The European Harmonisation of Intermediairy Civil Liability for Online Copyright Infringement
With the adoption and subsequent national implementation of the E-Commerce Directive’s safe harbour regime, the architecture set up for intermediary liability in Europe has become two-tiered: at a first stage, it is necessary to examine whether a given intermediary attracts, in its pursuit of a certain activity, civil liability according to the standards ensconced in the Member States’ legislation and only then, in the second instance, must the inapplicability of any immunity be established. As a result, although it provides a veneer of approximation by immunising intermediaries under certain circumscribed conditions, the Directive does not harmonise the underlying substantive liability norms which determine whether the safe harbours will be necessary or redundant. This leaves ample room for national divergences, particularly as concerns new types of intermediaries whose eligibility for the existing safe harbours is uncertain.
This PhD research seeks to explore the liability in Europe of online intermediaries for secondary or indirect copyright infringement, i.e. where the material act of infringement is committed by a third party, regardless of the applicability of the safe harbour regime. It will therefore begin with an investigation of the current law relating to intermediary liability for copyright infringement in the legal jurisdictions of England, France and Germany, these three jurisdictions representing each of the three major European extra-contractual liability traditions. The relationship between these rules and national substantive tort principles in the selected countries will subsequently be examined. This shall be done with a view to uncovering common European tort principles that can potentially lead the way to a harmonised, clear and comprehensive European liability regime of intermediaries for copyright infringement.
Publications
Quintais, J.
Do We Need More Copyright Protection for Sports Events? Book Chapter
In: Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz, pp. 143-156, Wolters Kluwer, 2021, ISBN: 9789403537337.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Do We Need More Copyright Protection for Sports Events?},
author = {Quintais, J.},
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year = {2021},
date = {2021-11-30},
booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},
pages = {143-156},
publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},
series = {Information Law Series},
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van Gompel, S.
Sports as Policy Levers in Intellectual Property Lawmaking Book Chapter
In: Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz, pp. 119-130, Wolters Kluwer, 2021, ISBN: 9789403537337.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Sports as Policy Levers in Intellectual Property Lawmaking},
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year = {2021},
date = {2021-11-30},
urldate = {2021-11-30},
booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},
pages = {119-130},
publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},
series = {Information Law Series},
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Dommering, E.
'The Portrait of a Gentleman'- The Cruijff Case Book Chapter
In: Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz, pp. 75-84, Wolters Kluwer, 2021, ISBN: 9789403537337.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {'The Portrait of a Gentleman'- The Cruijff Case},
author = {Dommering, E.},
isbn = {9789403537337},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-11-30},
booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},
pages = {75-84},
publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},
series = {Information Law Series},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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Senftleben, M.; Poort, J.; van Eechoud, M.; van Gompel, S.; Helberger, N.
Introduction: An Information Law Approach to Intellectual Property and Sports Book Chapter
In: Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz, pp. 3-11, Wolters Kluwer, 2021, ISBN: 9789403537337.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Introduction: An Information Law Approach to Intellectual Property and Sports},
author = {Senftleben, M. and Poort, J. and van Eechoud, M. and van Gompel, S. and Helberger, N.},
isbn = {9789403537337},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-11-30},
urldate = {2021-11-30},
booktitle = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},
pages = {3-11},
publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},
series = {Information Law Series},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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Dommering, E.
Het coronabeleid is onconstitutioneel Journal Article
In: Nederlands Juristenblad (NJB), no. 41, pp. 3396-3398, 2021.
@article{nokey,
title = {Het coronabeleid is onconstitutioneel},
author = {Dommering, E.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/NJB_Opinie_2021.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-11-25},
journal = {Nederlands Juristenblad (NJB)},
number = {41},
pages = {3396-3398},
abstract = {De Staat is verplicht om in te grijpen bij het uitbreken van een pandemie van een gevaarlijke ziekte en moet dan maatregelen treffen om deze zoveel mogelijk in te dammen. Maar daarbij hoort een ingewikkelde afweging van conflicterende fundamentele rechten, belangen en redelijkerwijze van de ingreep te verwachten gevolgen. Deze noodzakelijke grondrechtelijke toetsing was, is en blijft maar achterwege bij de coronamaat-regelen die in Nederland uitgevaardigd worden.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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Quintais, J.; Kowalewska Jahromi, H.; Mezei, P.; Priora, G.; Reda, J.; Riis, T.; Schwemer, S.; Szkalej, K.
The Regulatory Landscape for Copyright Content Moderation: Evaluation and Future Trajectories Online
2021, (Webinar ReCreating Europe 16 November 2021).
@online{nokey,
title = {The Regulatory Landscape for Copyright Content Moderation: Evaluation and Future Trajectories},
author = {Quintais, J. and Kowalewska Jahromi, H. and Mezei, P. and Priora, G. and Reda, J. and Riis, T. and Schwemer, S. and Szkalej, K.},
url = {https://www.recreating.eu/2021/10/19/webinar-16-november-the-regulatory-landscape-for-copyright-content-moderation-evaluation-and-future-trajectories/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HketusMjEFk},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-11-25},
abstract = {This webinar took place on 16 November 2021 and addressed the current status and future avenues for copyright content moderation in EU law, including a discussion on the rules on liability for online content-sharing service providers.},
note = {Webinar ReCreating Europe 16 November 2021},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {online}
}
Senftleben, M.; van Gompel, S.; Helmond, A.; Schumacher, L. D.; Ausloos, J.; van Hoboken, J.; Quintais, J.
Webharvesting Technical Report
2021, (Onderzoek in opdracht van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum (WODC), 20 september 2021, WODC rapport 3142.).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Webharvesting},
author = {Senftleben, M. and van Gompel, S. and Helmond, A. and Schumacher, L.D. and Ausloos, J. and van Hoboken, J. and Quintais, J.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Webharvesting_WODC.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-11-25},
urldate = {2021-11-25},
abstract = {Aan het volgende onderzoeksrapport ligt de doelstelling ten grondslag om te inventariseren wat juridisch, beleidsmatig en technisch nodig is om webharvesting mogelijk te maken, onder meer in de vorm van een zogenaamde nationale “domeincrawl”: het systematische kopi\"{e}ren en archiveren van webpagina’s die een afspiegeling vormen van de Nederlandse sociale, culturele, economische, juridische, politieke en wetenschappelijke geschiedenis online.},
note = {Onderzoek in opdracht van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum (WODC), 20 september 2021, WODC rapport 3142.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Bulayenko, O.; van Gompel, S.; and Handke, C.; Peeters, R.; Poort, J.; Quintais, J.; Regeczi, D.
Study on emerging issues on collective licensing practices in the digital environment Technical Report
2021, ISBN: 978-92-76-39981-0, (Study written by Ecorys, IViR and Erasmus University Rotterdam, commissioned by the European Commission.).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Study on emerging issues on collective licensing practices in the digital environment},
author = {Bulayenko, O. and van Gompel, S. and and Handke, C. and Peeters, R. and Poort, J. and Quintais, J. and Regeczi, D.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Study_on_collective_practices_in_the_digital_environment.pdf
https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/reports-collective-management-and-extended-licensing},
doi = {10.2759/611658},
isbn = {978-92-76-39981-0},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-11-25},
abstract = {Collective management of copyright and related rights is an important element of the copyright system. First and foremost, it can ensure that rightholders reap greater rewards. By exploiting economies of scale and network effects, collective management can also make markets for copyright licences more efficient, to benefit users and other stakeholders. This study examines two central aspects of collective management of copyright and related rights in Europe.
Part I documents the development of multi-territorial licensing of online rights in musical works in the European Economic Area (EEA) under Title III of Directive 2014/26/EU on Collective management of copyright and related rights and multi-territorial licensing of rights in musical works for online use in the internal market (CRM Directive). It highlights the consequences of legal and regulatory reform, based on pervasive quantitative and qualitative data \textendash produced in surveys, interviews and a workshop with stakeholders \textendash and collected among collective management organisations (CMOs), rightholders, online music service providers, and national competent authorities.
Part II examines national mechanisms of collective licensing with an extended effect and comprehensive network of national experts, complemented by surveys of CMOs, as well as interviews with national competent authorities.
The present study provides a legal and economic analysis that can serve as input for the European Commission to draft the reports required by Article 40 of the CRM Directive and Article 12(6) of the Directive 2019/790/EU on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market (DSM Directive).
},
note = {Study written by Ecorys, IViR and Erasmus University Rotterdam, commissioned by the European Commission.},
keywords = {},
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Part I documents the development of multi-territorial licensing of online rights in musical works in the European Economic Area (EEA) under Title III of Directive 2014/26/EU on Collective management of copyright and related rights and multi-territorial licensing of rights in musical works for online use in the internal market (CRM Directive). It highlights the consequences of legal and regulatory reform, based on pervasive quantitative and qualitative data – produced in surveys, interviews and a workshop with stakeholders – and collected among collective management organisations (CMOs), rightholders, online music service providers, and national competent authorities.
Part II examines national mechanisms of collective licensing with an extended effect and comprehensive network of national experts, complemented by surveys of CMOs, as well as interviews with national competent authorities.
The present study provides a legal and economic analysis that can serve as input for the European Commission to draft the reports required by Article 40 of the CRM Directive and Article 12(6) of the Directive 2019/790/EU on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market (DSM Directive).
van Eechoud, M.
Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 8 september 2020 (RAAP/PPI) Journal Article
In: Auteursrecht, vol. 2021, no. 2, pp. 77-79, 2021.
@article{nokey,
title = {Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 8 september 2020 (RAAP/PPI)},
author = {van Eechoud, M.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_Auteursrecht_2021_2.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-11-23},
journal = {Auteursrecht},
volume = {2021},
number = {2},
pages = {77-79},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fahy, R.; Helberger, N.; Appelman, N.
The perils of legally defining disinformation Journal Article
In: Internet Policy Review, vol. 10, no. 4, 2021.
@article{nokey,
title = {The perils of legally defining disinformation},
author = {Fahy, R. and Helberger, N. and Appelman, N.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/InternetPolicyReview_2021.pdf},
doi = {10.14763/2021.4.1584},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-11-12},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
volume = {10},
number = {4},
abstract = {EU policy considers disinformation to be harmful content, rather than illegal content. However, EU member states have recently been making disinformation illegal. This article discusses the definitions that form the basis of EU disinformation policy, and analyses national legislation in EU member states applicable to the definitions of disinformation, in light of freedom of expression and the proposed Digital Services Act. The article discusses the perils of defining disinformation in EU legislation, and including provisions on online platforms being required to remove illegal content, which may end up being applicable to overbroad national laws criminalising false news and false information.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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Irion, K.; Es, R. van; Meeren, K. van der; Dijkman, D.
Evaluatie PNR Wet Technical Report
2021, (WODC Rapport 3181, geschreven door K. Irion, R. van Es (IViR), K. van der Meeren & D. Dijkman (It's Public), november 2021).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Evaluatie PNR Wet},
author = {Irion, K. and Es, R. van and Meeren, K. van der and Dijkman, D.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/evaluatie-pnr-wet-1.pdf
https://repository.wodc.nl/handle/20.500.12832/3118},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-11-11},
abstract = {Op 18 juni 2019 is de Wet gebruik van passagiersgegevens voor de bestrijding van terroristische en ernstige misdrijven (PNR-wet) in werking getreden. Deze wet verplicht de luchtvaartmaatschappijen om passagiersgegevens van elke vlucht die in Nederland vertrekt of aankomt te verstrekken aan de Passagiersinformatie-eenheid Nederland (Pi-NL). De Pi-NL mag krachtens deze wet verzamelde passagiersgegevens uitsluitend verwerken voor het voorkomen, opsporen, onderzoeken en vervolgen van terroristische misdrijven en ernstige criminaliteit. Met de aanname van de PNR-wet voldoet de Nederlandse wetgever aan zijn plicht om de EU-richtlijn 2016/681 (PNR-richtlijn) te implementeren. Dit onderzoek vervult de verplichting uit artikel 25 van de PNR-wet dat twee jaar na de inwerkingtreding van de wet een evaluatie dient plaats te vinden van de doeltreffendheid en de effecten van deze wet in de praktijk. Deze evaluatie is ook gericht op de naleving van de privacywaarborgen en op de verwerking van passagiersgegevens van intra-EU-vluchten. De periode waarop deze evaluatie betrekking heeft, loopt van de inwerkingtreding van de wet op 18 juni 2019 tot 5 juli 2021},
note = {WODC Rapport 3181, geschreven door K. Irion, R. van Es (IViR), K. van der Meeren \& D. Dijkman (It's Public), november 2021},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Pentney, K.; McGonagle, T.
From Risk to Reward? The DSA's risk-based approach to disinformation Book Chapter
In: Unravelling the Digital Services Act package', M. Cappello (ed.), IRIS Special, Strasbourg: European Audiovisual Observatory, pp. 40-57, 2021.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {From Risk to Reward? The DSA's risk-based approach to disinformation},
author = {Pentney, K. and McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://rm.coe.int/iris-special-2021-01en-dsa-package/1680a43e45},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-28},
urldate = {2021-10-28},
booktitle = {Unravelling the Digital Services Act package', M. Cappello (ed.), IRIS Special, Strasbourg: European Audiovisual Observatory},
pages = {40-57},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Janssen, H.
Persoonlijke PIMS: privacyfort of luchtkasteel? Journal Article
In: Privacy & Informatie, no. 5, pp. 214-225, 2021.
@article{Janssen2021c,
title = {Persoonlijke PIMS: privacyfort of luchtkasteel?},
author = {Janssen, H.},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-28},
journal = {Privacy \& Informatie},
number = {5},
pages = {214-225},
abstract = {Persoonsgegevens worden thans veelal op ondoorzichtige wijze, buiten de controle van de betrokkenen verwerkt. Persoonlijke informatiebeheersystemen (PIMS) willen betrokkenen technologische toepassingen aanreiken, die hun meer controle geven over de verwerking van hun persoonsgegevens. PIMS presenteren zich als alternatief voor de huidige, ‘gecentraliseerde’ wijze van gegevensverwerking, waarbij (grote) organisaties persoonsgegevens op meestal ondoorzichtige wijze verzamelen, analyseren en doorgeven aan derden. PIMS bieden betrokkenen technische instrumenten waarmee zij zelf kunnen controleren en bepalen wanneer en aan wie zijn hun gegevens overdragen, en/of analyses over hun gegevens kunnen laten uitvoeren. Hoewel argumenten voor deze ‘decentralisatie’
aantrekkelijk klinken, rijzen vragen over de mate waarin PIMS de problemen met de huidige gegevensverwerking effectief kunnen bestrijden. In dit artikel ligt de focus bij de vraag in hoeverre deze PIMS de machtsongelijkheid tussen betrokkenen en grote organisaties daadwerkelijk kunnen bestrijden, die als gevolg van de huidige gegevensverwerkingspraktijk zijn ontstaan. PIMS kunnen enig inzicht in en controle over gegevensverwerking bieden, maar desondanks zal de machtsongelijkheid grotendeels blijven voortbestaan.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
aantrekkelijk klinken, rijzen vragen over de mate waarin PIMS de problemen met de huidige gegevensverwerking effectief kunnen bestrijden. In dit artikel ligt de focus bij de vraag in hoeverre deze PIMS de machtsongelijkheid tussen betrokkenen en grote organisaties daadwerkelijk kunnen bestrijden, die als gevolg van de huidige gegevensverwerkingspraktijk zijn ontstaan. PIMS kunnen enig inzicht in en controle over gegevensverwerking bieden, maar desondanks zal de machtsongelijkheid grotendeels blijven voortbestaan.
Hins, A.
Kamelen, tijgers en de Wet Open Overheid Journal Article
In: De Hofvijver, vol. 11, 2021.
@article{nokey,
title = {Kamelen, tijgers en de Wet Open Overheid},
author = {Hins, A.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Kamelen-tijgers-en-de-Wet-Open-Overheid.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-25},
journal = {De Hofvijver},
volume = {11},
abstract = {Opinie naar aanleiding van de aanvaarding door de Eerste Kamer op 5 oktober 2021 van twee wetsvoorstellen die hebben geleid tot de Wet open overheid.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Giannopoulou, A.
Putting Data Protection by Design on the Blockchain Journal Article
In: European Data Protection Law Review, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 388-399, 2021.
@article{Giannopoulou2021,
title = {Putting Data Protection by Design on the Blockchain},
author = {Giannopoulou, A.},
doi = {10.21552/edpl/2021/3/7},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-22},
urldate = {2021-10-22},
journal = {European Data Protection Law Review},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
pages = {388-399},
abstract = {The principle of data protection by design, as it is enshrined in article 25 of the GDPR, is difficult to apply in blockchains. This article will assess how the reliance on asymmetric encryption and other privacy enhancing technological architectures -necessary in a blockchain-based system- approach both user control and data protection by design compliance from the single scope of anonymization and unlinkability. Data subjects’ rights, accountability, and the potential shortcomings of applied technological constraints are thus sidelined. Ultimately, this limited understanding of technological privacy, acts as a misguiding set of principles for technological co-regulation through standardisation in blockchains. The standardization of these choices without a holistic analysis of data protection by design imperatives could ultimately weaken the position of data subjects, whose trust in the technological protections of personal data might prove to be relatively misplaced.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bodó, B.; Irion, K.; Janssen, H.; Giannopoulou, A.
Personal data ordering in context: the interaction of meso-level data governance regimes with macro frameworks Journal Article
In: Internet Policy Review, vol. 10, no. 3, 2021.
@article{Bod\'{o}2021b,
title = {Personal data ordering in context: the interaction of meso-level data governance regimes with macro frameworks},
author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Irion, K. and Janssen, H. and Giannopoulou, A.},
url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/personal-data-ordering-context-interaction-meso-level-data-governance-regimes},
doi = {10.14763/2021.3.1581},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-11},
urldate = {2021-10-11},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
abstract = {The technological infrastructures enabling the collection, processing, and trading of data have fuelled a rapid innovation of data governance models. We differentiate between macro, meso, and micro level models, which correspond to major political blocks; societal-, industry-, or community level systems, and individual approaches, respectively. We focus on meso-level models, which coalesce around: (1) organisations prioritising their own interests over interests of other stakeholders; (2) organisations offering technological and legal tools aiming to empower individuals; (3) community-based data intermediaries fostering collective rights and interests. In this article we assess these meso-level models, and discuss their interaction with the macro-level legal frameworks that have evolved in the US, the EU, and China. The legal landscape has largely remained inconsistent and fragmented, with enforcement struggling to keep up with the latest developments. We argue, first, that the success of meso-logics is largely defined by global economic competition, and, second, that these meso-logics may potentially put the EU’s macro-level framework with its mixed internal market and fundamental rights-oriented model under pressure. We conclude that, given the relative absence of a strong macro level-framework and an intensive competition of governance models at meso-level, it may be challenging to avoid compromises to the European macro framework. },
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Irion, K.; Kolk, A.; Buri, M.; Milan, S.
Governing “European values” inside data flows: : interdisciplinary perspectives Journal Article
In: Internet Policy Review, vol. 10, no. 3, 2021.
@article{Irion2021e,
title = {Governing “European values” inside data flows: : interdisciplinary perspectives},
author = {Irion, K. and Kolk, A. and Buri, M. and Milan, S.},
url = {https://policyreview.info/european-values},
doi = {10.14763/2021.3.1582},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-11},
urldate = {2021-10-11},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
abstract = {This editorial introduces ten research articles, which form part of this special issue, exploring the governance of “European values” inside data flows. Protecting fundamental human rights and critical public interests that undergird European societies in a global digital ecosystem poses complex challenges, especially because the United States and China are leading in novel technologies. We envision a research agenda calling upon different disciplines to further identify and understand European values that can adequately perform under conditions of transnational data flows.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Trapova, A.; Quintais, J.
EU copyright law round up – third trimester of 2021 Online
2021.
@online{Trapova2021c,
title = {EU copyright law round up \textendash third trimester of 2021},
author = {Trapova, A. and Quintais, J.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/10/07/eu-copyright-law-round-up-third-trimester-of-2021/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-07},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {online}
}
Hugenholtz, P.; Quintais, J.
Copyright and Artificial Creation: Does EU Copyright Law Protect AI-Assisted Output? Journal Article
In: IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law , vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 1190-1216, 2021.
@article{Hugenholtz2021d,
title = {Copyright and Artificial Creation: Does EU Copyright Law Protect AI-Assisted Output?},
author = {Hugenholtz, P. and Quintais, J.},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-021-01115-0},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-021-01115-0},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-07},
urldate = {2021-10-07},
journal = {IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law },
volume = {52},
number = {9},
pages = {1190-1216},
abstract = {This article queries whether and to what extent works produced with the aid of AI systems \textendash AI-assisted output \textendash are protected under EU copyright standards. We carry out a doctrinal legal analysis to scrutinise the concepts of “work”, “originality” and “creative freedom”, as well as the notion of authorship, as set forth in the EU copyright acquis and developed in the case-law of the Court of Justice. On this basis, we develop a four-step test to assess whether AI-assisted output qualifies as an original work of authorship under EU law, and how the existing rules on authorship may apply. Our conclusion is that current EU copyright rules are generally suitable and sufficiently flexible to deal with the challenges posed by AI-assisted output.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Senftleben, M.; Horen, F. van
The Siren Song of the Subtle Copycat - Revisiting Trademark Law with Insights from Consumer Research Journal Article
In: The Trademark Reporter, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 739-777, 2021.
@article{Senftleben2021b,
title = {The Siren Song of the Subtle Copycat - Revisiting Trademark Law with Insights from Consumer Research},
author = {Senftleben, M. and Horen, F. van},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3922568
https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/TheTrademarkReporter_2021_4.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-01},
journal = {The Trademark Reporter},
volume = {111},
number = {4},
pages = {739-777},
abstract = {The architecture of trademark protection systems rests on the assumption that brand imitation strategies are particularly harmful when they seek to achieve a high level of similarity by copying specific trademarked features of the original brand. Marketing research, however, shows that this assumption is doubtful. Subtle, theme-based imitation strategies \textendash aiming at a modest degree of similarity \textendash may allow copycats to garner greater profits and manipulate consumers’ purchasing decisions. Like an enchanting siren song, they may lure customers away from the original products of brand owners. Against this background, the paper discusses the question whether trademark law should be recalibrated.
To lay groundwork for this discussion, the analysis outlines central functions of trademarks in today’s market economy before describing, on the basis of EU trademark law, the traditional approach to copycat strategies from a marketing and legal perspective. Introducing insights from recent marketing research, the paper explains why subtle, theme-based strategies may be more harmful than blatant, feature-based copying. The further examination places this insight in a legal context. Contrasting the empirical findings of marketing research with traditional assessment schemes in EU trademark law, it becomes apparent that there is a remarkable mismatch between legal theory and market reality. Current trademark provisions are not aligned with “real life” consumer perception. As a result, copycats with a subtle imitation strategy remain under the radar of applicable infringement tests. This dilemma is taken as a starting point to discuss the need for reforms in trademark law.},
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}
To lay groundwork for this discussion, the analysis outlines central functions of trademarks in today’s market economy before describing, on the basis of EU trademark law, the traditional approach to copycat strategies from a marketing and legal perspective. Introducing insights from recent marketing research, the paper explains why subtle, theme-based strategies may be more harmful than blatant, feature-based copying. The further examination places this insight in a legal context. Contrasting the empirical findings of marketing research with traditional assessment schemes in EU trademark law, it becomes apparent that there is a remarkable mismatch between legal theory and market reality. Current trademark provisions are not aligned with “real life” consumer perception. As a result, copycats with a subtle imitation strategy remain under the radar of applicable infringement tests. This dilemma is taken as a starting point to discuss the need for reforms in trademark law.
Sax, M.
Between Empowerment and Manipulation: The Ethics and Regulation of For-Profit Health Apps Book
Wolters Kluwer, 2021, ISBN: 9789403537917.
@book{Sax2021f,
title = {Between Empowerment and Manipulation: The Ethics and Regulation of For-Profit Health Apps},
author = {Sax, M.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/sax_info_47-2/},
isbn = {9789403537917},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-30},
urldate = {2021-09-30},
publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},
series = {Information Law Series},
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Reda, J.; Keller, P.
A Proposal to leverage Article 17 to build a public repository of Public Domain and openly licensed works Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2021.
@article{Reda2021bb,
title = {A Proposal to leverage Article 17 to build a public repository of Public Domain and openly licensed works},
author = {Reda, J. and Keller, P.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/09/23/a-proposal-to-leverage-article-17-to-build-a-public-repository-of-public-domain-and-openly-licensed-works/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-23},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
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Angelopoulos, C.; Senftleben, M.; Thije, P. ten
De reikwijdte van artikel 17 DSM-richtlijn in het licht van het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen: een Odyssee Journal Article
In: Auteursrecht, no. 3, pp. 120-142, 2021.
@article{Angelopoulos2021,
title = {De reikwijdte van artikel 17 DSM-richtlijn in het licht van het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen: een Odyssee},
author = {Angelopoulos, C. and Senftleben, M. and Thije, P. ten},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Auteursrecht_2021_3.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-21},
journal = {Auteursrecht},
number = {3},
pages = {120-142},
abstract = {Met de Richtlijn auteursrechten en naburige rechten in de digitale eengemaakte markt (‘DSM-RL’) zijn nieuwe wettelijke verplichtingen op het terrein van het filteren van online content ontstaan. Aanbieders van onlinediensten voor het delen van content (‘OCSSPs’) dienen \textendash op basis van door rechthebbenden verstrekte informatie \textendash ervoor te zorgen dat beschermd materiaal niet beschikbaar is op hun platforms. Tegelijkertijd bevestigt artikel 17 lid 8 DSM-RL dat de nieuwe auteursrechtelijke regels niet tot een algemene toezichtverplichting moeten leiden. Ondanks de nieuwe filterverplichtingen heeft de Uniewetgever het traditionele verbod op een algemene toezichtverplichting \textendash dat al 20 jaar deel uitmaakt van de regeling van aansprakelijkheidsprivileges in de Richtlijn inzake elektronische handel (‘REH’) \textendash uitdrukkelijk overeind gehouden. Ook het voorstel van de Europese Commissie voor een Digital Services Act (‘DSA’) houdt het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen in stand. Tegen deze achtergrond rijst de vraag hoe de nieuwe auteursrechtelijke filterverplichtingen moeten worden uitgelegd om een verboden algemene toezichtverplichting te voorkomen. De volgende analyse geeft antwoord op deze vraag op basis van een nadere bespreking van het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen in de REH, de DSM-RL en het DSA-voorstel. Naast relevante rechtspraak van het HvJ EU komt het nauwe verband tussen het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen en fundamentele rechten aan de orde.},
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Drunen, M. van
Editorial independence in an automated media system Journal Article
In: Internet Policy Review, vol. 10, no. 3, 2021.
@article{nokey,
title = {Editorial independence in an automated media system},
author = {Drunen, M. van},
url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/editorial-independence-automated-media-system},
doi = {10.14763/2021.3.1569},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-13},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
abstract = {The media has increasingly grown to rely on automated decision-making to produce and distribute news. This trend challenges our understanding of editorial independence by transforming the role of human editorial judgment and creating new dependencies on external software and data providers, engineers, and platforms. Recent policy initiatives such as the EU’s Media Action Plan and Digital Services Act are now beginning to revisit the way law can enable the media to act independently in the context of new technological tools and actors. Fully understanding and addressing the challenges automation poses to editorial independence, however, first requires better normative insight into the functions editorial independence performs in European media policy. This article provides a normative framework of editorial independence’s functions in European media policy and uses it to explore the new challenges posed by the automation of editorial decision-making.},
keywords = {},
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Helberger, N.; Eskens, S.; Strycharz, J.; Bouchè, G.; van Hoboken, J.; Mil, J. van; Toh, J.
Conditions for technological solutions in a COVID-19 exit strategy, with particular focus on the legal and societal conditions Journal Article
In: 2021, (Report for ZonMw, written by N. Helberger, S. Eskens, J. Strycharz, G. Bouchè, J. van Hoboken, J. van Mil, J. Toh, with N. Appelman, J. van Apeldoorn, M. van Eechoud, N. van Doorn, M. Sax & C. de Vreese, September 2021, Amsterdam).
@article{Helberger2021bb,
title = {Conditions for technological solutions in a COVID-19 exit strategy, with particular focus on the legal and societal conditions},
author = {Helberger, N. and Eskens, S. and Strycharz, J. and Bouch\`{e}, G. and van Hoboken, J. and Mil, J. van and Toh, J. },
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/covid-report-1.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-13},
abstract = {Which legal, ethical and societal conditions need to be fulfilled for the use of digital solutions in managing the COVID-19 exit-strategy? This was the central question of this research. Digital technologies can be part of solutions to societal challenges, for example to manage the pandemic and lead the Netherlands out of the COVID-19 crisis. One set of technologies that figured particularly prominently in that debate was the use of contact tracing apps like the CoronaMelder, as well as digital vaccination passports (CoronaCheck app).
In the Netherlands, Europe and worldwide, the introduction of apps such as the CoronaMelder or the CoronaCheck app was met by criticism from experts, politicians, civil society and academics. Concerns range from the lack of evidence for the effectiveness of such apps, uncertainty about the conditions that need to be fulfilled to reach their goal, our growing dependency on technology companies up to worries about the fundamental rights and adverse effects for vulnerable groups, such as elderly or users without a smart phone.
The overall goal of the research was to monitor the societal, ethical and legal implications of implementing apps like the CoronaMelder, and from that draw lessons for the future use of ‘technology-assisted governance solutions’. One important conclusion from the report is that ‘there are no easy technological fixes, and in order for a technological solution to work, it needs to be part of a broader vision on what such a solution needs to function in society, achieve its intended goals and respect the fundamental rights of users as well as non-users.’ The report also offers critical reflections on the need for democratic legitimisation and accountability, the role of big tech and insights on the societal impact of the CoronaMelder and other technological solutions.
},
note = {Report for ZonMw, written by N. Helberger, S. Eskens, J. Strycharz, G. Bouch\`{e}, J. van Hoboken, J. van Mil, J. Toh, with N. Appelman, J. van Apeldoorn, M. van Eechoud, N. van Doorn, M. Sax \& C. de Vreese, September 2021, Amsterdam},
keywords = {},
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In the Netherlands, Europe and worldwide, the introduction of apps such as the CoronaMelder or the CoronaCheck app was met by criticism from experts, politicians, civil society and academics. Concerns range from the lack of evidence for the effectiveness of such apps, uncertainty about the conditions that need to be fulfilled to reach their goal, our growing dependency on technology companies up to worries about the fundamental rights and adverse effects for vulnerable groups, such as elderly or users without a smart phone.
The overall goal of the research was to monitor the societal, ethical and legal implications of implementing apps like the CoronaMelder, and from that draw lessons for the future use of ‘technology-assisted governance solutions’. One important conclusion from the report is that ‘there are no easy technological fixes, and in order for a technological solution to work, it needs to be part of a broader vision on what such a solution needs to function in society, achieve its intended goals and respect the fundamental rights of users as well as non-users.’ The report also offers critical reflections on the need for democratic legitimisation and accountability, the role of big tech and insights on the societal impact of the CoronaMelder and other technological solutions.
Senftleben, M.; Poort, J.; van Eechoud, M.; van Gompel, S.; Helberger, N.
Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz Book
Kluwer Law International, 2021, ISBN: 9789403537337.
@book{ils2021,
title = {Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz},
author = {Senftleben, M. and Poort, J. and van Eechoud, M. and van Gompel, S. and Helberger, N.},
url = {https://lrus.wolterskluwer.com/store/product/intellectual-property-and-sports-essays-in-honour-of-p-bernt-hugenholtz/},
isbn = {9789403537337},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-09},
urldate = {2021-09-09},
volume = {46},
publisher = {Kluwer Law International},
series = {Information Law Series},
abstract = {Intellectual Property and Sports celebrates the enormous achievements of Professor Bernt Hugenholtz in the field of intellectual property and information law. Renowned intellectual property law expert Bernt Hugenholtz once warned, chiding the voracity of copyright, that reducing the subject matter test to mere originality and personal stamp might lead to ‘infinite expansion of the concept of the work of authorship. Anything touched by human hand, including for instance sports performances, would be deemed a work’. Focus on sports-related intellectual property issues offers an ideal starting point for exploring core questions on information law. Legal rules in sports and intellectual property evolve in a climate pervaded by powerful lobby pressures with new technologies that have a profound impact on developments in the sports arena. Indeed, the applicability of copyright law on sports events and players’ moves is one of the many topics discussed in this volume, which spans issues from those related to players and their performances and achievements, via those relevant to sports event organisers and clubs, to questions concerning event reporting and data and the growing role of AI technologies in sports.},
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Appelman, N.; Quintais, J.; Fahy, R.
Verfassungsblog, (Ed.): Verfassungsblog 2021.
@online{Appelman2021,
title = {Using Terms and Conditions to apply Fundamental Rights to Content Moderation: Is Article 12 DSA a Paper Tiger?},
author = {Appelman, N. and Quintais, J. and Fahy, R.},
editor = {Verfassungsblog},
url = {https://verfassungsblog.de/power-dsa-dma-06/},
doi = {10.17176/20210901-233103-0.},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-01},
organization = {Verfassungsblog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {online}
}
Helberger, N.; Dobber, T.; Vreese, C. H. de
Towards Unfair Political Practices Law: Learning lessons from the regulation of unfair commercial practices for online political advertising Journal Article
In: JIPITEC, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 273-296, 2021.
@article{Helberger2021bb,
title = {Towards Unfair Political Practices Law: Learning lessons from the regulation of unfair commercial practices for online political advertising},
author = {Helberger, N. and Dobber, T. and Vreese, C.H. de},
url = {https://www.jipitec.eu/issues/jipitec-12-3-2021/5338},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-08-26},
journal = {JIPITEC},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {273-296},
abstract = {Online political advertising operates in a tense forcefield between political and commercial elements and thus presents regulators with a difficult conundrum: because online political advertising is political rather than commercial speech, it is destined to follow a different regulatory tradition than commercial advertising. And yet many of the tools used, players involved and concerns triggered by modern online political advertising strategies very much resemble the tools, players and concerns in online commercial targeting. Commercial advertising is subject to consumer law and unfair advertising regulation, including rules about unfair commercial practices. Unfair commercial practices law and other rules about commercial advertising, however, are explicitly not applicable to forms of non-commercial political or ideological advertising. An important reason why this is so is the different level of protection of political and commercial speech under fundamental rights law standards. And yet with the ongoing commercial turn in advertising, the traditional division between forms of commercial and political advertising is no longer that self-evident. Also, it cannot be denied that commercial advertising law has a long tradition of thinking of where and how to draw the line between lawful advertising and unlawful persuasion through withholding or misleading consumers about the information they need to take informed decisions, or abusing superior knowledge, exerting undue psychological pressure and engaging in other forms of unfair behaviour. The question this article explores is whether there are lessons to be learned from the regulation of commercial advertising for the pending initiatives at the national and the European level to regulate online political advertising, and online political targeting in specific.},
keywords = {},
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van Eechoud, M.
Please share nicely — From Database directive to Data (governance) acts Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2021.
@article{vanEechoud2021bb,
title = {Please share nicely \textemdash From Database directive to Data (governance) acts},
author = {van Eechoud, M.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/08/18/please-share-nicely-from-database-directive-to-data-governance-acts/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-08-24},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
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Trapova, A.; Quintais, J.
EU copyright law round up – second trimester of 2021 Online
Blog, Kluwer Copyright (Ed.): Kluwer Copyright Blog 2021.
@online{Trapova2021,
title = {EU copyright law round up \textendash second trimester of 2021},
author = {Trapova, A. and Quintais, J.},
editor = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/08/16/eu-copyright-law-round-up-second-trimester-of-2021/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-08-16},
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Reuver, M.; Mattis, N.; Sax, M.; Verberne, S.; Tintarev, N.; Helberger, N.; Müller, J.; Vrijenhoek, S.; Fokkens, A.; Van Atteveldt, W.
Are we human, or are we users? The role of natural language processing in human-centric news recommenders that nudge users to diverse content Journal Article
In: The 1st Workshop on NLP for Positive Impact: NLP4PosImpact 2021 : proceedings of the workshop, pp. 47-59, 2021.
@article{Reuver2021,
title = {Are we human, or are we users? The role of natural language processing in human-centric news recommenders that nudge users to diverse content},
author = {Reuver, M. and Mattis, N. and Sax, M. and Verberne, S. and Tintarev, N. and Helberger, N. and M\"{u}ller, J. and Vrijenhoek, S. and Fokkens, A. and Van Atteveldt, W.},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.nlp4posimpact-1.6/},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.nlp4posimpact-1.6},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-08-01},
journal = {The 1st Workshop on NLP for Positive Impact: NLP4PosImpact 2021 : proceedings of the workshop},
pages = {47-59},
keywords = {},
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Bastian, M.; Helberger, N.; Makhortykh, M.
Safeguarding the Journalistic DNA: Attitudes towards the Role of Professional Values in Algorithmic News Recommender Designs Journal Article
In: Digital Journalism, 2021.
@article{Bastian2021,
title = {Safeguarding the Journalistic DNA: Attitudes towards the Role of Professional Values in Algorithmic News Recommender Designs},
author = {Bastian, M. and Helberger, N. and Makhortykh, M.},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2021.1912622},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1912622},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-07-29},
journal = {Digital Journalism},
abstract = {In contrast to the extensive debate on the influence of algorithmic news recommenders (ANRs) on individual news diets, the interaction between such systems and journalistic norms and missions remain under-studied. The change in the relationship between journalists and the audience caused by the transition to personalized news delivery has profound consequences for the understanding of what journalism should be. To investigate how media practitioners perceive the impact of ANRs on their professional norms and media organizations’ missions, and how these norms and missions can be integrated into ANR design, this article looks at two quality newspapers from the Netherlands and Switzerland. Using an interview-based approach conducted with practitioners in different departments (e.g. journalists, data scientists, and product managers), it explores how ANRs interact with organization-centred and audience-centred journalistic values. The paper’s findings indicate a varying degree of prominence for specific values between individual practitioners in the context of their perception of ANRs. At the same time, the paper also reveals that some organization-centred (e.g. transparency) and most audience-centred (e.g. usability) values are viewed as prerequisites for successful ANR design by practitioners with different professional backgrounds.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Reda, J.; Keller, P.
What Member States can learn from the AG opinion on Article 17 Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2021.
@article{Reda2021b,
title = {What Member States can learn from the AG opinion on Article 17},
author = {Reda, J. and Keller, P.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/07/26/what-member-states-can-learn-from-the-ag-opinion-on-article-17/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-07-27},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
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(Ed.)
Opinie: Wie naar Dokter Quin gaat, betaalt de rekening voor technologie-kwakzalverij Periodical
2021.
@periodical{Sax2021bb,
title = {Opinie: Wie naar Dokter Quin gaat, betaalt de rekening voor technologie-kwakzalverij},
author = {Sax, M.},
url = {https://www.volkskrant.nl/columns-opinie/opinie-wie-naar-dokter-quin-gaat-betaalt-de-rekening-voor-technologie-kwakzalverij~b58b6f64/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-07-20},
journal = {De Volkskrant},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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van Eechoud, M.; Ausloos, J.; Loos, M.; Mak, C.; Reinhartz, B.; Schumacher, L. D.; Pol, L.
Data na de dood - juridische aspecten van digitale nalatenschappen Technical Report
2021, (Onderzoek in opdracht van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, April 2021, Bijlage bij Kamerstuk 2020-2021, 30696 nr. 52. Auteurs: M.M.M. van Eechoud, J. Ausloos, M. Loos, C. Mak, B. Reinhartz, L. Schumacher & L. Pol.).
@techreport{vanEechoud2021bb,
title = {Data na de dood - juridische aspecten van digitale nalatenschappen},
author = {van Eechoud, M. and Ausloos, J. and Loos, M. and Mak, C. and Reinhartz, B. and Schumacher, L.D. and Pol, L. },
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Data-na-de-dood.pdf
https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Datanadedood_summary.pdf
https://www.sectorplandls.nl/wordpress/news/data-after-death-legal-aspects-of-digital-inheritances/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-07-08},
urldate = {2021-07-08},
abstract = {Jaarlijks overlijden ruim 150.000 mensen en worden er dus ook ongeveer evenveel nalatenschappen afgewikkeld. Vrijwel zonder uitzondering laten overledenen digitale ‘bezittingen’ achter, zoals sociale media-accounts, e-mails, documenten opgeslagen in de cloud en (gebruiksrechten op) allerlei media en entertainment. De vraag is of het huidige Nederlandse wettelijk kader voldoende handvatten biedt om de bij afwikkeling van digitale nalatenschappen gemoeide private en publieke belangen te behartigen. De centrale onderzoeksvraag van deze studie is: Welke eventuele aanpassingen van het Nederlandse wettelijke kader zijn wenselijk met het oog op de adequate bescherming van private en publieke belangen gemoeid met het regelen en afwikkelen van digitale nalatenschappen?
Voor de beantwoording van deze vraag is om te beginnen een analyse gedaan van het beleid van aanbieders van veelgebruikte informatiediensten rond overlijden, en van de relevante voorwaarden die zij hanteren. Bronnen voor de analyse zijn gebruikersovereenkomsten, algemene voorwaarden, privacy policies en andere (openbare) documenten zoals FAQ’s. Informatiediensten aanbieders zijn onderscheiden in digitale mediadiensten (commercieel aanbod zoals streaming video of -muziek), communicatiediensten (waaronder sociale media en berichtendiensten) en ICT-diensten (o.a. cloudopslag en digitale kluizen). Vervolgens is het relevante wettelijke kader beschreven en zijn onduidelijkheden daarin ge\"{i}dentificeerd. Naast het erfrecht, betreft dit het overeenkomstenrecht en dan in het bijzonder consumentenrecht, intellectuele eigendomsrechten (met name auteursrecht), persoonlijkheidsrechten en gegevensbeschermingsrecht (Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming). Ook het algemene vermogensrecht is van belang, voor zover betrekking hebbend op de vraag welk digitaal ‘bezit’ in de nalatenschap valt. Tot slot is met het oog op het formuleren van oplossingsrichtingen, naar een selectie van wetgeving in andere landen gekeken.},
note = {Onderzoek in opdracht van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, April 2021, Bijlage bij Kamerstuk 2020-2021, 30696 nr. 52.
Auteurs: M.M.M. van Eechoud, J. Ausloos, M. Loos, C. Mak, B. Reinhartz, L. Schumacher \& L. Pol.},
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Voor de beantwoording van deze vraag is om te beginnen een analyse gedaan van het beleid van aanbieders van veelgebruikte informatiediensten rond overlijden, en van de relevante voorwaarden die zij hanteren. Bronnen voor de analyse zijn gebruikersovereenkomsten, algemene voorwaarden, privacy policies en andere (openbare) documenten zoals FAQ’s. Informatiediensten aanbieders zijn onderscheiden in digitale mediadiensten (commercieel aanbod zoals streaming video of -muziek), communicatiediensten (waaronder sociale media en berichtendiensten) en ICT-diensten (o.a. cloudopslag en digitale kluizen). Vervolgens is het relevante wettelijke kader beschreven en zijn onduidelijkheden daarin geïdentificeerd. Naast het erfrecht, betreft dit het overeenkomstenrecht en dan in het bijzonder consumentenrecht, intellectuele eigendomsrechten (met name auteursrecht), persoonlijkheidsrechten en gegevensbeschermingsrecht (Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming). Ook het algemene vermogensrecht is van belang, voor zover betrekking hebbend op de vraag welk digitaal ‘bezit’ in de nalatenschap valt. Tot slot is met het oog op het formuleren van oplossingsrichtingen, naar een selectie van wetgeving in andere landen gekeken.
Irion, K.
In: Burri, M. (Ed.): Big Data and Global Trade Law, Chapter 11, Cambridge University Press, 2021.
@inbook{Irion2021bb,
title = {Panta Rhei: A European Perspective on Ensuring a High Level of Protection of Human Rights in a World in Which Everything Flows},
author = {Irion, K.},
editor = {Burri, M.},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/big-data-and-global-trade-law/panta-rhei/B0E5D7851240E0D2F4562B3C6DFF3011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108919234.015},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-07-05},
booktitle = {Big Data and Global Trade Law},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
chapter = {11},
abstract = {Human rights do remain valid currency in how we approach planetary-scale computation and accompanying data flows. Today’s system of human rights protection, however, is highly dependent on domestic legal institutions, which unravel faster than the reconstruction of fitting transnational governance institutions. The chapter takes a critical look at the construction of the data flow metaphor as a policy concept inside international trade law. Subsequently, it explores how the respect for human rights ties in with national constitutionalism that becomes increasingly challenged by the transnational dynamic of digital era transactions. Lastly, the chapter turns to international trade law and why its ambitions to govern cross-border data flows will likely not advance efforts to generate respect for human rights. In conclusion, the chapter advocates for a rebalancing act that recognizes human rights inside international trade law.
},
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}
Sax, M.
Voorbij privacy: manipulatie is het échte probleem in gezondheidsapps Journal Article
In: Privacy & Informatie, no. 3, pp. 117-120, 2021.
@article{Sax2021b,
title = {Voorbij privacy: manipulatie is het \'{e}chte probleem in gezondheidsapps},
author = {Sax, M.},
url = {https://www.uitgeverijparis.nl/nl/reader/209785/1001582341},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-24},
journal = {Privacy \& Informatie},
number = {3},
pages = {117-120},
abstract = {Ze zijn enorm populair en zullen alleen nog maar populairder worden: gezondheidsapps. Er zijn populaire gezondheidsapps met tientallen tot soms honderden miljoenen gebruikers voor van alles en nog wat: dieetadviezen en calorie\"{e}ntellen (MyFitnessPal), meditatie en mindfulness (Headspace), het tracken en onderling vergelijken van sportactiviteiten (Strava), het tracken van je algehele bewegings- en gezondheidspatronen via een wearable (Fitbit), enzovoort. Hun huidige populariteit zal alleen nog maar toenemen, aangezien werkgevers en verzekeraars steeds nadrukkelijker het gebruik van gezondheidsapps aanprijzen. 1 Gezondheid is goed, meer gezondheid is beter. Geweldig toch, die alsmaar toenemende populariteit van gezondheidsapps?},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
van Daalen, O.; van Hoboken, J.; Koot, M.; Rucz, M.
The new rules for export control of cyber-surveillance items in the EU Technical Report
2021, (Commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.).
@techreport{Daalen2021,
title = {The new rules for export control of cyber-surveillance items in the EU},
author = {van Daalen, O. and van Hoboken, J. and Koot, M. and Rucz, M.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Report-on-cybersurveillance-items.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-17},
urldate = {2021-06-17},
note = {Commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Hugenholtz, P.; Quintais, J.
Auteursrecht en artificiële creatie Journal Article
In: Auteursrecht, no. 2, pp. 47-52, 2021.
@article{Hugenholtz2021b,
title = {Auteursrecht en artifici\"{e}le creatie},
author = {Hugenholtz, P. and Quintais, J.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Auteursrecht-2021-2.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-17},
journal = {Auteursrecht},
number = {2},
pages = {47-52},
abstract = {In dit artikel wordt de vraag gesteld of voortbrengselen die met behulp van AI-systemen tot stand zijn gebracht auteursrechtelijk beschermd kunnen zijn. Centraal in deze analyse staat niet de machine, maar de rol van de mens in het door het AI-systeem ondersteunde creatieve proces. Is deze rol voldoende om het resultaat als auteursrechtelijke beschermd werk te kwalificeren? En wie heeft in dat geval te gelden als maker(s)? Deze vragen worden aan de hand van het Unierecht en de jurisprudentie van het HvJ EU beantwoord. Dit artikel is gebaseerd op een studie die in opdracht van de Europese Commissie is verricht en aan de basis ligt van het door de Commissie in het Actieplan IE geformuleerde
beleidsstandpunt over AI-creaties.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
beleidsstandpunt over AI-creaties.
Hugenholtz, P.
Three Cheers for the DSM Directive’s Rules on Author’s Contracts – and a Cautionary Note from the Netherlands Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2021.
@article{Hugenholtz2021bb,
title = {Three Cheers for the DSM Directive’s Rules on Author’s Contracts \textendash and a Cautionary Note from the Netherlands},
author = {Hugenholtz, P.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/06/14/three-cheers-for-the-dsm-directives-rules-on-authors-contracts-and-a-cautionary-note-from-the-netherlands/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-14},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Quintais, J.
Commission’s Guidance on Art. 17 CDSM Directive: the authorisation dimension Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2021.
@article{Quintais2021,
title = {Commission’s Guidance on Art. 17 CDSM Directive: the authorisation dimension},
author = {Quintais, J.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/06/10/commissions-guidance-on-art-17-cdsm-directive-the-authorisation-dimension/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-10},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Quintais, J.
Commission’s Guidance on Art. 17 CDSM Directive: the authorisation dimension Online
Kluwer Copyright Blog 2021.
@online{Quintais2021-Guidance,
title = {Commission’s Guidance on Art. 17 CDSM Directive: the authorisation dimension},
author = {Quintais, J.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/06/10/commissions-guidance-on-art-17-cdsm-directive-the-authorisation-dimension/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-10},
organization = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {online}
}
Seipp, T.
News media’s dependency on big tech: should we be worried? Journal Article
In: Internet Policy Review, 2021, (Opinion).
@article{Seipp2021,
title = {News media’s dependency on big tech: should we be worried?},
author = {Seipp, T.},
url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/news/news-medias-dependency-big-tech-should-we-be-worried/1562},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-10},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
note = {Opinion},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
van Hoboken, J.; Fahy, R.
Smartphone platforms as privacy regulators Journal Article
In: Computer Law & Security Review, vol. 41, 2021.
@article{vanHoboken2021b,
title = {Smartphone platforms as privacy regulators},
author = {van Hoboken, J. and Fahy, R.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Smartphone-platforms-as-privacy-regulators.pdf},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105557},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-10},
journal = {Computer Law \& Security Review},
volume = {41},
abstract = {A series of recent developments highlight the increasingly important role of online platforms in impacting data privacy in today's digital economy. Revelations and parliamentary hearings about privacy violations in Facebook's app and service partner ecosystem, EU Court of Justice judgments on joint responsibility of platforms and platform users, and the rise of smartphone app ecosystems where app behaviour is governed by app distribution platforms and operating systems, all show that platform policies can make or break the enjoyment of privacy by users. In this article, we examine these developments and explore the question of what can and should be the role of platforms in protecting data privacy of their users.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Reda, J.; Keller, P.
European Commission back-tracks on user rights in Article 17 Guidance Journal Article
In: Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2021.
@article{Reda2021,
title = {European Commission back-tracks on user rights in Article 17 Guidance},
author = {Reda, J. and Keller, P.},
url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/06/04/european-commission-back-tracks-on-user-rights-in-article-17-guidance/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-04},
journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hugenholtz, P.
Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 11 juni 2020 (Brompton Bicycle / Chedech/Get2Get Journal Article
In: Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, no. 22, pp. 3136-3138, 2021.
@article{Hugenholtz2021,
title = {Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 11 juni 2020 (Brompton Bicycle / Chedech/Get2Get},
author = {Hugenholtz, P.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_2021_175.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-04},
journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie},
number = {22},
pages = {3136-3138},
abstract = {Verzoek om een prejudici\"{e}le beslissing krachtens artikel 267 VWEU, ingediend door de tribunal de l’entreprise de Li\`{e}ge (ondernemingsrechtbank Luik, Belgi\"{e}) bij beslissing van 18 december 2018. Intellectuele en industri\"{e}le eigendom, auteursrecht en naburige rechten. Vouwfiets. Bescherming van werken op grond van het auteursrecht. Voor het bereiken van een technisch resultaat noodzakelijke vorm.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Dommering, E.
Annotatie Hof van Justitie EU 19 december 2019 (Airbnb Ireland / Hotelière Turenne) Journal Article
In: Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, vol. 2021, no. 20/21, pp. 2799-2802, 2021.
@article{Dommering2021bb,
title = {Annotatie Hof van Justitie EU 19 december 2019 (Airbnb Ireland / Hoteli\`{e}re Turenne)},
author = {Dommering, E.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_2021_61.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-03},
journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie},
volume = {2021},
number = {20/21},
pages = {2799-2802},
abstract = {Deze zaak (beslist door de Grand Chamber van het Hof) gaat over Airbnb in Frankrijk en gaat over dezelfde problematiek als in de Uberzaken in Spanje en Frankrijk (HvJEU 20 december 2017, zaak C-434/15, NJ 2018, 361 m.nt. E.J. Dommering, resp. HvJEU 10 april 2018, zaak C-320/16, NJ 2019, 3). In die zaken werd beslist dat de Uberdienst weliswaar een ‘dienst in de informatiemaatschappij’ is, zodat de e-commerce richtlijn (richtlijn 2000/31) van toepassing kan zijn, maar toch meer kenmerken van een vervoersdienst heeft, hetgeen ruimte schept voor de lidstaten ze onder de regels voor taxidiensten te brengen. In deze zaak beslist het Hof anders.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Quintais, J.
Book review: European Libraries and the Internet: Copyright and Extended Collective Licences, by Ran Tryggvadottir. Journal Article
In: Common Market Law Review, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 961 – 964, 2021.
@article{Quintais2021-COLA,
title = {Book review: European Libraries and the Internet: Copyright and Extended Collective Licences, by Ran Tryggvadottir. },
author = {Quintais, J.},
url = {https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/Common+Market+Law+Review/58.3/COLA2021061},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-01},
journal = {Common Market Law Review},
volume = {58},
number = {3},
pages = {961 \textendash 964},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
van Hoboken, J.; Fahy, R.
Regulating Disinformation in Europe: Implications for Speech and Privacy Journal Article
In: UC Irvine Journal of International, Transnational, and Comparative Law, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 9-36, 2021.
@article{vanHoboken2021,
title = {Regulating Disinformation in Europe: Implications for Speech and Privacy},
author = {van Hoboken, J. and Fahy, R.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Regulating-Disinformation-in-Europe.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-01},
journal = {UC Irvine Journal of International, Transnational, and Comparative Law},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {9-36},
abstract = {This Article examines the ongoing dynamics in the regulation of disinformation in Europe, focusing on the intersection between the right to
freedom of expression and the right to privacy. Importantly, there has been a recent wave of regulatory measures and other forms of pressure on online platforms to tackle disinformation in Europe. These measures play out in different ways at the intersection of the right to freedom of expression and the right to privacy. Crucially, as governments, journalists, and researchers seek greater transparency and access to information from online platforms to evaluate their impact on the health of their democracies, these measures raise acute issues related to user privacy. Indeed, platforms that once refused to cooperate with governments in identifying users allegedly responsible for disseminating illegal or harmful content are now expanding cooperation. However, while platforms are increasingly facilitating government access to user data, platforms are also invoking data protection law concerns as a shield in response to recent efforts at increased platform transparency. At
the same time, data protection law provides for one of the main systemic regulatory safeguards in Europe. It protects user autonomy concerning datadriven campaigns, requiring transparency for internet audiences about targeting and data subject rights in relation to audience platforms, such as social media companies.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
freedom of expression and the right to privacy. Importantly, there has been a recent wave of regulatory measures and other forms of pressure on online platforms to tackle disinformation in Europe. These measures play out in different ways at the intersection of the right to freedom of expression and the right to privacy. Crucially, as governments, journalists, and researchers seek greater transparency and access to information from online platforms to evaluate their impact on the health of their democracies, these measures raise acute issues related to user privacy. Indeed, platforms that once refused to cooperate with governments in identifying users allegedly responsible for disseminating illegal or harmful content are now expanding cooperation. However, while platforms are increasingly facilitating government access to user data, platforms are also invoking data protection law concerns as a shield in response to recent efforts at increased platform transparency. At
the same time, data protection law provides for one of the main systemic regulatory safeguards in Europe. It protects user autonomy concerning datadriven campaigns, requiring transparency for internet audiences about targeting and data subject rights in relation to audience platforms, such as social media companies.
Quintais, J.; Appelman, N.; Fahy, R.
DSA Observatory 2021.
@online{Quintais2021f,
title = {Article 12 DSA: Will platforms be required to apply EU fundamental rights in content moderation decisions? },
author = {Quintais, J. and Appelman, N. and Fahy, R.},
url = {https://dsa-observatory.eu/2021/05/31/article-12-dsa-will-platforms-be-required-to-apply-eu-fundamental-rights-in-content-moderation-decisions/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-05-31},
organization = {DSA Observatory},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {online}
}