Mediarecht
| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 14 februari 2019 (Letland / Buivids) Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, (48/49), pp. 7166-7168, 2019. @article{Dommering2019g,
title = {Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 14 februari 2019 (Letland / Buivids)}, author = {Dommering, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_2019_433.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-12-10}, journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie}, number = {48/49}, pages = {7166-7168}, abstract = {Video opnamen door verdachte tijdens politieverhoor. Journalistieke exceptie van AVG van toepassing? }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Video opnamen door verdachte tijdens politieverhoor. Journalistieke exceptie van AVG van toepassing?
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| McGonagle, T., Volgenant, O.
Mediaforum, 2019 (5), pp. 167-169, 2019. @article{Volgenant2019b,
title = {Kroniek Persrecht 2018}, author = {Volgenant, O. and McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2019_5.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-11-29}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2019}, number = {5}, pages = {167-169}, abstract = {In 2018 was veiligheid van journalisten een belangrijk thema. Serieuze aanslagen op de gebouwen van De Telegraaf en Panorama. Individuele journalisten die ernstig werden bedreigd vanuit de hoek van de georganiseerde criminaliteit. Het resulteerde in een convenant met afspraken over geweld en agressie tegen journalisten. 2018 was ook het jaar waarin \textendash eindelijk \textendash het recht op journalistieke bronbescherming wettelijk werd verankerd.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In 2018 was veiligheid van journalisten een belangrijk thema. Serieuze aanslagen op de gebouwen van De Telegraaf en Panorama. Individuele journalisten die ernstig werden bedreigd vanuit de hoek van de
georganiseerde criminaliteit. Het resulteerde in een convenant met afspraken over geweld en agressie tegen journalisten. 2018 was ook het jaar waarin – eindelijk – het recht op journalistieke bronbescherming wettelijk werd verankerd. |
| Bednarski, M., Francese Coutinho, M., McGonagle, T., Zimin, A.
Elections and media in digital times 2019, (In-Focus edition of the World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Series, UNESCO, Paris, November 2019). @techreport{McGonagle2019h,
title = {Elections and media in digital times}, author = {McGonagle, T. and Bednarski, M. and Francese Coutinho, M. and Zimin, A.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/elections_and_media_in_digital_times.pdf https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000371486}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-11-21}, publisher = {UNESCO}, abstract = {The study zooms in on a key issue related to the 2019 World Press Freedom Day theme, which focused on “Media for Democracy: Journalism and Elections in Times of Disinformation”. New digitally-enabled tactics in political funding, campaigning and advertising, are often lacking in transparency. Meanwhile journalists, whose output can empower the electorate, are under increasing attack. It is against this backdrop that this Report identifies recent trends on disinformation, attacks on the safety of journalists, and disruption in election communications. The report lists possible responses in order to safeguard media freedom and integrity while strengthening news reportage on elections in digital times.}, note = {In-Focus edition of the World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Series, UNESCO, Paris, November 2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The study zooms in on a key issue related to the 2019 World Press Freedom Day theme, which focused on “Media for Democracy: Journalism and Elections in Times of Disinformation”. New digitally-enabled tactics in political funding, campaigning and advertising, are often lacking in transparency. Meanwhile journalists, whose output can empower the electorate, are under increasing attack. It is against this backdrop that this Report identifies recent trends on disinformation, attacks on the safety of journalists, and disruption in election communications. The report lists possible responses in order to safeguard media freedom and integrity while strengthening news reportage on elections in digital times.
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| Fahy, R., Voorhoof, D.
Denying journalist access to asylum-seeker ‘reception centre’ in Hungary violated Article 10 ECHR Strasbourg Observers, 2019. @article{Voorhoof2019,
title = {Denying journalist access to asylum-seeker ‘reception centre’ in Hungary violated Article 10 ECHR}, author = {Voorhoof, D. and Fahy, R.}, url = {https://strasbourgobservers.com/2019/11/04/denying-journalist-access-to-asylum-seeker-reception-centre-in-hungary-violated-article-10-echr/}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-11-15}, journal = {Strasbourg Observers}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| McGonagle, T.
31.10.2019, (Council of Europe video). @misc{McGonagle2019i,
title = {Why Quality Journalism Matters? Tarlach McGonagle answers the question ahead of the international conference in Ljubljana}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://vimeo.com/370090341 https://www.coe.int/en/web/freedom-expression/qualityjournalism2019}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-10-31}, note = {Council of Europe video}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } |
| Fahy, R., Voorhoof, D.
Strasbourg Observers, 2019. @article{Fahy2019c,
title = {ECtHR engages in dangerous "triple pirouette" to find criminal prosecution for media coverage of PKK statements did not violate Article 10}, author = {Fahy, R. and Voorhoof, D.}, url = {https://strasbourgobservers.com/2019/10/14/ecthr-engages-in-dangerous-triple-pirouette-to-find-criminal-prosecution-for-media-coverage-of-pkk-statements-did-not-violate-article-10/#more-4435}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-10-14}, journal = {Strasbourg Observers}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Coutinho, M.F., Delinavelli, G., Fahy, R., Irion, K., Jusić, T., Kersevan Smokvina, T., Klimkiewicz, B., Llorens, C., Rozgonyi, K., Svensson, S., Til, G. van
The independence of media regulatory authorities in Europe 2019, (Capello, M. (ed.), IRIS Special 2019-1, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg). @techreport{Irion2019b,
title = {The independence of media regulatory authorities in Europe}, author = {Irion, K. and Delinavelli, G. and Coutinho, M.F. and Fahy, R. and Jusi\'{c}, T. and Klimkiewicz, B. and Llorens, C. and Rozgonyi, K. and Svensson, S. and Kersevan Smokvina, T. and Til, G. van}, editor = {Capello, M.}, url = {https://rm.coe.int/the-independence-of-media-regulatory-authorities-in-europe/168097e504}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-10-01}, publisher = {European Audiovisual Observatory}, note = {Capello, M. (ed.), IRIS Special 2019-1, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |
| Bountouridis, D., Harambam, J., Makhortykh, M., van Hoboken, J.
RecSys'19: Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, pp. 69-77, 2019. @article{Harambam2019b,
title = {Designing for the Better by Taking Users into Account: A Qualitative Evaluation of User Control Mechanisms in (News) Recommender Systems}, author = {Harambam, J. and Bountouridis, D. and Makhortykh, M. and van Hoboken, J.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/paper_recsys_19.pdf https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3347014}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-09-19}, journal = {RecSys'19: Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems}, pages = {69-77}, abstract = {Recommender systems (RS) are on the rise in many domains. While they offer great promises, they also raise concerns: lack of transparency, reduction of diversity, little to no user control. In this paper, we align with the normative turn in computer science which scrutinizes the ethical and societal implications of RS. We focus and elaborate on the concept of user control because that mitigates multiple problems at once. Taking the news industry as our domain, we conducted four focus groups, or moderated think-aloud sessions, with Dutch news readers (N=21) to systematically study how people evaluate different control mechanisms (at the input, process, and output phase) in a News Recommender Prototype (NRP). While these mechanisms are sometimes met with distrust about the actual control they offer, we found that an intelligible user profile (including reading history and flexible preferences settings), coupled with possibilities to influence the recommendation algorithms is highly valued, especially when these control mechanisms can be operated in relation to achieving personal goals. By bringing (future) users' perspectives to the fore, this paper contributes to a richer understanding of why and how to design for user control in recommender systems.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Recommender systems (RS) are on the rise in many domains. While they offer great promises, they also raise concerns: lack of transparency, reduction of diversity, little to no user control. In this paper, we align with the normative turn in computer science which scrutinizes the ethical and societal implications of RS. We focus and elaborate on the concept of user control because that mitigates multiple problems at once. Taking the news industry as our domain, we conducted four focus groups, or moderated think-aloud sessions, with Dutch news readers (N=21) to systematically study how people evaluate different control mechanisms (at the input, process, and output phase) in a News Recommender Prototype (NRP). While these mechanisms are sometimes met with distrust about the actual control they offer, we found that an intelligible user profile (including reading history and flexible preferences settings), coupled with possibilities to influence the recommendation algorithms is highly valued, especially when these control mechanisms can be operated in relation to achieving personal goals. By bringing (future) users' perspectives to the fore, this paper contributes to a richer understanding of why and how to design for user control in recommender systems.
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| McGonagle, T.
Infographic: ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’ 2019. @article{McGonagle2019g,
title = {Infographic: ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/CM-Rec20164-Infographic.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-08-07}, abstract = {The infographic, ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’, visualizes and condenses the detailed information in Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 to member States on the protection of journalism and the safety of journalists and other media actors. The infographic also signposts, and hyperlinks to, the Platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other valuable Council of Europe resources, including the European Court of Human Rights’ three judgments to date which cite the Recommendation.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The infographic, ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’, visualizes and condenses the detailed information in Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 to member States on the protection of journalism and the safety of journalists and other media actors. The infographic also signposts, and hyperlinks to, the Platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other valuable Council of Europe resources, including the European Court of Human Rights’ three judgments to date which cite the Recommendation.
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| Helberger, N., Makhortykh, M., Möller, J.
Filter bubbles in the Netherlands 2019, (Report commissioned by the Dutch Media Authority (Commissariaat voor de Media)). @techreport{M\"{o}ller2019b,
title = {Filter bubbles in the Netherlands}, author = {M\"{o}ller, J. and Helberger, N. and Makhortykh, M.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Filter-bubbles-in-the-Netherlands.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-06-28}, urldate = {2019-06-28}, abstract = {The introduction of algorithmic filtering and artificial intelligence in news dissemination has fundamentally changed the way news is consumed and distributed. While there is a clear benefit to the user, by making relevant stories accessible and therefore providing a way forward to manage the information overload, many have expressed concerns that it also leads to atomized societies where citizens are locked in filter bubbles. In this report we set out to answer the question: Do filter bubbles exist in the Netherlands?}, note = {Report commissioned by the Dutch Media Authority (Commissariaat voor de Media)}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The introduction of algorithmic filtering and artificial intelligence in news dissemination has fundamentally changed the way news is consumed and distributed. While there is a clear benefit to the user, by making relevant stories accessible and therefore providing a way forward to manage the information overload, many have expressed concerns that it also leads to atomized societies where citizens are locked in filter bubbles. In this report we set out to answer the question: Do filter bubbles exist in the Netherlands?
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| Helberger, N.
On the Democratic Role of News Recommenders Digital Journalism, 7 (8), pp. 993-1012, 2019. @article{Helberger2019b,
title = {On the Democratic Role of News Recommenders}, author = {Helberger, N.}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2019.1623700}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2019.1623700}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-06-28}, urldate = {2019-06-28}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {993-1012}, abstract = {Are algorithmic news recommenders a threat to the democratic role of the media? Or are they an opportunity, and, if so, how would news recommenders need to be designed to advance values and goals that we consider essential in a democratic society? These are central questions in the ongoing academic and policy debate about the likely implications of data analytics and machine learning for the democratic role of the media and the shift from traditional mass-media modes of distribution towards more personalised news and platforms Building on democratic theory and the growing body of literature about the digital turn in journalism, this article offers a conceptual framework for assessing the threats and opportunities around the democratic role of news recommenders, and develops a typology of different ‘democratic recommenders’.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Are algorithmic news recommenders a threat to the democratic role of the media? Or are they an opportunity, and, if so, how would news recommenders need to be designed to advance values and goals that we consider essential in a democratic society? These are central questions in the ongoing academic and policy debate about the likely implications of data analytics and machine learning for the democratic role of the media and the shift from traditional mass-media modes of distribution towards more personalised news and platforms Building on democratic theory and the growing body of literature about the digital turn in journalism, this article offers a conceptual framework for assessing the threats and opportunities around the democratic role of news recommenders, and develops a typology of different ‘democratic recommenders’.
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| Albrecht, Y., Bockxmeer, H. van, Dibbits, T., Helberger, N., Kasem, I., Oudeman, M., Vanseveren, W., Vermeir, L.
Samen voor het publiek belang. Evaluatierapport NPO 2013 t/m 2017 2019. @techreport{Oudeman2019,
title = {Samen voor het publiek belang. Evaluatierapport NPO 2013 t/m 2017}, author = {Oudeman, M. and Albrecht, Y. and Bockxmeer, H. van and Dibbits, T. and Helberger, N. and Kasem, I. and Vanseveren, W. and Vermeir, L.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/evaluatie_rapport-visitatiecommissie_npo.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-06-28}, abstract = {In september 2018 is, in opdracht van de raad van toezicht, de evaluatiecommissie Nederlandse Publieke Omroep gestart met haar evaluatie van de prestaties van de NPO in de periode 2013 t/m 2017, inclusief de beantwoording van de vraag naar de slagvaardigheid van de NPO. De evaluatieperiode beslaat dus een periode v\'{o}\'{o}r de wetswijziging van 2016 en een periode erna, waarin sprake was van aangescherpte rollen en bevoegdheden voor de raad van bestuur en de raad van toezicht van de NPO. Dit rapport is de weerslag van onze bevindingen. Daarnaast heeft de commissie een aantal aanbevelingen toegevoegd waarmee zij een bijdrage hoopt te leveren aan de NPO in de toekomst. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } In september 2018 is, in opdracht van de raad van toezicht, de evaluatiecommissie Nederlandse Publieke Omroep gestart met haar evaluatie van de prestaties van de NPO in de periode 2013 t/m 2017, inclusief de beantwoording van de vraag naar de slagvaardigheid van de NPO. De evaluatieperiode beslaat dus een periode vóór de wetswijziging van 2016 en een periode erna, waarin sprake was van aangescherpte rollen en bevoegdheden voor de raad van bestuur en de raad van toezicht van de NPO. Dit rapport is de weerslag van onze bevindingen. Daarnaast heeft de commissie een aantal aanbevelingen toegevoegd waarmee zij een bijdrage hoopt te leveren aan de NPO in de toekomst.
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| Bodó, B.
Digital Journalism, 7 (8), pp. 1054-1075, 2019. @article{Bod\'{o}2019d,
title = {Selling News to Audiences \textendash A Qualitative Inquiry into the Emerging Logics of Algorithmic News Personalization in European Quality News Media}, author = {Bod\'{o}, B.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1624185}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-06-20}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {1054-1075}, abstract = {How do news organizations design and implement algorithmically personalized news services? We conducted 16 in-depth interviews with professionals working in European public service broadcasting and commercial quality news media to answer this question. The news business is undergoing rapid transformations regarding how news production is financed, how news is produced and delivered to audiences and how citizens consume news. In all of these changes algorithmic recommender systems play a role. We focus on news organizations’ own personalized news services, and analyze how they define the role of personalization in contributing to the financial success of the organization, in reaching and retaining audiences, and in fulfilling their editorial mission. We interviewed editors, journalists, technologists and business intelligence and publishing professionals to gain a structural understanding of the often conflicting goals of personalization. We found that rather than focusing on increasing short-term user engagement, European quality news media try to use news personalization to increase long-term audience loyalty. In distinction to the “platform logic of personalization”, which uses personalization to produce engagement and sell audiences to advertisers, they have developed a “news logic of personalization”, which uses personalization to sell news to audiences.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } How do news organizations design and implement algorithmically personalized news services? We conducted 16 in-depth interviews with professionals working in European public service broadcasting and commercial quality news media to answer this question. The news business is undergoing rapid transformations regarding how news production is financed, how news is produced and delivered to audiences and how citizens consume news. In all of these changes algorithmic recommender systems play a role. We focus on news organizations’ own personalized news services, and analyze how they define the role of personalization in contributing to the financial success of the organization, in reaching and retaining audiences, and in fulfilling their editorial mission. We interviewed editors, journalists, technologists and business intelligence and publishing professionals to gain a structural understanding of the often conflicting goals of personalization. We found that rather than focusing on increasing short-term user engagement, European quality news media try to use news personalization to increase long-term audience loyalty. In distinction to the “platform logic of personalization”, which uses personalization to produce engagement and sell audiences to advertisers, they have developed a “news logic of personalization”, which uses personalization to sell news to audiences.
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| Drunen, M. van, Helberger, N., Leerssen, P.
Germany proposes Europe's first diversity rules for social media platforms LSE Media Policy Project Blog, 2019 , 2019. @article{Helberger2019,
title = {Germany proposes Europe's first diversity rules for social media platforms}, author = {Helberger, N. and Leerssen, P. and Drunen, M. van}, url = {https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mediapolicyproject/2019/05/29/germany-proposes-europes-first-diversity-rules-for-social-media-platforms/}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-06-06}, journal = {LSE Media Policy Project Blog}, volume = {2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Helberger, N., Makhortykh, M., Möller, J.
2019, (Rapport in opdracht van het Commissariaat voor de Media.). @techreport{M\"{o}ller2019,
title = {Filterbubbels in Nederland}, author = {M\"{o}ller, J. and Helberger, N. and Makhortykh, M.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Filterbubbels-in-Nederland.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-05-20}, abstract = {The introduction of algorithmic filtering and artificial intelligence in news dissemination has fundamentally changed the way news is consumed and distributed. While there is a clear benefit to the user, by making relevant stories accessible and therefore providing a way forward to manage the information overload, many have expressed concerns that it also leads to atomized societies where citizens are locked in filter bubbles. In this report we set out to answer the question: Do filter bubbles exist in the Netherlands?}, note = {Rapport in opdracht van het Commissariaat voor de Media.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The introduction of algorithmic filtering and artificial intelligence in news dissemination has fundamentally changed the way news is consumed and distributed. While there is a clear benefit to the user, by making relevant stories accessible and therefore providing a way forward to manage the information overload, many have expressed concerns that it also leads to atomized societies where citizens are locked in filter bubbles. In this report we set out to answer the question: Do filter bubbles exist in the Netherlands?
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| McGonagle, T., Volgenant, O.
2019. @article{Volgenant2019,
title = {Persvrijheidsmonitor 2018}, author = {Volgenant, O. and McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Persvrijheidsmonitor_2018.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-05-10}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Bednarski, M., Coutinho, M.F., McGonagle, T., Zimin, A.
Preview: Elections and media in digital times 2019, (Preview of an In-Focus edition of the World Trends in Freedom and Expression and Media Development). @techreport{McGonagle2019d,
title = {Preview: Elections and media in digital times}, author = {McGonagle, T. and Bednarski, M. and Coutinho, M.F. and Zimin, A.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/in_focus_world_trends_report_2019_brochure.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-05-03}, abstract = {The increasing digitalization of societies has led to unprecedented opportunities to seek, receive and impart political information and ideas, which are the lifeblood of elections. The internet has made it easier for politicians, political parties and the electorate to communicate with each other more directly and more quickly than at any point in history. The accuracy of information can be checked and corrected faster, more thoroughly and by a greater number of actors than ever before. But there are also growing concerns about the effects on public debate arising from misuse of digital technologies and fragmentation in the communications environment. Political micro-targeting of individual voters is driven by aggregated personal data, which is not always obtained in lawful ways. Little effort is required to generate disinformation and for it to go viral. New digitally-enabled tactics in political funding, campaigning and advertising, often lacking in transparency, reduce the transparency of information during elections. Meanwhile journalists, whose output can empower the electorate, are under increasing attack.}, note = {Preview of an In-Focus edition of the World Trends in Freedom and Expression and Media Development}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The increasing digitalization of societies has led to unprecedented opportunities to seek, receive and impart political information and ideas, which are the lifeblood of elections. The internet has made it easier for politicians, political parties and the electorate to communicate with each other more directly and more quickly than at any point in history. The accuracy of information can be checked and corrected faster, more thoroughly and by a greater number of actors than ever before. But there are also growing concerns about the effects on public debate arising from misuse of digital technologies and fragmentation in the communications environment. Political micro-targeting of individual voters is driven by aggregated personal data, which is not always obtained in lawful ways. Little effort is required to generate disinformation and for it to go viral. New digitally-enabled tactics in political funding, campaigning and advertising, often lacking in transparency, reduce the transparency of information during elections. Meanwhile journalists, whose output can empower the electorate, are under increasing attack.
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| Til, G. van
Zelfregulering door online platforms: een waar wondermiddel tegen online desinformatie? Mediaforum, 2019 (1), pp. 2-13, 2019. @article{Til2019b,
title = {Zelfregulering door online platforms: een waar wondermiddel tegen online desinformatie?}, author = {Til, G. van}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2019_1_vanTil.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-03-29}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2019}, number = {1}, pages = {2-13}, abstract = {In aanloop naar de Europese parlementsverkiezingen van mei 2019 heeft de Europese Commissie haar inspanningen in de bestrijding van online desinformatie opgevoerd. Veel hoop is daarbij gevestigd op een initiatief van zelfregulering door online platforms en de advertentie-industrie in de vorm van een Code of Practice. In dit artikel wordt de rol die de Europese Commissie momenteel voor zichzelf weggelegd ziet voor zelfregulering kritisch beschouwd en wordt aansluiting gezocht bij een pleidooi voor een meer gezamenlijke aanpak van het probleem van online desinformatie.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In aanloop naar de Europese parlementsverkiezingen van mei 2019 heeft de Europese Commissie haar inspanningen in de bestrijding van online desinformatie opgevoerd. Veel hoop is daarbij gevestigd op een initiatief van zelfregulering door online platforms en de advertentie-industrie in de vorm van een Code of Practice. In dit artikel wordt de rol die de Europese Commissie momenteel voor zichzelf weggelegd ziet voor zelfregulering kritisch beschouwd en wordt aansluiting gezocht bij een pleidooi voor een meer gezamenlijke aanpak van het probleem van online desinformatie.
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| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij EHRM 28 juni 2018 (M.L. en W.W. / Duitsland) Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, 2019 (12), pp. 1624-1626, 2019. @article{Dommering2019,
title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 28 juni 2018 (M.L. en W.W. / Duitsland)}, author = {Dommering, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_2019_97.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-03-29}, journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie}, volume = {2019}, number = {12}, pages = {1624-1626}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Hugenholtz, P., Lindhout, P., Poort, J., Til, G. van
2019, (Study requested by the CULT Committee, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, PE 629.186, European Parliament - January 2019). @techreport{Poort2019,
title = {Film Financing and the Digital Single Market: its Future, the Role of Territoriality and New Models of Financing}, author = {Poort, J. and Hugenholtz, P. and Lindhout, P. and Til, G. van}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/IPOL_STU2019629186_EN.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-17}, abstract = {This report studies the role of territoriality in film financing, the legal and market challenges territoriality faces as a key model for film financing and the consequences if EU policies were to reduce or mitigate the scope of territorial exclusivity in the audiovisual sector. It provides information on Member States’ and EU models of film financing, explores the challenges film financing faces from digital developments and evolving consumer behaviour and analyses possible alternatives to traditional methods of financing and policies to support this.}, note = {Study requested by the CULT Committee, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, PE 629.186, European Parliament - January 2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } This report studies the role of territoriality in film financing, the legal and market challenges territoriality faces as a key model for film financing and the consequences if EU policies were to reduce or mitigate the scope of territorial exclusivity in the audiovisual sector. It provides information on Member States’ and EU models of film financing, explores the challenges film financing faces from digital developments and evolving consumer behaviour and analyses possible alternatives to traditional methods of financing and policies to support this.
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| McGonagle, T.
Agreement of the [Dutch] Steering Group on Aggression and Violence against Journalists 2019. @techreport{McGonagle2019,
title = {Agreement of the [Dutch] Steering Group on Aggression and Violence against Journalists}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Agreement-of-the-Steering-Group-on-Aggression-and-violence-against-journalists-EN-translation.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-11}, abstract = {Unofficial translation by T. McGonagle of "Akkoord Stuurgroep Agressie en geweld tegen journalisten", July 2018}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } Unofficial translation by T. McGonagle of "Akkoord Stuurgroep Agressie en geweld tegen journalisten", July 2018
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| Korthals Altes, W.
Mediaforum, 2018 (6), pp. 165, 2019, (Opinie). @article{Altes2019,
title = {Het is allemaal fake}, author = {Korthals Altes, W.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Opinie_Mediaforum_2018_6.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-10}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {6}, pages = {165}, note = {Opinie}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Nieuwenhuis, A.
Mediaforum, 2018 (6), pp. 166-170, 2019. @article{Nieuwenhuis2019,
title = {Fake news: een plaatsbepaling}, author = {Nieuwenhuis, A.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2018_6-1.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-10}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {6}, pages = {166-170}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Hins, A.
De taak van sociale media bij het bestrijden van desinformatie Mediaforum, 2018 (6), pp. 171-175, 2019. @article{Hins2019,
title = {De taak van sociale media bij het bestrijden van desinformatie}, author = {Hins, A.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2018_6-2.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-10}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {6}, pages = {171-175}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Coche, E.
Mediaforum, 2018 (6), pp. 185-189, 2019. @article{Coche2019,
title = {'Fake news' en desinformatie in Belgi\"{e}: weinig zorgen, problemen voor morgen?: Een analyse van dit mediafenomeen in Belgi\"{e}}, author = {Coche, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2018_6-3.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-10}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {6}, pages = {185-189}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| M. Klus, Plaizier, C.
'Nepnieuws' in Nederland: verschijningsvormen van en potentiële oplossingen voor dit containerbegrip Mediaforum, 2018 (6), pp. 190-193, 2019. @article{Plaizier2019,
title = {'Nepnieuws' in Nederland: verschijningsvormen van en potenti\"{e}le oplossingen voor dit containerbegrip}, author = {Plaizier, C. and M. Klus}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2018_6-4.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-10}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {6}, pages = {190-193}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Bodó, B., Eskens, S., Helberger, N., Möller, J.
Digital Journalism, 7 (2), pp. 206-229, 2019. @article{Bod\'{o}2019,
title = {Interested in diversity: The role of user attitudes, algorithmic feedback loops, and policy in news personalization}, author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Helberger, N. and Eskens, S. and M\"{o}ller, J.}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2018.1521292}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2018.1521292}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-08}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {206-229}, abstract = {Using survey evidence from the Netherlands, we explore the factors that influence news readers’ attitudes toward news personalization. We show that the value of personalization depends on commonly overlooked factors, such as concerns about a shared news sphere, and the diversity of recommendations. However, these expectations are not universal. Younger, less educated users are more exposed to personalized news and show little concern about diverse news recommendations. Quality news organizations that pursue reader loyalty and trust are incentivized to implement personalization algorithms that aim for diversity and high quality recommendations. However, some users are in danger of being left out of this positive feedback loop. We make specific policy suggestions regarding how to solve that issue.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Using survey evidence from the Netherlands, we explore the factors that influence news readers’ attitudes toward news personalization. We show that the value of personalization depends on commonly overlooked factors, such as concerns about a shared news sphere, and the diversity of recommendations. However, these expectations are not universal. Younger, less educated users are more exposed to personalized news and show little concern about diverse news recommendations. Quality news organizations that pursue reader loyalty and trust are incentivized to implement personalization algorithms that aim for diversity and high quality recommendations. However, some users are in danger of being left out of this positive feedback loop. We make specific policy suggestions regarding how to solve that issue.
|
| McGonagle, T.
De Raad van Europa en online desinformatie: laveren tussen zorgen en zorgplichten? Mediaforum, 2018 (6), pp. 180-184, 2018. @article{McGonagle2018g,
title = {De Raad van Europa en online desinformatie: laveren tussen zorgen en zorgplichten?}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2018_6.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-12-18}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {6}, pages = {180-184}, abstract = {Na alle hype rondom ‘fake news’, lijkt het gebruik van de term nu een behoorlijke terugslag te krijgen. Waar ‘fake news’ in 2016 en 2017 in rap tempo tot een buzz word was uitgegroeid, lijkt het inmiddels een vies woord te zijn geworden. Het heeft een militante connotatie gekregen en wordt in toenemende mate gebruikt om kritische journalisten en media te beschuldigen van het verspreiden van valse berichten, en daarmee hun werk en reputatie te ondermijnen. Daarom wordt steeds vaker de term desinformatie gebruikt als vervanger van ‘fake news’. Dit artikel staat stil bij deze terminologische verschuiving en legt uit waarom het van belang is afstand te nemen van de term ‘fake news’. Vervolgens wordt de angst voor schadelijke gevolgen van ‘fake news’ of desinformatie met de nodige nuchterheid geanalyseerd. Is er reden voor zorg en zo ja, welke juridische, politieke en praktische maatregelen heeft de Raad van Europa tot haar beschikking om (online) desinformatie tegen te gaan? Verder wordt ook onderzocht of, en in hoeverre, deze maatregelen hun grondslag vinden in de (negatieve en) positieve verplichtingen van Verdragspartijen bij het EVRM. Het artikel sluit af met een conclusie en enkele aanbevelingen voor het ontmantelen en het terugdringen van online desinformatie. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Na alle hype rondom ‘fake news’, lijkt het gebruik van de term nu een behoorlijke terugslag te krijgen. Waar ‘fake news’ in 2016 en 2017 in rap tempo tot een buzz word was uitgegroeid, lijkt het inmiddels een vies woord te zijn geworden. Het heeft een militante connotatie gekregen en wordt in toenemende mate gebruikt om kritische journalisten en media te beschuldigen van het verspreiden van valse berichten, en daarmee hun werk en reputatie te ondermijnen. Daarom wordt steeds vaker de term desinformatie gebruikt als vervanger van ‘fake news’. Dit artikel staat stil bij deze terminologische verschuiving en legt uit waarom het van belang is afstand te nemen van de term ‘fake news’. Vervolgens wordt de angst voor schadelijke gevolgen van ‘fake news’ of desinformatie met de nodige
nuchterheid geanalyseerd. Is er reden voor zorg en zo ja, welke juridische, politieke en praktische maatregelen heeft de Raad van Europa tot haar beschikking om (online) desinformatie tegen te gaan? Verder wordt ook onderzocht of, en in hoeverre, deze maatregelen hun grondslag vinden in de (negatieve en) positieve verplichtingen van Verdragspartijen bij het EVRM. Het artikel sluit af met een conclusie en enkele aanbevelingen voor het ontmantelen en het terugdringen van online desinformatie. |
| Breemen, J., Breemen, V.
KwartaalSignaal Ars Aequi, 149 , pp. 8747-8749, 2018. @article{Breemen2018g,
title = {Kroniek Mediarecht}, author = {Breemen, J. and Breemen, V.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/AA_149_mediarecht.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-12-14}, journal = {KwartaalSignaal Ars Aequi}, volume = {149}, pages = {8747-8749}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Alén-Savikko, A., Apa, E., Bassini, M., Cabrera Blázquez, F.J., Cunningham, I., Etteldorf, C., Fahy, R., Granchet, A., Klimkiewicz, B., Polák, J., Prosser, T., Richter, A., Rodriguez, N.
Media reporting: facts, nothing but facts? 2018, ISBN: 9789287188618, (IRIS Special, European Audiovisual Observatory: Strasbourg, 2018, 150 pp.). @techreport{Al\'{e}n-Savikko2018,
title = {Media reporting: facts, nothing but facts?}, author = {Al\'{e}n-Savikko, A. and Apa, E. and Bassini, M. and Cabrera Bl\'{a}zquez, F.J. and Cunningham, I. and Etteldorf, C. and Granchet, A. and Klimkiewicz, B. and Fahy, R. and Pol\'{a}k, J. and Prosser, T. and Richter, A. and Rodriguez, N.}, url = {https://rm.coe.int/media-reporting-facts-nothing-but-facts/16808e3cda}, isbn = {9789287188618}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-10-24}, abstract = {Separating the facts from the fiction in today’s media is becoming mission impossible. In the era of the #fakenews hashtag, the internet, and the media in general, are concerned by the emergence of fiction which is sometimes much stranger than truth! So what rules and initiatives exist in Europe to help ensure the accuracy and objectivity of news and current affairs reporting? How far can the European and the various national legislators go to protect us from dubious reporting or at least ensure that codes of good conduct exist?}, note = {IRIS Special, European Audiovisual Observatory: Strasbourg, 2018, 150 pp.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } Separating the facts from the fiction in today’s media is becoming mission impossible. In the era of the #fakenews hashtag, the internet, and the media in general, are concerned by the emergence of fiction which is sometimes much stranger than truth! So what rules and initiatives exist in Europe to help ensure the accuracy and objectivity of news and current affairs reporting? How far can the European and the various national legislators go to protect us from dubious reporting or at least ensure that codes of good conduct exist?
|
| Helberger, N., Möller, J., Thurman, N., Trilling, D.
My Friends, Editors, Algorithms, and I: Examining audience attitudes to news selection Digital Journalism, 2018 , 2018. @article{Thurman2018,
title = {My Friends, Editors, Algorithms, and I: Examining audience attitudes to news selection}, author = {Thurman, N. and M\"{o}ller, J. and Helberger, N. and Trilling, D.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1493936}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-10-19}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, volume = {2018}, abstract = {Prompted by the ongoing development of content personalization by social networks and mainstream news brands, and recent debates about balancing algorithmic and editorial selection, this study explores what audiences think about news selection mechanisms and why. Analysing data from a 26-country survey (N = 53,314), we report the extent to which audiences believe story selection by editors and story selection by algorithms are good ways to get news online and, using multi-level models, explore the relationships that exist between individuals’ characteristics and those beliefs. The results show that, collectively, audiences believe algorithmic selection guided by a user’s past consumption behaviour is a better way to get news than editorial curation. There are, however, significant variations in these beliefs at the individual level. Age, trust in news, concerns about privacy, mobile news access, paying for news, and six other variables had effects. Our results are partly in line with current general theory on algorithmic appreciation, but diverge in our findings on the relative appreciation of algorithms and experts, and in how the appreciation of algorithms can differ according to the data that drive them. We believe this divergence is partly due to our study’s focus on news, showing algorithmic appreciation has context-specific characteristics.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Prompted by the ongoing development of content personalization by social networks and mainstream news brands, and recent debates about balancing algorithmic and editorial selection, this study explores what audiences think about news selection mechanisms and why. Analysing data from a 26-country survey (N = 53,314), we report the extent to which audiences believe story selection by editors and story selection by algorithms are good ways to get news online and, using multi-level models, explore the relationships that exist between individuals’ characteristics and those beliefs. The results show that, collectively, audiences believe algorithmic selection guided by a user’s past consumption behaviour is a better way to get news than editorial curation. There are, however, significant variations in these beliefs at the individual level. Age, trust in news, concerns about privacy, mobile news access, paying for news, and six other variables had effects. Our results are partly in line with current general theory on algorithmic appreciation, but diverge in our findings on the relative appreciation of algorithms and experts, and in how the appreciation of algorithms can differ according to the data that drive them. We believe this divergence is partly due to our study’s focus on news, showing algorithmic appreciation has context-specific characteristics.
|
| Arnbak, A.
Draconische Europese censuurwetten geen oplossing voor onwenselijke informatie online Het Financieele Dagblad, 2018 , 2018. @article{Arnbak2018l,
title = {Draconische Europese censuurwetten geen oplossing voor onwenselijke informatie online}, author = {Arnbak, A.}, url = {https://axelarnbak.nl/2018/10/04/53e-fd-column-draconische-europese-censuurwetten-geen-oplossing-voor-onwenselijke-informatie-online/}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-10-04}, journal = {Het Financieele Dagblad}, volume = {2018}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| McGonagle, T.
2018, ISBN: 9789403500232, (with M. McGonagle & S. McLaughlin, International Encyclopedia of Laws series (IEL), Wolters Kluwer, Alphen aan den Rijn, 2018, 228 pp.). @book{McGonagle2018f,
title = {Media Law in Ireland}, author = {McGonagle, T. }, url = {http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/toc.php?area=&mode=bypub&level=6&values=Looseleafs~~IEL+Media+Law~National+Monographs~Ireland}, isbn = {9789403500232}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-09-18}, volume = {2018}, note = {with M. McGonagle & S. McLaughlin, International Encyclopedia of Laws series (IEL), Wolters Kluwer, Alphen aan den Rijn, 2018, 228 pp.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} } |
| Helberger, N.
Challenging Diversity - Social Media Platforms and a New Conception of Media Diversity Chapter 6, pp. 153-175, Oxford University Press, 2018, ISBN: 9780190845117, (Chapter in: Digital Dominance: The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple, ed. M. Moore & D. Tambini, New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.). @inbook{Helberger2018b,
title = {Challenging Diversity - Social Media Platforms and a New Conception of Media Diversity}, author = {Helberger, N.}, isbn = {9780190845117}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-08-23}, pages = {153-175}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, chapter = {6}, note = {Chapter in: Digital Dominance: The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple, ed. M. Moore & D. Tambini, New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } |
| McGonagle, T.
The Council of Europe: Ensuring the Freedom and Independence of Europe's Media pp. 133-151, 2018, ISBN: 9781783208869, (Chapter in: Comparative Media Policy, Regulation and Governance in Europe: Unpacking the Policy Cycle, ed. L. 'd Haenens, H. Sousa & J. Trappel, Bristol: Intellect, 2018.). @inbook{McGonagle2018eb,
title = {The Council of Europe: Ensuring the Freedom and Independence of Europe's Media}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, isbn = {9781783208869}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-08-23}, pages = {133-151}, note = {Chapter in: Comparative Media Policy, Regulation and Governance in Europe: Unpacking the Policy Cycle, ed. L. 'd Haenens, H. Sousa & J. Trappel, Bristol: Intellect, 2018.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } |
| McGonagle, T., Möller, C.
Europe's Internet Policies: The Challenge of Maintaining an Open Internet pp. 153-183, 2018, ISBN: 9781783208869, (Chapter in: Comparative Media Policy, Regulation and Governance in Europe: Unpacking the Policy Cycle, ed. L. d' Haenens, H. Sousa & J. Trappel, Bristol: Intellect, 2018.). @inbook{M\"{o}ller2018c,
title = {Europe's Internet Policies: The Challenge of Maintaining an Open Internet}, author = {M\"{o}ller, C. and McGonagle, T.}, isbn = {9781783208869}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-08-23}, pages = {153-183}, note = {Chapter in: Comparative Media Policy, Regulation and Governance in Europe: Unpacking the Policy Cycle, ed. L. d' Haenens, H. Sousa & J. Trappel, Bristol: Intellect, 2018.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } |
| Dommering, E., van Eijk, N.
Rechter gaat voorbij aan regels vertrouwelijkheid De Volkskrant, 2018 , 2018. @article{vanEijk2018j,
title = {Rechter gaat voorbij aan regels vertrouwelijkheid}, author = {van Eijk, N. and Dommering, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Opinie_Volkskrant_21aug2018.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-08-21}, journal = {De Volkskrant}, volume = {2018}, abstract = {De uitspraak van de rechter dat journalisten stiekem een gesprek in de fractiekamer van Kamerlid Farid Azarkan mochten opnemen, is slecht nieuws voor de democratie en de journalistiek.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } De uitspraak van de rechter dat journalisten stiekem een gesprek in de fractiekamer van Kamerlid Farid Azarkan mochten opnemen, is slecht nieuws voor de democratie en de journalistiek.
|
| Harambam, J.
Het bannen van Alex Jones is een hypocriete actie van sociale media Trouw, 2018. @article{Harambam2018,
title = {Het bannen van Alex Jones is een hypocriete actie van sociale media}, author = {Harambam, J.}, url = {https://www.trouw.nl/opinie/het-bannen-van-alex-jones-is-een-hypocriete-actie-van-sociale-media~a05269b0/}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-08-18}, journal = {Trouw}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| McGonagle, T., Volgenant, O.
Mediaforum, 2018 (3), pp. 67-69, 2018. @article{Volgenant2018,
title = {Kroniek Persrecht 2017}, author = {Volgenant, O. and McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2018_3-1.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-08-03}, journal = {Mediaforum}, volume = {2018}, number = {3}, pages = {67-69}, abstract = {In 2017 stond de Nederlandse journalistiek onder druk. Veiligheid van journalisten is daarbij een belangrijk thema. Twee misdaadjournalisten worden zo ernstig bedreigd dat ze moeten worden beschermd. Een wet met nieuwe bevoegdheden voor de Nederlandse geheime diensten zet bronbescherming onder druk. Er werden in 2017 weer regelmatig rechtszaken tegen de media gevoerd, maar de rechter besliste in het merendeel van de gevallen in het voordeel van de media. Wel kunnen procedures tegen de media en individuele journalisten, waarbij steeds vaker een beroep op de privacyregelgeving wordt gedaan, een ‘chilling effect’ hebben.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In 2017 stond de Nederlandse journalistiek onder druk. Veiligheid van journalisten is daarbij een belangrijk thema. Twee misdaadjournalisten worden zo ernstig bedreigd dat ze moeten worden beschermd. Een wet met nieuwe bevoegdheden voor de Nederlandse geheime diensten zet bronbescherming onder druk. Er werden in 2017 weer regelmatig rechtszaken tegen de media gevoerd, maar de rechter besliste in het merendeel van de gevallen in het voordeel van de media. Wel kunnen procedures tegen de media en individuele journalisten, waarbij steeds vaker een beroep op de privacyregelgeving wordt gedaan, een ‘chilling effect’ hebben.
|
| Coche, E.
‘Fake news’ and online disinformation: Case study – Belgium 2018. @article{Coche2018e,
title = {‘Fake news’ and online disinformation: Case study \textendash Belgium}, author = {Coche, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Case-study-Fake-News-Belgium.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-07-19}, abstract = {This case study provides an overview of the ‘fake news’ phenomenon in Belgium. In light of the 2018 Reuters Report, it starts by sketching the present media landscape in Belgium. It then enquires whether Belgians are concerned about ‘fake news’; what their level of trust is in the media; which media sources are favoured by them, and what their level of media literacy is. After analysing these facts and figures, the emergence of ‘fake news’, through foreign political events, is discussed. Different examples of Belgian ‘fake news’ are then presented, which range from ‘hoaxes’ to misleading and inaccurate news articles stemming from qualified journalists. By means of these examples, the ambiguities of the term ‘fake news’, as an umbrella term to cover a wide variety of content, are explained. Given the vagueness of the term, it is submitted that ‘disinformation’ is a more appropriate term to use. Having regard to the possible impact of this type of ‘news’ on democracy, this case study strives to shed light on Belgian politicians and their relation with ‘fake news’. By means of examples, the author argues that they increasingly use the term ‘fake news’ to discredit news media. Moreover, they tend to by-pass traditional media, through their social media accounts, thereby contributing to the emergence of ‘fake news’. The lack of editorial oversight on social media allows for false messages to be spread. In order to propose measures to counter ‘fake news’ in Belgium, the case study provides an overview of different responses that have already been put in place. Besides responses at the EU level (including the Council of Europe), the overview includes governmental responses, news media responses, civil society responses and responses stemming from collaborations with IT companies. Taking account of these measures, various recommendations are proposed in the Conclusion. It is argued that both short and long-term actions should be developed. Having regard to the forthcoming Belgian elections, the former would be necessary and should, inter alia, aim to enhance the transparency of social media platforms. Regarding the latter, it is argued that media literacy measures should be further built upon.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This case study provides an overview of the ‘fake news’ phenomenon in Belgium. In light of the 2018 Reuters Report, it starts by sketching the present media landscape in Belgium. It then enquires whether Belgians are concerned about ‘fake news’; what their level of trust is in the media; which media sources are favoured by them, and what their level of media literacy is. After analysing these facts and figures, the emergence of ‘fake news’, through foreign political events, is discussed. Different examples of Belgian ‘fake news’ are then presented, which range from ‘hoaxes’ to misleading and inaccurate news articles stemming from qualified journalists. By means of these examples, the ambiguities of the term ‘fake news’, as an umbrella term to cover a wide variety of content, are explained. Given the vagueness of the term, it is submitted that ‘disinformation’ is a more appropriate term to use.
Having regard to the possible impact of this type of ‘news’ on democracy, this case study strives to shed light on Belgian politicians and their relation with ‘fake news’. By means of examples, the author argues that they increasingly use the term ‘fake news’ to discredit news media. Moreover, they tend to by-pass traditional media, through their social media accounts, thereby contributing to the emergence of ‘fake news’. The lack of editorial oversight on social media allows for false messages to be spread. In order to propose measures to counter ‘fake news’ in Belgium, the case study provides an overview of different responses that have already been put in place. Besides responses at the EU level (including the Council of Europe), the overview includes governmental responses, news media responses, civil society responses and responses stemming from collaborations with IT companies. Taking account of these measures, various recommendations are proposed in the Conclusion. It is argued that both short and long-term actions should be developed. Having regard to the forthcoming Belgian elections, the former would be necessary and should, inter alia, aim to enhance the transparency of social media platforms. Regarding the latter, it is argued that media literacy measures should be further built upon. |
| Helberger, N., Möller, J.
Beyond the filter bubble: concepts, myths, evidence and issues for future debates 2018. @techreport{M\"{o}ller2018b,
title = {Beyond the filter bubble: concepts, myths, evidence and issues for future debates}, author = {M\"{o}ller, J. and Helberger, N.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Beyond_the_filter_bubble__concepts_myths_evidence_and_issues_for_future_debates.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-07-05}, abstract = {In recent years, we have been witnessing a fundamental shift in the form how news and current affairs are disseminated and mediated. Due to the exponential increase in available content online and technological development in the field of recommendation systems, more and more citizens are informing themselves through customized and curated sources, while turning away from mass-mediated information sources like TV news and newspapers. Algorithmic recommendation systems provide news users with tools to navigate the information overload and identify important and relevant information. They do so by performing a task that was once a key part of the journalistic profession: keeping the gates. In a way, news recommendation algorithm can create highly individualized gates, through which only information and news fit that serves the user best. In theory, this is a great achievement that can make news exposure more efficient and interesting. In practice, there are many pitfalls when the power to select what we hear from the news shifts from professional editorial boards that select the news according to professional standards to opaque algorithms who are reigned by their own logic, the logic of advertisers or consumes personal preferences.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } In recent years, we have been witnessing a fundamental shift in the form how news and current affairs are disseminated and mediated. Due to the exponential increase in available content online and technological development in the field of recommendation systems, more and more citizens are informing themselves through customized and curated sources, while turning away from mass-mediated information sources like TV news and newspapers. Algorithmic recommendation systems provide news users with tools to navigate the information overload and identify important and relevant information. They do so by performing a task that was once a key part of the journalistic profession: keeping the gates. In a way, news recommendation algorithm can create highly individualized gates, through which only information and news fit that serves the user best. In theory, this is a great achievement that can make news exposure more efficient and interesting. In practice, there are many pitfalls when the power to select what we hear from the news shifts from professional editorial boards that select the news according to professional standards to opaque algorithms who are reigned by their own logic, the logic of advertisers or consumes personal preferences.
|
| Coche, E., Klus, M., McGonagle, T., Plaizier, C.
Inventarisatie methodes om “nepnieuws” tegen te gaan 2018. @techreport{McGonagle2018d,
title = {Inventarisatie methodes om “nepnieuws” tegen te gaan}, author = {McGonagle, T. and Coche, E. and Plaizier, C. and Klus, M.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Inventarisatie_methodes_om_“nepnieuws”_tegen_te_gaan.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-07-03}, abstract = {“Nepnieuws” heeft de laatste tijd veel aandacht gekregen in de media en in het politieke debat. Tegen deze achtergrond en in het licht van de potenti\"{e}le bedreigingen van “nepnieuws” voor de Nederlandse samenleving is de opdracht voor deze studie gegeven door het ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap. Het doel van dit rapport is om een update te geven over de stand van zaken met betrekking tot het onderwerp “methodes om de verspreiding van nepnieuws tegen te gaan”. Het rapport beantwoordt de volgende vragen: Welke methodes zijn er internationaal bekend om nepnieuws tegen te gaan? Wat is bekend over de effectiviteit van deze methodes? Welke kwalificaties kunnen gemaakt worden over de toepasbaarheid en relevantie van deze onderzoeksresultaten voor de Nederlandse context?}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } “Nepnieuws” heeft de laatste tijd veel aandacht gekregen in de media en in het politieke debat. Tegen deze achtergrond en in het licht van de potentiële bedreigingen van “nepnieuws” voor de Nederlandse samenleving is de opdracht voor deze studie gegeven door het ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap. Het doel van dit rapport is om een update te geven over de stand van zaken met betrekking tot het onderwerp “methodes om de verspreiding van nepnieuws tegen te gaan”. Het rapport beantwoordt de volgende vragen: Welke methodes zijn er internationaal bekend om nepnieuws tegen te gaan? Wat is bekend over de effectiviteit van deze methodes? Welke kwalificaties kunnen gemaakt worden over de toepasbaarheid en relevantie van deze onderzoeksresultaten voor de Nederlandse context?
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| Fahy, R., Hanhart, M., Klus, M., Kostić, B., McGonagle, T., Plaizier, C.
Open Journalism: The Road Travelled and the Road Ahead 2018, (Vienna, OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, 2018.). @techreport{McGonagle2018c,
title = {Open Journalism: The Road Travelled and the Road Ahead}, author = {McGonagle, T. and Fahy, R. and Kosti\'{c}, B. and Klus, M. and Plaizier, C. and Hanhart, M.}, url = {https://www.osce.org/representative-on-freedom-of-media/384432?download=true}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-06-22}, note = {Vienna, OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, 2018.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |
| Breemen, J., Breemen, V.
KwartaalSignaal Ars Aequi, 147 , pp. 8630-8631, 2018, ISSN: 2212-5205-3. @article{Breemen2018c,
title = {Kroniek Mediarecht}, author = {Breemen, J. and Breemen, V. }, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/AA_147_mediarecht.pdf}, issn = {2212-5205-3}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-06-01}, journal = {KwartaalSignaal Ars Aequi}, volume = {147}, pages = {8630-8631}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| McGonagle, T., Voorhoof, D.
Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights 2018, (IRIS Themes, Vol. III, 4th edition, Strasbourg: European Audiovisual Observatory, 2017 @book{McGonagle2018,
title = {Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights}, author = {McGonagle, T. and Voorhoof, D.}, url = {https://rm.coe.int/freedom-of-expression-the-media-and-journalists-iris-themes-vol-iii-de/16807c1181}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-05-17}, abstract = {This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. With well over 30,000 downloads, the first three editions of the e-book (2013, 2015 and 2016) have proved hugely successful. The new fourth edition summarises over 270 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database). For an optimal navigational experience, one should download the e-book and read the technical tips on p. 3.}, note = {IRIS Themes, Vol. III, 4th edition, Strasbourg: European Audiovisual Observatory, 2017 ISBN: 9789287184351 (print version).}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} } This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. With well over 30,000 downloads, the first three editions of the e-book (2013, 2015 and 2016) have proved hugely successful. The new fourth edition summarises over 270 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database). For an optimal navigational experience, one should download the e-book and read the technical tips on p. 3.
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| Breemen, J., Breemen, V.
KwartaalSignaal Ars Aequi, 2017 (145), pp. 8496-8498, 2018. @article{Breemen2018,
title = {Kroniek Mediarecht}, author = {Breemen, J. and Breemen, V.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/AA_145-1.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-03-13}, journal = {KwartaalSignaal Ars Aequi}, volume = {2017}, number = {145}, pages = {8496-8498}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Breemen, J., Breemen, V.
KwartaalSignaal Ars Aequi, 2018 (146), pp. 8563-8565, 2018. @article{Breemen2018b,
title = {Kroniek Mediarecht}, author = {Breemen, J. and Breemen, V.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/AA_146-1.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-03-13}, journal = {KwartaalSignaal Ars Aequi}, volume = {2018}, number = {146}, pages = {8563-8565}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| McGonagle, T.
“Fake news”: False fears or real concerns? Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 35 (4), pp. 203-209, 2017. @article{McGonagle2017h,
title = {“Fake news”: False fears or real concerns?}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0924051917738685}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0924051917738685}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-12-05}, journal = {Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {203-209}, abstract = {‘‘Fake news’’ has become a much-used and much-hyped term in the so-called ‘‘post-truth’’ era that we now live in. It is also much-maligned: it is often blamed for having a disruptive impact on the outcomes of elections and referenda and for skewing democratic public debate, with the 2016 US Presidential elections and Brexit referendum often cited as examples. ‘‘Fake news’’ has also been flagged for fuelling propaganda and ‘‘hate speech’’ and even violence. ‘‘Pizzagate’’ is an infamous example of exceptional circumstances in which a false news story had a central role in a shooting incident. In December 2016, a man in Washington D.C. took it upon himself to ‘‘self-investigate’’ a story (a completely unfounded conspiracy theory) that the Hillary Clinton campaign team was running a paedophile ring from the premises of a pizzeria. Shots were fired and he was arrested and charged with assault and related offences. Given all this bad press, it is perhaps little wonder that ‘‘fake news’’ has become a major preoccupation for international organisations, national law- and policy-makers, the media and media actors, civil society and academia. But what exactly is ‘‘fake news’’ and what is all the fuss about? In addressing these questions, this column will also consider historical and contemporary perspectives on the term and its relationship with human rights.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } ‘‘Fake news’’ has become a much-used and much-hyped term in the so-called ‘‘post-truth’’ era that we now live in. It is also much-maligned: it is often blamed for having a disruptive impact on the outcomes of elections and referenda and for skewing democratic public debate, with the 2016 US Presidential elections and Brexit referendum often cited as examples. ‘‘Fake news’’ has also been flagged for fuelling propaganda and ‘‘hate speech’’ and even violence. ‘‘Pizzagate’’ is an infamous example of exceptional circumstances in which a false news story had a central role in a shooting incident. In December 2016, a man in Washington D.C. took it upon himself to ‘‘self-investigate’’
a story (a completely unfounded conspiracy theory) that the Hillary Clinton campaign team was running a paedophile ring from the premises of a pizzeria. Shots were fired and he was arrested and charged with assault and related offences. Given all this bad press, it is perhaps little wonder that ‘‘fake news’’ has become a major preoccupation for international organisations, national law- and policy-makers, the media and media actors, civil society and academia. But what exactly is ‘‘fake news’’ and what is all the fuss about? In addressing these questions, this column will also consider historical and contemporary perspectives on the term and its relationship with human rights. |
| Coche, E.
Conference Report of The International Media Law, Policy & Practice Conference 2017 2017. @techreport{Coche2017,
title = {Conference Report of The International Media Law, Policy & Practice Conference 2017}, author = {Coche, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/IMLPP_2017_Conference_report.pdf }, year = {2017}, date = {2017-11-28}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |
| Eskens, S., Helberger, N., Möller, J.
Challenged by news personalisation: five perspectives on the right to receive information Journal of Media Law, 9 (2), pp. 259-284, 2017. @article{Eskens2017,
title = {Challenged by news personalisation: five perspectives on the right to receive information}, author = {Eskens, S. and Helberger, N. and M\"{o}ller, J.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2017.1387353}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-11-07}, journal = {Journal of Media Law}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {259-284}, abstract = {This research asks what the right to receive information means for personalised news consumers and the obligations this rights imposes on states. We develop a framework to understand the right to receive information, starting from case law of the European Court of Human Rights. On this basis, we identify five perspectives on the right to receive information: political debate, truth finding, social cohesion, avoidance of censorship and self-development. We evaluate how these five perspectives inform a legal and policy analysis of news personalisation. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This research asks what the right to receive information means for personalised news consumers and the obligations this rights imposes on states. We develop a framework to understand the right to receive information, starting from case law of the European Court of Human Rights. On this basis, we identify five perspectives on the right to receive information: political debate, truth finding, social cohesion, avoidance of censorship and self-development. We evaluate how these five perspectives inform a legal and policy analysis of news personalisation.
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