.J.; Poort, J.
AI Music Outputs: Challenges to the Copyright Legal Framework Technical Report
2022, (reCreating Europe report, D3.5).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {AI Music Outputs: Challenges to the Copyright Legal Framework},
author = {Bulayenko, O. and Quintais, J. and Gervais, D.J. and Poort, J.},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4072806
https://www.ivir.nl/870626_d3-5-final-report-on-the-impact-of-ia-authorship_formatted-1/},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.6405796},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-01},
urldate = {2022-04-07},
abstract = {This report examines the application of EU copyright and related rights law to outputs generated by or with the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, tools or techniques (AI outputs), with a focus on outputs in the musical domain. The Report examines the question: How can and should EU copyright and related rights law protect AI musical outputs? The interdisciplinary (legal and empirical) research involves: (i) analyzing of the protection of AI outputs under EU copyright and related rights law; (ii) examining the attribution of authorship and ownership to (natural and legal) persons involved in the creation or production of AI outputs; (iii) proposing interpretative guidelines and policy recommendations on increasing legal certainty regarding the protection, authorship, and ownership of copyright and related rights over AI outputs, especially music outputs.},
note = {reCreating Europe report, D3.5},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
This report examines the application of EU copyright and related rights law to outputs generated by or with the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, tools or techniques (AI outputs), with a focus on outputs in the musical domain. The Report examines the question: How can and should EU copyright and related rights law protect AI musical outputs? The interdisciplinary (legal and empirical) research involves: (i) analyzing of the protection of AI outputs under EU copyright and related rights law; (ii) examining the attribution of authorship and ownership to (natural and legal) persons involved in the creation or production of AI outputs; (iii) proposing interpretative guidelines and policy recommendations on increasing legal certainty regarding the protection, authorship, and ownership of copyright and related rights over AI outputs, especially music outputs.