{"id":26531,"date":"2024-02-16T14:37:27","date_gmt":"2024-02-16T14:37:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ivir.nl\/projects\/comenius\/safety-of-journalists-and-media-actors\/video\/"},"modified":"2024-02-16T14:37:27","modified_gmt":"2024-02-16T14:37:27","slug":"video","status":"publish","type":"vo_project","link":"https:\/\/www.ivir.nl\/nl\/projecten\/comenius\/safety-of-journalists-and-media-actors\/video\/","title":{"rendered":"Video"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/api.eu.kaltura.com\/p\/120\/sp\/12000\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23449960\/partner_id\/120?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_2hq1hdbl&#038;flashvars[streamerType]=auto&amp;flashvars[localizationCode]=en_US&amp;flashvars[leadWithHTML5]=true&amp;flashvars[sideBarContainer.plugin]=true&amp;flashvars[sideBarContainer.position]=left&amp;flashvars[sideBarContainer.clickToClose]=true&amp;flashvars[chapters.plugin]=true&amp;flashvars[chapters.layout]=vertical&amp;flashvars[chapters.thumbnailRotator]=false&amp;flashvars[streamSelector.plugin]=true&amp;flashvars[EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget]=videoHolder&amp;flashvars[dualScreen.plugin]=true&amp;flashvars[hotspots.plugin]=1&amp;flashvars[Kaltura.addCrossoriginToIframe]=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_ctkgzzyv\" width=\"400\" height=\"261\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen allow=\"autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *\" sandbox=\"allow-downloads allow-forms allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-modals allow-orientation-lock allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-presentation allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\" frameborder=\"0\" title=\"KP 3 - Video - Online violence against women journalists\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Text accompanying video<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This video focuses on the online harassment of women journalists and journalists who identify as members of minority and\/or marginalised communities. The aim of the text is to give further background to, and explanation of, the use of certain terminology, such as the catch-all, shorthand term, \u201cwomen, minority and marginalised journalists\u201d, that is used in the video. We would also like to refer you to the sources we have drawn on while preparing this video.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Use of terminology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>When referring to journalists, we have the same broad understanding of the phrase, \u201cjournalists and other media actors\u201d, as used by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in its 2016 <a href=\"https:\/\/search.coe.int\/cm\/Pages\/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=09000016806415d9#_ftn1\">Recommendation on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors<\/a>.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" id=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> The Recommendation refers to the (case-law of the) European Court of Human Rights, which has repeatedly recognised that \u201cindividuals, civil society organisations, whistle-blowers and academics, in addition to professional journalists and media, can all make valuable contributions to public debate, thereby playing a similar role or equivalent to that traditionally played by the institutional media and professional journalists\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" id=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> This broad definition of journalism is also in line with the UN Human Rights Committee\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/documents\/general-comments-and-recommendations\/general-comment-no34-article-19-freedoms-opinion-and\">General comment No. 34<\/a>, which states that \u201cjournalism is a function shared by a wide range of actors, including professional full-time reporters and analysts, as well as bloggers and others who engage in forms of self-publication in print, on the Internet or elsewhere\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" id=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> The Council of Europe\u2019s 2016 Recommendation explicitly refers to General comment no. 34.<a href=\"#_ftn4\" id=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> Due to future developments in the rapidly evolving media ecosystem, we realise that the notions and meanings of journalists and media (actors) will continue to evolve.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" id=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When referring to women journalists, we mean the terms \u2018woman\u2019 and \u2018women\u2019 in an inclusive sense, thus including anyone who identifies as such.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When referring to \u2018minority communities\u2019, we mean that the term \u2018minority\u2019 can relate to various underrepresented groups in society which have distinctive group characteristics <em>vis-\u00e0-vis<\/em> the majority of the population, e.g., ethnicity, socio-economic status and religion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When referring to \u2018marginalised communities\u2019, &nbsp;the term \u2018marginalisation\u2019 can relate to social underrepresentation, exclusion and\/or a disadvantaged position in society, we would like to emphasise that this is mostly a social-historical process.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When referring to members of the LGBTQIA+ community, we specifically mean to include anyone who identifies as part of this community.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As the terminology debates are still ongoing and quickly evolving, we realise that, as with the terms \u2018journalist\u2019 and \u2018media actor\u2019, the notions and meanings of the terminology used in this video will also continue to evolve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following reports have been very helpful while preparing this video:<a href=\"#_ftn6\" id=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>J. Posetti &amp; N. Shabbir, \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icfj.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-02\/ICFJ%20Unesco_TheChilling_OnlineViolence.pdf\">The Chilling: A global study of online violence against women journalists<\/a>\u2019, ICFJ and UNESCO 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M. Ferrier, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iwmf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Attacks-and-Harassment.pdf\">Attacks and Harassment. The Impact on Female Journalists and Their Reporting<\/a>, (ed.: E. Lees Munoz), Trollbusters and International Women\u2019s Media Foundation 2018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B. Trionfi &amp; J. Luque, <a href=\"https:\/\/kq.freepressunlimited.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/IPI-report-online-harassment-06032019.pdf\">Newsroom Best Practices for Addressing Online Violence against Journalists. Perspectives from Finland, Germany, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom,<\/a> International Press Institute and OSCE<a href=\"#_ftn7\" id=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> 2019.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>We are very grateful to experts, Jennifer Adams, Bojana Kosti\u0107 and Prof. Claudia Padovani, for sharing their insights on the safety of women journalists and media actors who identify as members of minority and\/or marginalised communities, as well as for sharing some useful sources as listed below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The work of Prof. Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw (<a href=\"https:\/\/law.ucla.edu\/faculty\/faculty-profiles\/kimberle-w-crenshaw\">UCLA School of Law<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.columbia.edu\/faculty\/kimberle-w-crenshaw\">Columbia Law School<\/a>);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The work of the <a href=\"https:\/\/combaheerivercollective.weebly.com\/\">Combahee River Collective<\/a>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astraeafoundation.org\/\">Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice<\/a>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.agemi-eu.org\/\">AGEMI platform<\/a>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S. Chocarro, S. Clarke, P. Guti\u00e9rrez, J. Taing, (Ed.: K. Olson) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.osce.org\/files\/f\/documents\/2\/9\/468861_0.pdf\">Safety of Female Journalists Online \u2013 A #SOFJO Resource Guide<\/a>, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Representative on Freedom of the Media, Vienna 2020.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a id=\"_ftn1\" href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Recommendation CM\/Rec(2016)4 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors, 13 April 2016.<br><a id=\"_ftn2\" href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> Recommendation CM\/Rec(2016)4 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors, 13 April 2016, part II \u2013 para. 9.<br><a id=\"_ftn3\" href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> United Nations Human Rights Committee, \u2018General comment No. 34. Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression\u2019, CCPR\/C\/GC\/34, 2011.<br><a id=\"_ftn4\" href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> Recommendation CM\/Rec(2016)4 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors, 13 April 2016, para. 4.<br><a id=\"_ftn5\" href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Parcu, P., Brogi, E., Verza, S., et al.,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/475bacb6-34a2-11ed-8b77-01aa75ed71a1\/language-en\/format-PDF\/source-280919580\"><em>Study on media plurality and diversity online : final report<\/em><\/a>, Publications Office of the European Union, 2022, Introductory chapter \u2013 2. \u2018Notions and definitions of media\u2019.<br><a id=\"_ftn6\" href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> A more comprehensive overview of sources can be found in the reading list for this Knowledge Package.<br><a id=\"_ftn7\" href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media participated in the gender component of this publication.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"parent":26527,"menu_order":2,"template":"","project_types":[],"class_list":["post-26531","vo_project","type-vo_project","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Video - IVIR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ivir.nl\/nl\/projecten\/comenius\/safety-of-journalists-and-media-actors\/video\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"nl_NL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Video - IVIR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Text accompanying video This video focuses on the online harassment of women journalists and journalists who identify as members of minority and\/or marginalised communities. 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