{"id":27881,"date":"2025-08-29T14:10:59","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T14:10:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ivir.nl\/?post_type=publications&#038;p=27881"},"modified":"2026-02-09T17:50:15","modified_gmt":"2026-02-09T15:50:15","slug":"genai-and-the-copyright-three-step-test-do-tdm-exceptions-for-ai-training-conflict-with-a-works-normal-exploitation","status":"publish","type":"publications","link":"https:\/\/www.ivir.nl\/nl\/publications\/genai-and-the-copyright-three-step-test-do-tdm-exceptions-for-ai-training-conflict-with-a-works-normal-exploitation\/","title":{"rendered":"GenAI and the Copyright Three-Step Test \u2013 Do TDM Exceptions for AI Training Conflict With a Work\u2019s Normal Exploitation?"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","authors":[2065],"keywords":[311,746,3168,626,2884],"types":[1357],"class_list":["post-27881","publications","type-publications","status-publish","hentry","authors-senftleben-m","keywords-copyright","keywords-exploitation","keywords-genai","keywords-text-and-data-mining","keywords-three-step-test","types-article","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>GenAI and the Copyright Three-Step Test \u2013 Do TDM Exceptions for AI Training Conflict With a Work\u2019s Normal Exploitation? - IVIR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Text and data mining (TDM) for AI training can be regarded as the starting point of a complex process that impacts the market for human literary and artistic creations in different ways. The machine is only capable of mimicking human content after it had the opportunity to derive patterns for its own productions from myriad human creations that served as training resources. Once AI training has been completed and a generative AI (GenAI) system is brought to the market, AI output may support fruitful human\/machine collaboration. However, it may also kill demand for the same human creativity that empowered the AI system to become a competitor in the first place. In the terminology of the ubiquitous three-step test in international and European copyright law, this latter challenge raises the question whether copyright exceptions permitting TDM for AI training cause a conflict with a work\u2019s normal exploitation.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ivir.nl\/publications\/genai-and-the-copyright-three-step-test-do-tdm-exceptions-for-ai-training-conflict-with-a-works-normal-exploitation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"nl_NL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"GenAI and the Copyright Three-Step Test \u2013 Do TDM Exceptions for AI Training Conflict With a Work\u2019s Normal Exploitation? - IVIR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Text and data mining (TDM) for AI training can be regarded as the starting point of a complex process that impacts the market for human literary and artistic creations in different ways. The machine is only capable of mimicking human content after it had the opportunity to derive patterns for its own productions from myriad human creations that served as training resources. Once AI training has been completed and a generative AI (GenAI) system is brought to the market, AI output may support fruitful human\/machine collaboration. However, it may also kill demand for the same human creativity that empowered the AI system to become a competitor in the first place. In the terminology of the ubiquitous three-step test in international and European copyright law, this latter challenge raises the question whether copyright exceptions permitting TDM for AI training cause a conflict with a work\u2019s normal exploitation.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ivir.nl\/publications\/genai-and-the-copyright-three-step-test-do-tdm-exceptions-for-ai-training-conflict-with-a-works-normal-exploitation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"IVIR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-09T15:50:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@ivir_uva\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ivir.nl\\\/publications\\\/genai-and-the-copyright-three-step-test-do-tdm-exceptions-for-ai-training-conflict-with-a-works-normal-exploitation\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ivir.nl\\\/publications\\\/genai-and-the-copyright-three-step-test-do-tdm-exceptions-for-ai-training-conflict-with-a-works-normal-exploitation\\\/\",\"name\":\"GenAI and the Copyright Three-Step Test \u2013 Do TDM Exceptions for AI Training Conflict With a Work\u2019s Normal Exploitation? - IVIR\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ivir.nl\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-08-29T14:10:59+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-09T15:50:15+00:00\",\"description\":\"Text and data mining (TDM) for AI training can be regarded as the starting point of a complex process that impacts the market for human literary and artistic creations in different ways. 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