Mediarecht
| Bastian, M., Helberger, N., Makhortykh, M.
Digital Journalism, 2021. @article{Bastian2021,
title = {Safeguarding the Journalistic DNA: Attitudes towards the Role of Professional Values in Algorithmic News Recommender Designs}, author = {Bastian, M. and Helberger, N. and Makhortykh, M.}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2021.1912622}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1912622}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-07-29}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, abstract = {In contrast to the extensive debate on the influence of algorithmic news recommenders (ANRs) on individual news diets, the interaction between such systems and journalistic norms and missions remain under-studied. The change in the relationship between journalists and the audience caused by the transition to personalized news delivery has profound consequences for the understanding of what journalism should be. To investigate how media practitioners perceive the impact of ANRs on their professional norms and media organizations’ missions, and how these norms and missions can be integrated into ANR design, this article looks at two quality newspapers from the Netherlands and Switzerland. Using an interview-based approach conducted with practitioners in different departments (e.g. journalists, data scientists, and product managers), it explores how ANRs interact with organization-centred and audience-centred journalistic values. The paper’s findings indicate a varying degree of prominence for specific values between individual practitioners in the context of their perception of ANRs. At the same time, the paper also reveals that some organization-centred (e.g. transparency) and most audience-centred (e.g. usability) values are viewed as prerequisites for successful ANR design by practitioners with different professional backgrounds.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In contrast to the extensive debate on the influence of algorithmic news recommenders (ANRs) on individual news diets, the interaction between such systems and journalistic norms and missions remain under-studied. The change in the relationship between journalists and the audience caused by the transition to personalized news delivery has profound consequences for the understanding of what journalism should be. To investigate how media practitioners perceive the impact of ANRs on their professional norms and media organizations’ missions, and how these norms and missions can be integrated into ANR design, this article looks at two quality newspapers from the Netherlands and Switzerland. Using an interview-based approach conducted with practitioners in different departments (e.g. journalists, data scientists, and product managers), it explores how ANRs interact with organization-centred and audience-centred journalistic values. The paper’s findings indicate a varying degree of prominence for specific values between individual practitioners in the context of their perception of ANRs. At the same time, the paper also reveals that some organization-centred (e.g. transparency) and most audience-centred (e.g. usability) values are viewed as prerequisites for successful ANR design by practitioners with different professional backgrounds.
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| Seipp, T.
News media’s dependency on big tech: should we be worried? Internet Policy Review, 2021, (Opinion). @article{Seipp2021,
title = {News media’s dependency on big tech: should we be worried?}, author = {Seipp, T.}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/news/news-medias-dependency-big-tech-should-we-be-worried/1562}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-06-10}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, note = {Opinion}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| McGonagle, T., Voorhoof, D.
Freedom of expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the Euopean Court of Human Rights 2021, ISBN: 9789287184351, (IRIS Themes, vol. III, 6th edition, April 2021). @article{Voorhoof2021,
title = {Freedom of expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the Euopean Court of Human Rights}, author = {Voorhoof, D. and McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://rm.coe.int/iris-themes-vol-iii-2020-edition-en-28-april-2021-/1680a24eee}, isbn = {9789287184351}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-05-06}, abstract = {This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first four editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2020) have proved hugely successful. The new sixth edition summarises over 339 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database). }, note = {IRIS Themes, vol. III, 6th edition, April 2021}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first four editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2020) have proved hugely successful. The new sixth edition summarises over 339 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database).
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| McGonagle, T., Volgenant, O.
2021. @article{Volgenant2021,
title = {Persvrijheidsmonitor 2020}, author = {Volgenant, O. and McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Persvrijheidsmonitor-2020.pdf}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-05-03}, abstract = {Op maandag 3 mei wordt de Internationale Dag van de Persvrijheid gehouden. Op deze dag wordt de jaarlijkse Persvrijheidsmonitor gepresenteerd met een overzicht van de ontwikkelingen op het gebied van de persvrijheid in Nederland.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Op maandag 3 mei wordt de Internationale Dag van de Persvrijheid gehouden. Op deze dag wordt de jaarlijkse Persvrijheidsmonitor gepresenteerd met een overzicht van de ontwikkelingen op het gebied van de persvrijheid in Nederland.
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| van Eechoud, M.
De Hofvijver, 11 (118), 2021. @article{vanEechoud2021,
title = {Nieuws in de platformeconomie}, author = {van Eechoud, M.}, url = {https://www.montesquieu-instituut.nl/id/vlhef5g0pisa/nieuws/nieuws_in_de_platformeconomie}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-03-29}, journal = {De Hofvijver}, volume = {11}, number = {118}, abstract = {De media stond de afgelopen weken bol van het nieuws dat Google en Facebook op grond van een nieuwe Australische wet moeten gaan betalen voor het gebruik van ‘news content’. In de EU hebben we al een paar jaar zo’n wet, in de vorm van een richtlijn (2019/790) die inmiddels in de Wet op de naburige rechten is ge\"{i}mplementeerd. Deze zomer treed de herziene wet in werking en hebben uitgevers van perspublicaties aan het auteursrecht vergelijkbare exclusieve rechten ten aanzien van het online (commercieel) gebruik van hun digitale uitgaven. Net als in Australi\"{e} gebeurde, ging de totstandkoming van de Europese wet gepaard met groot retorisch geweld van zowel de kant van traditionele media als van platformen. Digitale platforms zouden advertentie-inkomsten stelen van kranten en rijk worden over de rug van traditionele media. Persuitgevers zouden voorstander zijn van een de-facto belasting op hyperlinks, gebrek aan innovatiekracht tonen en miskennen hoezeer sociale media en zoekmachines hun bereik exponentieel vergroten, en dat gratis.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } De media stond de afgelopen weken bol van het nieuws dat Google en Facebook op grond van een nieuwe Australische wet moeten gaan betalen voor het gebruik van ‘news content’. In de EU hebben we al een paar jaar zo’n wet, in de vorm van een richtlijn (2019/790) die inmiddels in de Wet op de naburige rechten is geïmplementeerd. Deze zomer treed de herziene wet in werking en hebben uitgevers van perspublicaties aan het auteursrecht vergelijkbare exclusieve rechten ten aanzien van het online (commercieel) gebruik van hun digitale uitgaven. Net als in Australië gebeurde, ging de totstandkoming van de Europese wet gepaard met groot retorisch geweld van zowel de kant van traditionele media als van platformen. Digitale platforms zouden advertentie-inkomsten stelen van kranten en rijk worden over de rug van traditionele media. Persuitgevers zouden voorstander zijn van een de-facto belasting op hyperlinks, gebrek aan innovatiekracht tonen en miskennen hoezeer sociale media en zoekmachines hun bereik exponentieel vergroten, en dat gratis.
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| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij EHRM 8 oktober 2019 (Szurovecz / Hongarije) Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, 2021 (4), pp. 230-231, 2021. @article{Dommering2021b,
title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 8 oktober 2019 (Szurovecz / Hongarije)}, author = {Dommering, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_2021_13.pdf}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-03-11}, journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie}, volume = {2021}, number = {4}, pages = {230-231}, abstract = {Deze zaak gaat over de vrijheid van nieuwsgaring. Een journalist kreeg geen toegang tot vreemdelingencentra in Hongarije. Het EHRM achtte dat in de gegeven omstandigheden in strijd met artikel 10 EVRM. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Deze zaak gaat over de vrijheid van nieuwsgaring. Een journalist kreeg geen toegang tot vreemdelingencentra in Hongarije. Het EHRM achtte dat in de gegeven omstandigheden in strijd met artikel 10 EVRM.
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| Drunen, M. van, Helberger, N., Möller, J., Vrijenhoek, S.
Internet Policy Review, 2021, (Opinion). @article{Helberger2021b,
title = {Regulation of news recommenders in the Digital Services Act: empowering David against the Very Large Online Goliath}, author = {Helberger, N. and Drunen, M. van and Vrijenhoek, S. and M\"{o}ller, J.}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/news/regulation-news-recommenders-digital-services-act-empowering-david-against-very-large}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-02-26}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, note = {Opinion}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Betzel, M., Fahy, R., Helberger, N., Marrazzo, F., Matějka, S., Nyakas, L., Papp, J.
Notions of Disinformation and Related Concepts 2020, (ERGA report). @techreport{Betzel2020,
title = {Notions of Disinformation and Related Concepts }, author = {Betzel, M. and Fahy, R. and Helberger, N. and Marrazzo, F. and Matv{e}jka, S. and Nyakas, L. and Papp, J.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/ERGA-SG2-Report-2020-Notions-of-disinformation-and-related-concepts.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-12-11}, abstract = {Previous work of the European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services (ERGA) has shown that the definitions used by the European Commission, Member States and online platforms for the different phenomena of disinformation deviate and should be further clarified in order to ensure a consistent approach. The aim of this Report is to provide for clearer and more uniform definitions of disinformation to ensure optimal guidance to all actors involved and contribute to more consistency within the national approaches. The Report also aims to assist in coming to clearer definitions and ensure more consistency and uniformity regarding the notions of political advertising and issue-based advertising. The information for this report was collected through various means including an examination of existing academic research, interviews with relevant stakeholders, particularly from the civil society and media. The scope of the survey was not limited to the single notion of disinformation but also covered concepts that are usually associated with disinformation such as misinformation, malinformation, fake news, false news, false information, and foreign influence operations. Information was collected on definitions, interpretations, and understandings of disinformation and related concepts available in the legislation and other regulation including (self-regulatory) codes and guidelines of ERGA members and observers. The Report concludes with identifying key relevant elements and characteristics of the notions of disinformation, political advertising, and related concepts, and includes recommendations to assist in coming to clearer definitions regarding disinformation, political advertising and issue-based advertising.}, note = {ERGA report}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } Previous work of the European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services (ERGA) has shown that the definitions used by the European Commission, Member States and online platforms for the different phenomena of disinformation deviate and should be further clarified in order to ensure a consistent approach. The aim of this Report is to provide for clearer and more uniform definitions of disinformation to ensure optimal guidance to all actors involved and contribute to more consistency within the national approaches. The Report also aims to assist in coming to clearer definitions and ensure more consistency and uniformity regarding the notions of political advertising and issue-based advertising. The information for this report was collected through various means including an examination of existing academic research, interviews with relevant stakeholders, particularly from the civil society and media. The scope of the survey was not limited to the single notion of disinformation but also covered concepts that are usually associated with disinformation such as misinformation, malinformation, fake news, false news, false information, and foreign influence operations. Information was collected on definitions, interpretations, and understandings of disinformation and related concepts available in the legislation and other regulation including (self-regulatory) codes and guidelines of ERGA members and observers. The Report concludes with identifying key relevant elements and characteristics of the notions of disinformation, political advertising, and related concepts, and includes recommendations to assist in coming to clearer definitions regarding disinformation, political advertising and issue-based advertising.
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| Bouchè, G., Fahy, R., McGonagle, T., Rucz, M., Sangen, A, van der, Seel, M., Stapel, S.
Safety of journalists and the fighting of corruption in the EU 2020, (Prof. dr. T. McGonagle - Project Leader - European Parliament - Policy Department for Citizen's Rights and Constitutional Affairs - Directorate-General for Internal Policies - July 2020). @techreport{McGonagle2020f,
title = {Safety of journalists and the fighting of corruption in the EU}, author = {McGonagle, T. and Fahy, R. and Bouch\`{e}, G. and Rucz, M. and Stapel, S. and Seel, M. and Sangen, A, van der}, url = {https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/655187/IPOL_STU(2020)655187_EN.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-07-30}, abstract = {Journalism and journalists face a growing range of threats, including violence and harassment; the misuse of defamation and other laws against them, and restrictive measures on freedom of information and expression adopted in response to the Covid-19 crisis. States must ensure a safe and favourable environment for journalists to perform their public watchdog function. This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, examines the overall chilling effect of crimes and threats against journalists and explores various regulatory and other measures to counter them. This report was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs.}, Journalism and journalists face a growing range of threats, including violence and harassment; the misuse of defamation and other laws against them, and restrictive measures on freedom of information and expression adopted in response to the Covid-19 crisis. States must ensure a safe and favourable environment for journalists to perform their public watchdog function. This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, examines the overall chilling effect of crimes and threats against journalists and explores various regulatory and other measures to counter them.
This report was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs. |
| Drunen, M. van
Journal of Media Law, 12 (2), pp. 166-190, 2020. @article{Drunen2020,
title = {The post-editorial control era: how EU media law matches platforms’ organisational control with cooperative responsibility}, author = {Drunen, M. van}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17577632.2020.1796067}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2020.1796067}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-07-28}, journal = {Journal of Media Law}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {166-190}, abstract = {This paper argues the AVMSD attaches cooperative responsibility to platforms’ organisational control. Firstly, it explores how the new concept of organisational control differs from the editorial control that has traditionally been central to media law, in particular concerning the greater involvement of other stakeholders active on platforms. Secondly, it analyses the measures the AVMSD requires platforms to take with regard to content on their service in light of their organisational control. Finally, it shows how the AVMSD not only requires platforms to assume responsibility for actions under their direct control, but also to enable users and uploaders to exercise their inherent influence differently. The AVMSD consequently moves away from centralised, and towards cooperative responsibility for platforms. The paper concludes by evaluating the choices the AVMSD makes (and fails to make) in the operationalisation of this new responsibility model.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This paper argues the AVMSD attaches cooperative responsibility to platforms’ organisational control. Firstly, it explores how the new concept of organisational control differs from the editorial control that has traditionally been central to media law, in particular concerning the greater involvement of other stakeholders active on platforms. Secondly, it analyses the measures the AVMSD requires platforms to take with regard to content on their service in light of their organisational control. Finally, it shows how the AVMSD not only requires platforms to assume responsibility for actions under their direct control, but also to enable users and uploaders to exercise their inherent influence differently. The AVMSD consequently moves away from centralised, and towards cooperative responsibility for platforms. The paper concludes by evaluating the choices the AVMSD makes (and fails to make) in the operationalisation of this new responsibility model.
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| McGonagle, T., Volgenant, O.
Mediaforum, 2020 (3), pp. 87-89, 2020. @article{Volgenant2020,
title = {Kroniek Persrecht 2019}, author = {Volgenant, O. and McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2020_3_Volgenant.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-07-17}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2020}, number = {3}, pages = {87-89}, abstract = {Was 2018 het jaar van de serieuze aanslagen op de gebouwen van De Telegraaf en Panorama en ernstige bedreigingen van individuele journalisten, in 2019 zagen we hoe de beroepsgroep en de overheid daarop reageerden. Het initiatief ‘PersVeilig’ werd gepresenteerd, en in de strafzaken over de twee aanslagen werden verdachten opgepakt en veroordeeld. In 2019 werd \textendash helaas \textendash voor het eerst sinds lange tijd weer een journalist gegijzeld, ondanks het feit dat een jaar eerder het recht op journalistieke bronbescherming wettelijk was verankerd.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Was 2018 het jaar van de serieuze aanslagen op de gebouwen van De Telegraaf en Panorama en ernstige bedreigingen van individuele journalisten, in 2019 zagen we hoe de beroepsgroep en de overheid daarop reageerden. Het initiatief ‘PersVeilig’ werd gepresenteerd, en in de strafzaken over de twee aanslagen werden verdachten opgepakt en veroordeeld. In 2019 werd – helaas – voor het eerst sinds lange tijd weer een journalist gegijzeld, ondanks het feit dat een jaar eerder het recht op journalistieke bronbescherming wettelijk was verankerd.
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| Bernstein, A., Helberger, N., Schulz, W., Vreese, C.H. de
Challenging rabbit holes: towards more diversity in news recommendation systems LSE Media Blog, 2020. @article{Helberger2020e,
title = {Challenging rabbit holes: towards more diversity in news recommendation systems}, author = {Helberger, N. and Bernstein, A. and Schulz, W. and Vreese, C.H. de}, url = {https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/medialse/2020/07/02/challenging-rabbit-holes-towards-more-diversity-in-news-recommendation-systems/}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-07-16}, journal = {LSE Media Blog}, abstract = {Access to diverse sources of news and information is more important than ever in this time of global crisis, yet far too often, people can find themselves diving into ‘rabbit holes’ of information and opinion that are hard to escape. Here, the following authors provide an in depth assessment of how algorithmic recommendation systems for news can play a more constructive role in a diverse media landscape.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Access to diverse sources of news and information is more important than ever in this time of global crisis, yet far too often, people can find themselves diving into ‘rabbit holes’ of information and opinion that are hard to escape. Here, the following authors provide an in depth assessment of how algorithmic recommendation systems for news can play a more constructive role in a diverse media landscape.
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| Helberger, N.
Digital Journalism, 8 (6), pp. 842-854, 2020. @article{Helberger2020d,
title = {The Political Power of Platforms: How Current Attempts to Regulate Misinformation Amplify Opinion Power}, author = {Helberger, N.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773888}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-07-14}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {842-854}, abstract = {This contribution critically reviews the ongoing policy initiatives in Europe to impose greater societal responsibility on social media platforms. I discuss the current regulatory approach of treating social platforms as mere 'intermediaries' of the speech of others and propose a different perspective. Instead of perceiving platforms as intermediaries and facilitators of the speech of others, I view social media platforms as active political actors in their own right, and wielders of considerable opinion power. I will explain how taking the perspective of opinion power throws a very different, and rather alarming light on the recent regulatory initiatives.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This contribution critically reviews the ongoing policy initiatives in Europe to impose greater societal responsibility on social media platforms. I discuss the current regulatory approach of treating social platforms as mere 'intermediaries' of the speech of others and propose a different perspective. Instead of perceiving platforms as intermediaries and facilitators of the speech of others, I view social media platforms as active political actors in their own right, and wielders of considerable opinion power. I will explain how taking the perspective of opinion power throws a very different, and rather alarming light on the recent regulatory initiatives.
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| Appelman, N., Fahy, R., Helberger, N., Leerssen, P., McGonagle, T., van Eijk, N., van Hoboken, J.
2020, (Rapport voor het ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, Amsterdam, december 2019). @techreport{vanHoboken2020b,
title = {Het juridisch kader voor de verspreiding van desinformatie via internetdiensten en de regulering van politieke advertenties}, author = {van Hoboken, J. and Appelman, N. and Fahy, R. and Leerssen, P. and McGonagle, T. and van Eijk, N. and Helberger, N.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Rapport_desinformatie_december2019.pdf https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Kamerbrief_desinformatie.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-05-14}, abstract = {Het onderzoek, uitgevoerd in opdracht van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, analyseert het juridisch kader van toepassing op de verspreiding van desinformatie via online diensten. Het rapport biedt een uitgebreid overzicht van de relevante Europese en Nederlandse normen en doet aanbevelingen voor de verbetering van dit juridisch kader. Het onderzoek bevat daarnaast ook een analyse van het relevant wettelijke kader in de V.S., het V.K, Frankrijk, Duitsland, Canada en Zweden. Het rapport maakt duidelijk hoe de vrijheid van meningsuiting als rode draad door het wettelijke kader loopt. Dit fundamentele recht vormt zowel de buitenste grens voor regulering als een basis voor nieuwe maatregelen, bijvoorbeeld voor de bescherming van pluralisme. Het wettelijk kader van toepassing op desinformatie blijkt zeer breed, bevat verschillende reguleringsniveaus, verschuift afhankelijk van de specifieke context en omvat vele al bestaande normen voor de regulering van specifieke typen desinformatie. Verder blijkt het toezicht op dit wettelijk kader vrij gefragmenteerd te zijn. Op basis van deze analyse komt het rapport tot aan aantal aanbevelingen. De aanbevelingen hebben onder andere betrekking op het gebruik van de term desinformatie als beleidsterm, het omgaan met de spanningen op de verschillende beleidsniveaus, de regulering van internettussenpersonen door middel van transparantie verplichtingen en de samenwerking tussen de verschillende toezichthouders. Voorafgaand aan deze eindrapportage is in eind 2019 het interim-rapport gepubliceerd. Dit rapport focuste op de relatie tussen desinformatie en online politieke advertenties. Beide studies zijn onderdeel van het onderzoeksproject ‘Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam’ dat zich buigt over vraagstukken gerelateerd aan kunstmatige intelligentie en publieke waarden, data governance, en online platforms. }, note = {Rapport voor het ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, Amsterdam, december 2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } Het onderzoek, uitgevoerd in opdracht van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, analyseert het juridisch kader van toepassing op de verspreiding van desinformatie via online diensten. Het rapport biedt een uitgebreid overzicht van de relevante Europese en Nederlandse normen en doet aanbevelingen voor de verbetering van dit juridisch kader. Het onderzoek bevat daarnaast ook een analyse van het relevant wettelijke kader in de V.S., het V.K, Frankrijk, Duitsland, Canada en Zweden.
Het rapport maakt duidelijk hoe de vrijheid van meningsuiting als rode draad door het wettelijke kader loopt. Dit fundamentele recht vormt zowel de buitenste grens voor regulering als een basis voor nieuwe maatregelen, bijvoorbeeld voor de bescherming van pluralisme. Het wettelijk kader van toepassing op desinformatie blijkt zeer breed, bevat verschillende reguleringsniveaus, verschuift afhankelijk van de specifieke context en omvat vele al bestaande normen voor de regulering van specifieke typen desinformatie. Verder blijkt het toezicht op dit wettelijk kader vrij gefragmenteerd te zijn. Op basis van deze analyse komt het rapport tot aan aantal aanbevelingen. De aanbevelingen hebben onder andere betrekking op het gebruik van de term desinformatie als beleidsterm, het omgaan met de spanningen op de verschillende beleidsniveaus, de regulering van internettussenpersonen door middel van transparantie verplichtingen en de samenwerking tussen de verschillende toezichthouders. Voorafgaand aan deze eindrapportage is in eind 2019 het interim-rapport gepubliceerd. Dit rapport focuste op de relatie tussen desinformatie en online politieke advertenties. Beide studies zijn onderdeel van het onderzoeksproject ‘Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam’ dat zich buigt over vraagstukken gerelateerd aan kunstmatige intelligentie en publieke waarden, data governance, en online platforms. |
| Appelman, N., Fahy, R., Helberger, N., Leerssen, P., McGonagle, T., van Eijk, N., van Hoboken, J.
2020, (A report for the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, Amsterdam, December 2019). @techreport{vanHoboken2020c,
title = {The legal framework on the dissemination of disinformation through Internet services and the regulation of political advertising}, author = {van Hoboken, J. and Appelman, N. and Fahy, R. and Leerssen, P. and McGonagle, T. and van Eijk, N. and Helberger, N.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Report_Disinformation_Dec2019-1.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-05-14}, abstract = {The study, commissioned by the Dutch government, focusses on the legal framework governing the dissemination of disinformation, in particular through Internet services. The study provides an extensive overview of relevant European and Dutch legal norms relating to the spread of online disinformation, and recommendations are given on how to improve this framework. Additionally, the study includes an analysis of the relevant legal framework in 6 different countries (U.K., U.S., France, Germany, Sweden and Canada). The report makes clear how the freedom of expression runs as a central theme through the legal framework, both forming the outer limit for possible regulation and a legal basis to create new regulation (e.g. protecting pluralism). The legal framework governing disinformation online is shown to be very broad, encompassing different levels of regulation, shifting depending on the context and already regulating many different types of disinformation. Further, oversight seems to be fragmented with many different supervisory authorities involved but limited cooperation. Based on this analysis, the report offers several recommendations, such as on the use of disinformation not as a legal term but a policy term, on negotiating the tensions on the different policy levels, on the regulation of internet intermediaries including transparency obligations and on increased cooperation between the relevant supervisory authorities. Previously, the interim report focussing on political advertising was published in late 2019. Both these studies have been carried out in the context of the research initiative on the Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam, focussing on questions related to AI and public values, data governance and online platforms.}, note = {A report for the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, Amsterdam, December 2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The study, commissioned by the Dutch government, focusses on the legal framework governing the dissemination of disinformation, in particular through Internet services. The study provides an extensive overview of relevant European and Dutch legal norms relating to the spread of online disinformation, and recommendations are given on how to improve this framework. Additionally, the study includes an analysis of the relevant legal framework in 6 different countries (U.K., U.S., France, Germany, Sweden and Canada).
The report makes clear how the freedom of expression runs as a central theme through the legal framework, both forming the outer limit for possible regulation and a legal basis to create new regulation (e.g. protecting pluralism). The legal framework governing disinformation online is shown to be very broad, encompassing different levels of regulation, shifting depending on the context and already regulating many different types of disinformation. Further, oversight seems to be fragmented with many different supervisory authorities involved but limited cooperation. Based on this analysis, the report offers several recommendations, such as on the use of disinformation not as a legal term but a policy term, on negotiating the tensions on the different policy levels, on the regulation of internet intermediaries including transparency obligations and on increased cooperation between the relevant supervisory authorities. Previously, the interim report focussing on political advertising was published in late 2019. Both these studies have been carried out in the context of the research initiative on the Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam, focussing on questions related to AI and public values, data governance and online platforms. |
| McGonagle, T., Voorhoof, D.
Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights 2020, (IRIS Themes - Volume III (5th edition), European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg). @book{Voorhoof2020,
title = {Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights}, author = {Voorhoof, D. and McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://rm.coe.int/iris-themes-vol-iii-ed-2020-en-2/16809e45e7}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-05-08}, abstract = {This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first four editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017) have proved hugely successful. The new fifth edition summarises over 315 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database). For an optimal navigational experience, one should download the e-book and read the technical tips on p. 3.}, note = {IRIS Themes - Volume III (5th edition), European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} } This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first four editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017) have proved hugely successful. The new fifth edition summarises over 315 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database). For an optimal navigational experience, one should download the e-book and read the technical tips on p. 3.
|
| McGonagle, T.
Infographic: ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’ 2020. @article{McGonagle2020e,
title = {Infographic: ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/CM-Rec20164-Infographic-version-9-April-2020.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-04-09}, abstract = {The infographic, ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’, visualizes and condenses the detailed information in Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 to member States on the protection of journalism and the safety of journalists and other media actors. The infographic also signposts, and hyperlinks to, the Platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other valuable Council of Europe resources, including the European Court of Human Rights’ three judgments to date which cite the Recommendation. The infographic, which was first created in 2019, has been updated in April 2020 to mark the fourth anniversary of the adoption of Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 and the fifth anniversary of the launch of the Council of Europe Platform.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The infographic, ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’, visualizes and condenses the detailed information in Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 to member States on the protection of journalism and the safety of journalists and other media actors. The infographic also signposts, and hyperlinks to, the Platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other valuable Council of Europe resources, including the European Court of Human Rights’ three judgments to date which cite the Recommendation.
The infographic, which was first created in 2019, has been updated in April 2020 to mark the fourth anniversary of the adoption of Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 and the fifth anniversary of the launch of the Council of Europe Platform. |
| Bernstein, A., Helberger, N., Schulz, W., Vreese, C.H. de, Zweig, K.A.
Diversity, Fairness, and Data-Driven Personalization in (News) Recommender System Dagstuhl Reports, 9 (11), pp. 117-124, 2020, (Report from Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 19482). @article{Bernstein2020,
title = {Diversity, Fairness, and Data-Driven Personalization in (News) Recommender System}, author = {Bernstein, A. and Vreese, C.H. de and Helberger, N. and Schulz, W. and Zweig, K.A.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/dagrep_v009_i011_p117_19482.pdf}, doi = {10.4230/DagRep.9.11.117}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-04-02}, journal = {Dagstuhl Reports}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {117-124}, abstract = {As people increasingly rely on online media and recommender systems to consume information, engage in debates and form their political opinions, the design goals of online media and news recommenders have wide implications for the political and social processes that take place online and offline. Current recommender systems have been observed to promote personalization and more effective forms of informing, but also to narrow the user’s exposure to diverse content. Concerns about echo-chambers and filter bubbles highlight the importance of design metrics that can successfully strike a balance between accurate recommendations that respond to individual information needs and preferences, while at the same time addressing concerns about missing out important information, context and the broader cultural and political diversity in the news, as well as fairness. A broader, more sophisticated vision of the future of personalized recommenders needs to be formed\textendasha vision that can only be developed as the result of a collaborative effort by different areas of academic research (media studies, computer science, law and legal philosophy, communication science, political philosophy, and democratic theory). The proposed workshop will set first steps to develop such a much needed vision on the role of recommender systems on the democratic role of the media and define the guidelines as well as a manifesto for future research and long-term goals for the emerging topic of fairness, diversity, and personalization in recommender systems.}, note = {Report from Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 19482}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } As people increasingly rely on online media and recommender systems to consume information,
engage in debates and form their political opinions, the design goals of online media and news recommenders have wide implications for the political and social processes that take place online and offline. Current recommender systems have been observed to promote personalization and more effective forms of informing, but also to narrow the user’s exposure to diverse content. Concerns about echo-chambers and filter bubbles highlight the importance of design metrics that can successfully strike a balance between accurate recommendations that respond to individual information needs and preferences, while at the same time addressing concerns about missing out important information, context and the broader cultural and political diversity in the news, as well as fairness. A broader, more sophisticated vision of the future of personalized recommenders needs to be formed–a vision that can only be developed as the result of a collaborative effort by different areas of academic research (media studies, computer science, law and legal philosophy, communication science, political philosophy, and democratic theory). The proposed workshop will set first steps to develop such a much needed vision on the role of recommender systems on the democratic role of the media and define the guidelines as well as a manifesto for future research and long-term goals for the emerging topic of fairness, diversity, and personalization in recommender systems. |
| Bastian, M., Drunen, M. van, Eskens, S., Helberger, N., Möller, J.
Implications of AI-driven tools in the media for freedom of expression 2020, (Council of Europe, September 2019). @techreport{Helberger2020,
title = {Implications of AI-driven tools in the media for freedom of expression}, author = {Helberger, N. and Eskens, S. and Drunen, M. van and Bastian, M. and M\"{o}ller, J.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/AI-and-Freedom-of-Expression.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-03-05}, publisher = {Council of Europe, September 2019}, abstract = {Background Paper to the Ministerial Conference "Artificial Intelligence - Intelligent Politics: Challenges and opportunities for media and democracy, Cyprus, 28-29 May 2020."}, note = {Council of Europe, September 2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } Background Paper to the Ministerial Conference "Artificial Intelligence - Intelligent Politics: Challenges and opportunities for media and democracy, Cyprus, 28-29 May 2020."
|
| McGonagle, T.
European Human Rights Cases, 2020. @article{McGonagle2020,
title = {Szurovecz t. Hongarije (EHRM, nr. 15428/16) - Court underscores importance of direct news-gathering by journalists}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ehrc-updates.nl/commentaar/207250 https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_EHRC_2020_15428_16.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-01-31}, journal = {European Human Rights Cases}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Hins, A.
Annotatie bij EHRM 12 november 2019 (Schweizerische Radio- und Fernsehgesellschaft e.a. Zwitserland) European Human Rights Cases - Updates, 2020. @article{Hins2020,
title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 12 november 2019 (Schweizerische Radio- und Fernsehgesellschaft e.a. \ Zwitserland)}, author = {Hins, A.}, url = {https://www.ehrc-updates.nl/commentaar/207262}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-01-29}, journal = {European Human Rights Cases - Updates}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Fahy, R., Voorhoof, D.
Journalist and editor’s conviction for incitement to religious hatred violated Article 10 2020. @online{Fahy2020,
title = {Journalist and editor’s conviction for incitement to religious hatred violated Article 10}, author = {Fahy, R. and Voorhoof, D.}, url = {http://www.mediareport.nl/persrecht/21012020/journalist-and-editors-conviction-for-incitement-to-religious-hatred-violated-article-10/}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-01-23}, journal = {Media Report}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {online} } |
| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 14 februari 2019 (Letland / Buivids) Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, (48/49), pp. 7166-7168, 2019. @article{Dommering2019g,
title = {Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 14 februari 2019 (Letland / Buivids)}, author = {Dommering, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_2019_433.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-12-10}, journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie}, number = {48/49}, pages = {7166-7168}, abstract = {Video opnamen door verdachte tijdens politieverhoor. Journalistieke exceptie van AVG van toepassing? }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Video opnamen door verdachte tijdens politieverhoor. Journalistieke exceptie van AVG van toepassing?
|
| McGonagle, T., Volgenant, O.
Mediaforum, 2019 (5), pp. 167-169, 2019. @article{Volgenant2019b,
title = {Kroniek Persrecht 2018}, author = {Volgenant, O. and McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2019_5.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-11-29}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2019}, number = {5}, pages = {167-169}, abstract = {In 2018 was veiligheid van journalisten een belangrijk thema. Serieuze aanslagen op de gebouwen van De Telegraaf en Panorama. Individuele journalisten die ernstig werden bedreigd vanuit de hoek van de georganiseerde criminaliteit. Het resulteerde in een convenant met afspraken over geweld en agressie tegen journalisten. 2018 was ook het jaar waarin \textendash eindelijk \textendash het recht op journalistieke bronbescherming wettelijk werd verankerd.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In 2018 was veiligheid van journalisten een belangrijk thema. Serieuze aanslagen op de gebouwen van De Telegraaf en Panorama. Individuele journalisten die ernstig werden bedreigd vanuit de hoek van de
georganiseerde criminaliteit. Het resulteerde in een convenant met afspraken over geweld en agressie tegen journalisten. 2018 was ook het jaar waarin – eindelijk – het recht op journalistieke bronbescherming wettelijk werd verankerd. |
| Bednarski, M., Francese Coutinho, M., McGonagle, T., Zimin, A.
Elections and media in digital times 2019, (In-Focus edition of the World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Series, UNESCO, Paris, November 2019). @techreport{McGonagle2019h,
title = {Elections and media in digital times}, author = {McGonagle, T. and Bednarski, M. and Francese Coutinho, M. and Zimin, A.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/elections_and_media_in_digital_times.pdf https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000371486}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-11-21}, publisher = {UNESCO}, abstract = {The study zooms in on a key issue related to the 2019 World Press Freedom Day theme, which focused on “Media for Democracy: Journalism and Elections in Times of Disinformation”. New digitally-enabled tactics in political funding, campaigning and advertising, are often lacking in transparency. Meanwhile journalists, whose output can empower the electorate, are under increasing attack. It is against this backdrop that this Report identifies recent trends on disinformation, attacks on the safety of journalists, and disruption in election communications. The report lists possible responses in order to safeguard media freedom and integrity while strengthening news reportage on elections in digital times.}, note = {In-Focus edition of the World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Series, UNESCO, Paris, November 2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The study zooms in on a key issue related to the 2019 World Press Freedom Day theme, which focused on “Media for Democracy: Journalism and Elections in Times of Disinformation”. New digitally-enabled tactics in political funding, campaigning and advertising, are often lacking in transparency. Meanwhile journalists, whose output can empower the electorate, are under increasing attack. It is against this backdrop that this Report identifies recent trends on disinformation, attacks on the safety of journalists, and disruption in election communications. The report lists possible responses in order to safeguard media freedom and integrity while strengthening news reportage on elections in digital times.
|
| Fahy, R., Voorhoof, D.
Denying journalist access to asylum-seeker ‘reception centre’ in Hungary violated Article 10 ECHR Strasbourg Observers, 2019. @article{Voorhoof2019,
title = {Denying journalist access to asylum-seeker ‘reception centre’ in Hungary violated Article 10 ECHR}, author = {Voorhoof, D. and Fahy, R.}, url = {https://strasbourgobservers.com/2019/11/04/denying-journalist-access-to-asylum-seeker-reception-centre-in-hungary-violated-article-10-echr/}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-11-15}, journal = {Strasbourg Observers}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| McGonagle, T.
31.10.2019, (Council of Europe video). @misc{McGonagle2019i,
title = {Why Quality Journalism Matters? Tarlach McGonagle answers the question ahead of the international conference in Ljubljana}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://vimeo.com/370090341 https://www.coe.int/en/web/freedom-expression/qualityjournalism2019}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-10-31}, note = {Council of Europe video}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } |
| Fahy, R., Voorhoof, D.
Strasbourg Observers, 2019. @article{Fahy2019c,
title = {ECtHR engages in dangerous "triple pirouette" to find criminal prosecution for media coverage of PKK statements did not violate Article 10}, author = {Fahy, R. and Voorhoof, D.}, url = {https://strasbourgobservers.com/2019/10/14/ecthr-engages-in-dangerous-triple-pirouette-to-find-criminal-prosecution-for-media-coverage-of-pkk-statements-did-not-violate-article-10/#more-4435}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-10-14}, journal = {Strasbourg Observers}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Coutinho, M.F., Delinavelli, G., Fahy, R., Irion, K., Jusić, T., Kersevan Smokvina, T., Klimkiewicz, B., Llorens, C., Rozgonyi, K., Svensson, S., Til, G. van
The independence of media regulatory authorities in Europe 2019, (Capello, M. (ed.), IRIS Special 2019-1, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg). @techreport{Irion2019b,
title = {The independence of media regulatory authorities in Europe}, author = {Irion, K. and Delinavelli, G. and Coutinho, M.F. and Fahy, R. and Jusi\'{c}, T. and Klimkiewicz, B. and Llorens, C. and Rozgonyi, K. and Svensson, S. and Kersevan Smokvina, T. and Til, G. van}, editor = {Capello, M.}, url = {https://rm.coe.int/the-independence-of-media-regulatory-authorities-in-europe/168097e504}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-10-01}, publisher = {European Audiovisual Observatory}, note = {Capello, M. (ed.), IRIS Special 2019-1, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |
| Bountouridis, D., Harambam, J., Makhortykh, M., van Hoboken, J.
RecSys'19: Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, pp. 69-77, 2019. @article{Harambam2019b,
title = {Designing for the Better by Taking Users into Account: A Qualitative Evaluation of User Control Mechanisms in (News) Recommender Systems}, author = {Harambam, J. and Bountouridis, D. and Makhortykh, M. and van Hoboken, J.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/paper_recsys_19.pdf https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3347014}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-09-19}, journal = {RecSys'19: Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems}, pages = {69-77}, abstract = {Recommender systems (RS) are on the rise in many domains. While they offer great promises, they also raise concerns: lack of transparency, reduction of diversity, little to no user control. In this paper, we align with the normative turn in computer science which scrutinizes the ethical and societal implications of RS. We focus and elaborate on the concept of user control because that mitigates multiple problems at once. Taking the news industry as our domain, we conducted four focus groups, or moderated think-aloud sessions, with Dutch news readers (N=21) to systematically study how people evaluate different control mechanisms (at the input, process, and output phase) in a News Recommender Prototype (NRP). While these mechanisms are sometimes met with distrust about the actual control they offer, we found that an intelligible user profile (including reading history and flexible preferences settings), coupled with possibilities to influence the recommendation algorithms is highly valued, especially when these control mechanisms can be operated in relation to achieving personal goals. By bringing (future) users' perspectives to the fore, this paper contributes to a richer understanding of why and how to design for user control in recommender systems.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Recommender systems (RS) are on the rise in many domains. While they offer great promises, they also raise concerns: lack of transparency, reduction of diversity, little to no user control. In this paper, we align with the normative turn in computer science which scrutinizes the ethical and societal implications of RS. We focus and elaborate on the concept of user control because that mitigates multiple problems at once. Taking the news industry as our domain, we conducted four focus groups, or moderated think-aloud sessions, with Dutch news readers (N=21) to systematically study how people evaluate different control mechanisms (at the input, process, and output phase) in a News Recommender Prototype (NRP). While these mechanisms are sometimes met with distrust about the actual control they offer, we found that an intelligible user profile (including reading history and flexible preferences settings), coupled with possibilities to influence the recommendation algorithms is highly valued, especially when these control mechanisms can be operated in relation to achieving personal goals. By bringing (future) users' perspectives to the fore, this paper contributes to a richer understanding of why and how to design for user control in recommender systems.
|
| McGonagle, T.
Infographic: ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’ 2019. @article{McGonagle2019g,
title = {Infographic: ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/CM-Rec20164-Infographic.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-08-07}, abstract = {The infographic, ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’, visualizes and condenses the detailed information in Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 to member States on the protection of journalism and the safety of journalists and other media actors. The infographic also signposts, and hyperlinks to, the Platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other valuable Council of Europe resources, including the European Court of Human Rights’ three judgments to date which cite the Recommendation.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The infographic, ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’, visualizes and condenses the detailed information in Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 to member States on the protection of journalism and the safety of journalists and other media actors. The infographic also signposts, and hyperlinks to, the Platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other valuable Council of Europe resources, including the European Court of Human Rights’ three judgments to date which cite the Recommendation.
|
| Helberger, N., Makhortykh, M., Möller, J.
Filter bubbles in the Netherlands 2019, (Report commissioned by the Dutch Media Authority (Commissariaat voor de Media)). @techreport{M\"{o}ller2019b,
title = {Filter bubbles in the Netherlands}, author = {M\"{o}ller, J. and Helberger, N. and Makhortykh, M.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Filter-bubbles-in-the-Netherlands.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-06-28}, urldate = {2019-06-28}, abstract = {The introduction of algorithmic filtering and artificial intelligence in news dissemination has fundamentally changed the way news is consumed and distributed. While there is a clear benefit to the user, by making relevant stories accessible and therefore providing a way forward to manage the information overload, many have expressed concerns that it also leads to atomized societies where citizens are locked in filter bubbles. In this report we set out to answer the question: Do filter bubbles exist in the Netherlands?}, note = {Report commissioned by the Dutch Media Authority (Commissariaat voor de Media)}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The introduction of algorithmic filtering and artificial intelligence in news dissemination has fundamentally changed the way news is consumed and distributed. While there is a clear benefit to the user, by making relevant stories accessible and therefore providing a way forward to manage the information overload, many have expressed concerns that it also leads to atomized societies where citizens are locked in filter bubbles. In this report we set out to answer the question: Do filter bubbles exist in the Netherlands?
|
| Helberger, N.
On the Democratic Role of News Recommenders Digital Journalism, 7 (8), pp. 993-1012, 2019. @article{Helberger2019b,
title = {On the Democratic Role of News Recommenders}, author = {Helberger, N.}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2019.1623700}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2019.1623700}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-06-28}, urldate = {2019-06-28}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {993-1012}, abstract = {Are algorithmic news recommenders a threat to the democratic role of the media? Or are they an opportunity, and, if so, how would news recommenders need to be designed to advance values and goals that we consider essential in a democratic society? These are central questions in the ongoing academic and policy debate about the likely implications of data analytics and machine learning for the democratic role of the media and the shift from traditional mass-media modes of distribution towards more personalised news and platforms Building on democratic theory and the growing body of literature about the digital turn in journalism, this article offers a conceptual framework for assessing the threats and opportunities around the democratic role of news recommenders, and develops a typology of different ‘democratic recommenders’.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Are algorithmic news recommenders a threat to the democratic role of the media? Or are they an opportunity, and, if so, how would news recommenders need to be designed to advance values and goals that we consider essential in a democratic society? These are central questions in the ongoing academic and policy debate about the likely implications of data analytics and machine learning for the democratic role of the media and the shift from traditional mass-media modes of distribution towards more personalised news and platforms Building on democratic theory and the growing body of literature about the digital turn in journalism, this article offers a conceptual framework for assessing the threats and opportunities around the democratic role of news recommenders, and develops a typology of different ‘democratic recommenders’.
|
| Albrecht, Y., Bockxmeer, H. van, Dibbits, T., Helberger, N., Kasem, I., Oudeman, M., Vanseveren, W., Vermeir, L.
Samen voor het publiek belang. Evaluatierapport NPO 2013 t/m 2017 2019. @techreport{Oudeman2019,
title = {Samen voor het publiek belang. Evaluatierapport NPO 2013 t/m 2017}, author = {Oudeman, M. and Albrecht, Y. and Bockxmeer, H. van and Dibbits, T. and Helberger, N. and Kasem, I. and Vanseveren, W. and Vermeir, L.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/evaluatie_rapport-visitatiecommissie_npo.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-06-28}, abstract = {In september 2018 is, in opdracht van de raad van toezicht, de evaluatiecommissie Nederlandse Publieke Omroep gestart met haar evaluatie van de prestaties van de NPO in de periode 2013 t/m 2017, inclusief de beantwoording van de vraag naar de slagvaardigheid van de NPO. De evaluatieperiode beslaat dus een periode v\'{o}\'{o}r de wetswijziging van 2016 en een periode erna, waarin sprake was van aangescherpte rollen en bevoegdheden voor de raad van bestuur en de raad van toezicht van de NPO. Dit rapport is de weerslag van onze bevindingen. Daarnaast heeft de commissie een aantal aanbevelingen toegevoegd waarmee zij een bijdrage hoopt te leveren aan de NPO in de toekomst. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } In september 2018 is, in opdracht van de raad van toezicht, de evaluatiecommissie Nederlandse Publieke Omroep gestart met haar evaluatie van de prestaties van de NPO in de periode 2013 t/m 2017, inclusief de beantwoording van de vraag naar de slagvaardigheid van de NPO. De evaluatieperiode beslaat dus een periode vóór de wetswijziging van 2016 en een periode erna, waarin sprake was van aangescherpte rollen en bevoegdheden voor de raad van bestuur en de raad van toezicht van de NPO. Dit rapport is de weerslag van onze bevindingen. Daarnaast heeft de commissie een aantal aanbevelingen toegevoegd waarmee zij een bijdrage hoopt te leveren aan de NPO in de toekomst.
|
| Bodó, B.
Digital Journalism, 7 (8), pp. 1054-1075, 2019. @article{Bod\'{o}2019d,
title = {Selling News to Audiences \textendash A Qualitative Inquiry into the Emerging Logics of Algorithmic News Personalization in European Quality News Media}, author = {Bod\'{o}, B.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1624185}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-06-20}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {1054-1075}, abstract = {How do news organizations design and implement algorithmically personalized news services? We conducted 16 in-depth interviews with professionals working in European public service broadcasting and commercial quality news media to answer this question. The news business is undergoing rapid transformations regarding how news production is financed, how news is produced and delivered to audiences and how citizens consume news. In all of these changes algorithmic recommender systems play a role. We focus on news organizations’ own personalized news services, and analyze how they define the role of personalization in contributing to the financial success of the organization, in reaching and retaining audiences, and in fulfilling their editorial mission. We interviewed editors, journalists, technologists and business intelligence and publishing professionals to gain a structural understanding of the often conflicting goals of personalization. We found that rather than focusing on increasing short-term user engagement, European quality news media try to use news personalization to increase long-term audience loyalty. In distinction to the “platform logic of personalization”, which uses personalization to produce engagement and sell audiences to advertisers, they have developed a “news logic of personalization”, which uses personalization to sell news to audiences.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } How do news organizations design and implement algorithmically personalized news services? We conducted 16 in-depth interviews with professionals working in European public service broadcasting and commercial quality news media to answer this question. The news business is undergoing rapid transformations regarding how news production is financed, how news is produced and delivered to audiences and how citizens consume news. In all of these changes algorithmic recommender systems play a role. We focus on news organizations’ own personalized news services, and analyze how they define the role of personalization in contributing to the financial success of the organization, in reaching and retaining audiences, and in fulfilling their editorial mission. We interviewed editors, journalists, technologists and business intelligence and publishing professionals to gain a structural understanding of the often conflicting goals of personalization. We found that rather than focusing on increasing short-term user engagement, European quality news media try to use news personalization to increase long-term audience loyalty. In distinction to the “platform logic of personalization”, which uses personalization to produce engagement and sell audiences to advertisers, they have developed a “news logic of personalization”, which uses personalization to sell news to audiences.
|
| Drunen, M. van, Helberger, N., Leerssen, P.
Germany proposes Europe's first diversity rules for social media platforms LSE Media Policy Project Blog, 2019 , 2019. @article{Helberger2019,
title = {Germany proposes Europe's first diversity rules for social media platforms}, author = {Helberger, N. and Leerssen, P. and Drunen, M. van}, url = {https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mediapolicyproject/2019/05/29/germany-proposes-europes-first-diversity-rules-for-social-media-platforms/}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-06-06}, journal = {LSE Media Policy Project Blog}, volume = {2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Helberger, N., Makhortykh, M., Möller, J.
2019, (Rapport in opdracht van het Commissariaat voor de Media.). @techreport{M\"{o}ller2019,
title = {Filterbubbels in Nederland}, author = {M\"{o}ller, J. and Helberger, N. and Makhortykh, M.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Filterbubbels-in-Nederland.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-05-20}, abstract = {The introduction of algorithmic filtering and artificial intelligence in news dissemination has fundamentally changed the way news is consumed and distributed. While there is a clear benefit to the user, by making relevant stories accessible and therefore providing a way forward to manage the information overload, many have expressed concerns that it also leads to atomized societies where citizens are locked in filter bubbles. In this report we set out to answer the question: Do filter bubbles exist in the Netherlands?}, note = {Rapport in opdracht van het Commissariaat voor de Media.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The introduction of algorithmic filtering and artificial intelligence in news dissemination has fundamentally changed the way news is consumed and distributed. While there is a clear benefit to the user, by making relevant stories accessible and therefore providing a way forward to manage the information overload, many have expressed concerns that it also leads to atomized societies where citizens are locked in filter bubbles. In this report we set out to answer the question: Do filter bubbles exist in the Netherlands?
|
| McGonagle, T., Volgenant, O.
2019. @article{Volgenant2019,
title = {Persvrijheidsmonitor 2018}, author = {Volgenant, O. and McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Persvrijheidsmonitor_2018.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-05-10}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Bednarski, M., Coutinho, M.F., McGonagle, T., Zimin, A.
Preview: Elections and media in digital times 2019, (Preview of an In-Focus edition of the World Trends in Freedom and Expression and Media Development). @techreport{McGonagle2019d,
title = {Preview: Elections and media in digital times}, author = {McGonagle, T. and Bednarski, M. and Coutinho, M.F. and Zimin, A.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/in_focus_world_trends_report_2019_brochure.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-05-03}, abstract = {The increasing digitalization of societies has led to unprecedented opportunities to seek, receive and impart political information and ideas, which are the lifeblood of elections. The internet has made it easier for politicians, political parties and the electorate to communicate with each other more directly and more quickly than at any point in history. The accuracy of information can be checked and corrected faster, more thoroughly and by a greater number of actors than ever before. But there are also growing concerns about the effects on public debate arising from misuse of digital technologies and fragmentation in the communications environment. Political micro-targeting of individual voters is driven by aggregated personal data, which is not always obtained in lawful ways. Little effort is required to generate disinformation and for it to go viral. New digitally-enabled tactics in political funding, campaigning and advertising, often lacking in transparency, reduce the transparency of information during elections. Meanwhile journalists, whose output can empower the electorate, are under increasing attack.}, note = {Preview of an In-Focus edition of the World Trends in Freedom and Expression and Media Development}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The increasing digitalization of societies has led to unprecedented opportunities to seek, receive and impart political information and ideas, which are the lifeblood of elections. The internet has made it easier for politicians, political parties and the electorate to communicate with each other more directly and more quickly than at any point in history. The accuracy of information can be checked and corrected faster, more thoroughly and by a greater number of actors than ever before. But there are also growing concerns about the effects on public debate arising from misuse of digital technologies and fragmentation in the communications environment. Political micro-targeting of individual voters is driven by aggregated personal data, which is not always obtained in lawful ways. Little effort is required to generate disinformation and for it to go viral. New digitally-enabled tactics in political funding, campaigning and advertising, often lacking in transparency, reduce the transparency of information during elections. Meanwhile journalists, whose output can empower the electorate, are under increasing attack.
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| Til, G. van
Zelfregulering door online platforms: een waar wondermiddel tegen online desinformatie? Mediaforum, 2019 (1), pp. 2-13, 2019. @article{Til2019b,
title = {Zelfregulering door online platforms: een waar wondermiddel tegen online desinformatie?}, author = {Til, G. van}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2019_1_vanTil.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-03-29}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2019}, number = {1}, pages = {2-13}, abstract = {In aanloop naar de Europese parlementsverkiezingen van mei 2019 heeft de Europese Commissie haar inspanningen in de bestrijding van online desinformatie opgevoerd. Veel hoop is daarbij gevestigd op een initiatief van zelfregulering door online platforms en de advertentie-industrie in de vorm van een Code of Practice. In dit artikel wordt de rol die de Europese Commissie momenteel voor zichzelf weggelegd ziet voor zelfregulering kritisch beschouwd en wordt aansluiting gezocht bij een pleidooi voor een meer gezamenlijke aanpak van het probleem van online desinformatie.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In aanloop naar de Europese parlementsverkiezingen van mei 2019 heeft de Europese Commissie haar inspanningen in de bestrijding van online desinformatie opgevoerd. Veel hoop is daarbij gevestigd op een initiatief van zelfregulering door online platforms en de advertentie-industrie in de vorm van een Code of Practice. In dit artikel wordt de rol die de Europese Commissie momenteel voor zichzelf weggelegd ziet voor zelfregulering kritisch beschouwd en wordt aansluiting gezocht bij een pleidooi voor een meer gezamenlijke aanpak van het probleem van online desinformatie.
|
| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij EHRM 28 juni 2018 (M.L. en W.W. / Duitsland) Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, 2019 (12), pp. 1624-1626, 2019. @article{Dommering2019,
title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 28 juni 2018 (M.L. en W.W. / Duitsland)}, author = {Dommering, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_2019_97.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-03-29}, journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie}, volume = {2019}, number = {12}, pages = {1624-1626}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Hugenholtz, P., Lindhout, P., Poort, J., Til, G. van
2019, (Study requested by the CULT Committee, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, PE 629.186, European Parliament - January 2019). @techreport{Poort2019,
title = {Film Financing and the Digital Single Market: its Future, the Role of Territoriality and New Models of Financing}, author = {Poort, J. and Hugenholtz, P. and Lindhout, P. and Til, G. van}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/IPOL_STU2019629186_EN.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-17}, abstract = {This report studies the role of territoriality in film financing, the legal and market challenges territoriality faces as a key model for film financing and the consequences if EU policies were to reduce or mitigate the scope of territorial exclusivity in the audiovisual sector. It provides information on Member States’ and EU models of film financing, explores the challenges film financing faces from digital developments and evolving consumer behaviour and analyses possible alternatives to traditional methods of financing and policies to support this.}, note = {Study requested by the CULT Committee, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, PE 629.186, European Parliament - January 2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } This report studies the role of territoriality in film financing, the legal and market challenges territoriality faces as a key model for film financing and the consequences if EU policies were to reduce or mitigate the scope of territorial exclusivity in the audiovisual sector. It provides information on Member States’ and EU models of film financing, explores the challenges film financing faces from digital developments and evolving consumer behaviour and analyses possible alternatives to traditional methods of financing and policies to support this.
|
| McGonagle, T.
Agreement of the [Dutch] Steering Group on Aggression and Violence against Journalists 2019. @techreport{McGonagle2019,
title = {Agreement of the [Dutch] Steering Group on Aggression and Violence against Journalists}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Agreement-of-the-Steering-Group-on-Aggression-and-violence-against-journalists-EN-translation.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-11}, abstract = {Unofficial translation by T. McGonagle of "Akkoord Stuurgroep Agressie en geweld tegen journalisten", July 2018}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } Unofficial translation by T. McGonagle of "Akkoord Stuurgroep Agressie en geweld tegen journalisten", July 2018
|
| Korthals Altes, W.
Mediaforum, 2018 (6), pp. 165, 2019, (Opinie). @article{Altes2019,
title = {Het is allemaal fake}, author = {Korthals Altes, W.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Opinie_Mediaforum_2018_6.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-10}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {6}, pages = {165}, note = {Opinie}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Nieuwenhuis, A.
Mediaforum, 2018 (6), pp. 166-170, 2019. @article{Nieuwenhuis2019,
title = {Fake news: een plaatsbepaling}, author = {Nieuwenhuis, A.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2018_6-1.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-10}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {6}, pages = {166-170}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Hins, A.
De taak van sociale media bij het bestrijden van desinformatie Mediaforum, 2018 (6), pp. 171-175, 2019. @article{Hins2019,
title = {De taak van sociale media bij het bestrijden van desinformatie}, author = {Hins, A.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2018_6-2.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-10}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {6}, pages = {171-175}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Coche, E.
Mediaforum, 2018 (6), pp. 185-189, 2019. @article{Coche2019,
title = {'Fake news' en desinformatie in Belgi\"{e}: weinig zorgen, problemen voor morgen?: Een analyse van dit mediafenomeen in Belgi\"{e}}, author = {Coche, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2018_6-3.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-10}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {6}, pages = {185-189}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| M. Klus, Plaizier, C.
'Nepnieuws' in Nederland: verschijningsvormen van en potentiële oplossingen voor dit containerbegrip Mediaforum, 2018 (6), pp. 190-193, 2019. @article{Plaizier2019,
title = {'Nepnieuws' in Nederland: verschijningsvormen van en potenti\"{e}le oplossingen voor dit containerbegrip}, author = {Plaizier, C. and M. Klus}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2018_6-4.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-10}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {6}, pages = {190-193}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Bodó, B., Eskens, S., Helberger, N., Möller, J.
Digital Journalism, 7 (2), pp. 206-229, 2019. @article{Bod\'{o}2019,
title = {Interested in diversity: The role of user attitudes, algorithmic feedback loops, and policy in news personalization}, author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Helberger, N. and Eskens, S. and M\"{o}ller, J.}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2018.1521292}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2018.1521292}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-08}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {206-229}, abstract = {Using survey evidence from the Netherlands, we explore the factors that influence news readers’ attitudes toward news personalization. We show that the value of personalization depends on commonly overlooked factors, such as concerns about a shared news sphere, and the diversity of recommendations. However, these expectations are not universal. Younger, less educated users are more exposed to personalized news and show little concern about diverse news recommendations. Quality news organizations that pursue reader loyalty and trust are incentivized to implement personalization algorithms that aim for diversity and high quality recommendations. However, some users are in danger of being left out of this positive feedback loop. We make specific policy suggestions regarding how to solve that issue.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Using survey evidence from the Netherlands, we explore the factors that influence news readers’ attitudes toward news personalization. We show that the value of personalization depends on commonly overlooked factors, such as concerns about a shared news sphere, and the diversity of recommendations. However, these expectations are not universal. Younger, less educated users are more exposed to personalized news and show little concern about diverse news recommendations. Quality news organizations that pursue reader loyalty and trust are incentivized to implement personalization algorithms that aim for diversity and high quality recommendations. However, some users are in danger of being left out of this positive feedback loop. We make specific policy suggestions regarding how to solve that issue.
|
| McGonagle, T.
De Raad van Europa en online desinformatie: laveren tussen zorgen en zorgplichten? Mediaforum, 2018 (6), pp. 180-184, 2018. @article{McGonagle2018g,
title = {De Raad van Europa en online desinformatie: laveren tussen zorgen en zorgplichten?}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2018_6.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-12-18}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {6}, pages = {180-184}, abstract = {Na alle hype rondom ‘fake news’, lijkt het gebruik van de term nu een behoorlijke terugslag te krijgen. Waar ‘fake news’ in 2016 en 2017 in rap tempo tot een buzz word was uitgegroeid, lijkt het inmiddels een vies woord te zijn geworden. Het heeft een militante connotatie gekregen en wordt in toenemende mate gebruikt om kritische journalisten en media te beschuldigen van het verspreiden van valse berichten, en daarmee hun werk en reputatie te ondermijnen. Daarom wordt steeds vaker de term desinformatie gebruikt als vervanger van ‘fake news’. Dit artikel staat stil bij deze terminologische verschuiving en legt uit waarom het van belang is afstand te nemen van de term ‘fake news’. Vervolgens wordt de angst voor schadelijke gevolgen van ‘fake news’ of desinformatie met de nodige nuchterheid geanalyseerd. Is er reden voor zorg en zo ja, welke juridische, politieke en praktische maatregelen heeft de Raad van Europa tot haar beschikking om (online) desinformatie tegen te gaan? Verder wordt ook onderzocht of, en in hoeverre, deze maatregelen hun grondslag vinden in de (negatieve en) positieve verplichtingen van Verdragspartijen bij het EVRM. Het artikel sluit af met een conclusie en enkele aanbevelingen voor het ontmantelen en het terugdringen van online desinformatie. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Na alle hype rondom ‘fake news’, lijkt het gebruik van de term nu een behoorlijke terugslag te krijgen. Waar ‘fake news’ in 2016 en 2017 in rap tempo tot een buzz word was uitgegroeid, lijkt het inmiddels een vies woord te zijn geworden. Het heeft een militante connotatie gekregen en wordt in toenemende mate gebruikt om kritische journalisten en media te beschuldigen van het verspreiden van valse berichten, en daarmee hun werk en reputatie te ondermijnen. Daarom wordt steeds vaker de term desinformatie gebruikt als vervanger van ‘fake news’. Dit artikel staat stil bij deze terminologische verschuiving en legt uit waarom het van belang is afstand te nemen van de term ‘fake news’. Vervolgens wordt de angst voor schadelijke gevolgen van ‘fake news’ of desinformatie met de nodige
nuchterheid geanalyseerd. Is er reden voor zorg en zo ja, welke juridische, politieke en praktische maatregelen heeft de Raad van Europa tot haar beschikking om (online) desinformatie tegen te gaan? Verder wordt ook onderzocht of, en in hoeverre, deze maatregelen hun grondslag vinden in de (negatieve en) positieve verplichtingen van Verdragspartijen bij het EVRM. Het artikel sluit af met een conclusie en enkele aanbevelingen voor het ontmantelen en het terugdringen van online desinformatie. |