This report, written for the Anti-discrimination department of the Council of Europe, concerns discrimination caused by algorithmic decision-making and other types of artificial intelligence (AI). AI advances important goals, such as efficiency, health and economic growth but it can also have discriminatory effects, for instance when AI systems learn from biased human decisions. In the public and the private sector, organisations can take AI-driven decisions with farreaching effects for people. Public sector bodies can use AI for predictive policing for example, or for making decisions on eligibility for pension payments, housing assistance or unemployment benefits. In the private sector, AI can be used to select job applicants, and banks can use AI to decide whether to grant individual consumers
credit and set interest rates for them. Moreover, many small decisions, taken together, can have large effects. By way of illustration, AI-driven price discrimination could lead to certain groups in society consistently paying more. The most relevant legal tools to mitigate the risks of AI-driven discrimination are nondiscrimination law and data protection law. If effectively enforced, both these legal tools
could help to fight illegal discrimination. Council of Europe member States, human rights monitoring bodies, such as the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, and Equality Bodies should aim for better enforcement of current nondiscrimination norms. But AI also opens the way for new types of unfair differentiation (some might say discrimination) that escape current laws. Most non-discrimination statutes apply only to discrimination on the basis of protected characteristics, such as skin colour. Such statutes do not apply if an AI system invents new classes, which do not correlate with
protected characteristics, to differentiate between people. Such differentiation could still be unfair, however, for instance when it reinforces social inequality. We probably need additional regulation to protect fairness and human rights in the area of AI. But regulating AI in general is not the right approach, as the use of AI systems is too varied for one set of rules. In different sectors, different values are at stake, and different problems arise. Therefore, sector-specific rules should be considered. More research and debate are needed.

},
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De kinderen van Apple-baas Steve Jobs mochten geen iPad gebruiken. 1 Maar Jobs was niet de enige. Veel techies in Silicon Valley zijn zich bewust van de verslavende effecten van IT \textendash ze hebben de producten namelijk zelf ontwikkeld. En nu steeds meer spijtoptanten oproepen tot regulering van onlinediensten zoals Facebook, vraag ik me af: welke rol kan het privacyrecht daarbij spelen?

},
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Appendix IV to CTIVD report no. 56 to the review report on the multilateral exchange of data on (alleged) jihadists by the AIVD

},
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Wij presenteren in dit artikel een aantal kanttekeningen bij de Wiv 2017. Dit doen wij door een aantal relevante in Nederland en in de Europese Unie verschenen overkoepelende studies over grondrechten te bespreken. Deze kanttekeningen zijn deels gebaseerd op normatieve uitgangspunten en aanbevelingen uit deze studies, deels ontleend aan nog lopend onderzoek. Gezien de aard en omvang van dit artikel is een selectie gemaakt en beperkt de
analyse zich tot het schetsen van de belangrijkste dilemma’s.

},
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Political micro-targeting (PMT) has become a popular topic both in academia and in the public discussions after the surprise results of the 2016 US presidential election, the UK vote on leaving the European Union, and a number of general elections in Europe in 2017. Yet, we still know little about whether PMT is a tool with such destructive potential that it requires close societal control, or if it’s “just” a new phenomenon with currently unknown capacities, but which can ultimately be incorporated into our political processes. In this article we identify the points where we think we need to further develop our analytical capacities around PMT. We argue that we need to decouple research from the US context, and through more non-US and comparative research we need to develop a better understanding of the macro, meso, and micro level factors that affect the adoption and success of PMTs across different countries. One of the most under-researched macro-level factors is law. We argue that PMT research must develop a better understanding of law, especially in Europe, where the regulatory frameworks around platforms, personal data, political and commercial speech do shape the use and effectiveness of PMT. We point out that the incorporation of such new factors calls for the sophistication of research designs, which currently rely too much on qualitative methods, and use too little of the data that exists on PMT. And finally, we call for distancing PMT research from the hype surrounding the new PMT capabilities, and the moral panics that quickly develop around its uses.

},
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‘‘Fake news’’ has become a much-used and much-hyped term in the so-called ‘‘post-truth’’ era that we now live in. It is also much-maligned: it is often blamed for having a disruptive impact on the outcomes of elections and referenda and for skewing democratic public debate, with the 2016 US Presidential elections and Brexit referendum often cited as examples. ‘‘Fake news’’ has also been flagged for fuelling propaganda and ‘‘hate speech’’ and even violence. ‘‘Pizzagate’’ is an infamous example of exceptional circumstances in which a false news story had a central role in a shooting incident. In December 2016, a man in Washington D.C. took it upon himself to ‘‘self-investigate’’
a story (a completely unfounded conspiracy theory) that the Hillary Clinton campaign team was running a paedophile ring from the premises of a pizzeria. Shots were fired and he was arrested and charged with assault and related offences. Given all this bad press, it is perhaps little wonder that ‘‘fake news’’ has become a major preoccupation for international organisations, national law- and policy-makers, the media and media actors, civil society and academia. But what exactly is ‘‘fake news’’ and what is all the fuss about? In addressing these questions, this column will also consider historical and contemporary perspectives on the term and its relationship with human rights.

},
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REM, seated in Belgrade, is caught and operates in a challenging context: media markets in Serbia are highly saturated and government grants are awarded to selective private media. There is low upfront compliance with programme and advertisements rules as well as an overall squeeze on quality content and the accountability function of the media. Lacking the optimal support of the parliament and being sidelined by the Ministry on Culture and Information can damage the effective functioning of the independent regulator. REM in this situation appears to retreat to overly formalistic (law-abiding) activities without necessarily being effective in regulating the Serbian electronic and audiovisual media. Many stakeholders from the media sector do not perceive of REM as an authority pointing to a lack of enforcement or the deflection of responsibility which has undermined its public credibility. The study concludes with a set of recommendation how to address these challenges.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
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This article assesses how the European Court of Human Rights has responded to the argument that holding online news media liable for reader comments has a chilling effect on freedom of expression. The article demonstrates how the Court first responded by dismissing the argument, and focused on the apparent lack of evidence for any such chilling effect. The article then argues that the Court has moved away from its initial rejection, and now accepts that a potential chilling effect, even without evidence, is integral to deciding whether online news media should be liable for reader comments. Finally, the article argues that this latter view is consistent with the Court’s precedent in other areas of
freedom of expression law where a similar chilling effect may also arise.

},
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Verspreiding antiquarisch exemplaar Mein Kampf valt wel onder 137e 2e Sr, maar is niet strafbaar omdat de beperking in strijd komt met artikel 10 EVRM.

},
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Tegenwoordig wordt de consument op steeds grotere schaal gevolgd via de wifi-signalen die smartphones uitzenden. Inzicht in hoe consumenten zich gedragen in een winkel levert commerci\"{e}le voordelen op voor de winkeliers, maar ook risico's voor de persoonlijke levenssfeer. Onder de Wet bescherming persoonsgegevens is gegevensverwerking via wifi-tracking toegestaan, mits wordt voldaan aan de strenge eisen die de wet stelt. Ter vergelijking wordt gekeken naar de regulering van wifi-tracking in de Verenigde Staten.

},
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The study provides an overview of encryption technologies and their impact on human rights. It analyzes in-depth the role of encryption in the media and communications landscape, and the impact on different services, entities and end users. It highlights good practices and examines the legal environment surrounding encryption as well as various case studies of encryption policies. Built on this exploration and analysis, the research provides recommendations on encryption policy that are useful for various stakeholders. These include signaling the need to counter the lack of gender sensitivity in the current debate, and also highlighting ideas for enhancing “encryption literacy”.

},
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De zaak Kalda t. Estland betreft het recht op gedeeltelijke toegang tot het internet van een levenslang gestrafte gevangene. Het gaat hierbij met name om een drietal websites die toegang bieden tot wetgeving, juridische informatie en uitspraken (en vertalingen daarvan) van rechterlijke instanties. Het EHRM stelt in deze zaak dat een dergelijk recht inderdaad wordt beschermd door art. 10 EVRM. Alhoewel de beperking van dit recht in casu is voorgeschreven bij wet en een legitiem doel dient, acht het Hof deze niet noodzakelijk in een democratische samenleving.

},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
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Klacht naar aanleiding van roman waarin klagers hun familie en moeder herkenden. Afweging door nationale rechter tussen persoonlijkheidsrechten en artistieke vrijheid redelijk. Belang artistieke vrijheid en getuigenverklaringen. Kennelijk ongegrond en niet-ontvankelijk.

},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}

Human rights protect humans. This seemingly uncontroversial axiom might become quintessential over time, especially with regard to the right to privacy. Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights grants natural persons> a right to complain, in order to protect their individual interests, such as those related to personal freedom, human dignity and individual autonomy. With Big Data processes, however, individuals are mostly unaware that their personal data are gathered and processed and even if they are, they are often unable to substantiate their specific individual interest in these large data gathering systems. When the European Court of Human Rights assesses these types of cases, mostly revolving around (mass) surveillance activities, it finds itself stuck between the human rights framework on the one hand and the desire to evaluate surveillance practices by states on the other. Interestingly, the Court chooses to deal with these cases under Article 8 ECHR, but in order to do so, it is forced to go beyond the fundamental pillars of the human rights framework.

},
note = {<p>
In: S. Gutwirth et al. (eds.), <a href="http://www.springer.com/us/book/9789401773751#aboutBook" target="_blank"><em>Data Protection on the Move</em></a>, Law, Governance and Technology Series 24, 2016.</p>
},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}

In Nederland is tot dusver in het politieke debat over het noodzakelijke onafhankelijke toezicht op de inlichtingen en veiligheidsdiensten het Europese recht genegeerd of verkeerd uitgelegd. Met het Europese recht bedoelen wij zowel het EU Handvest als het Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens. Dat is op grond van meerdere rechterlijke uitspraken niet langer mogelijk. 

},
note = {

Opinie op NJB blog, 9 december 2015.

},
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tppubtype = {misc}
}

This short - peer reviewed - article touches on innovation in China in the field of smart phones, recent legislative reform in China for fostering intellectual property and combating counterfeit and trade mark grabbing. It also touches on human rights in China, the different approach in which the West advances its economic v human rights agenda and the selective way Silicon Valley industry participates in grass roots debate on civil liberties. The article also touches on the 'right to seek counsel' as one of the fundamental rights, which many arrested lawyers in China were deprived of during the July 2015 arrests.

},
note = {<p>
Editorial.</p>
},
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tppubtype = {article}
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-05-2015-0028

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-05-2015-0034

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About ten years after a previous initiative to replace the Horserace Betting Levy was abandoned following a judgment from the Court of Justice (CJ),1 the UK government announced that it will introduce a Horserace Betting Right and repeal the Levy that to date has cross-subsidised horseracing. In this comment, the authors warn that the implementation of a Betting Right could be problematic from an EU law perspective. The UK government, and any other interested EU legislator, should reconsider the opportunity of a specifically devised betting right.

},
note = {<p>
Opinion.</p>
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}

Er is de laatste tijd veel publiciteit geweest over een proces dat de Nederlandse verzamelaar Bert Kreuk voor de Rechtbank Rotterdam tegen de van oorsprong Vietnamese kunstenaar Danh Vo heeft gevoerd. Kreuk stelt dat hij ter gelegenheid van de door het Haagse Gemeentemuseum in de tweede helft 2013 georganiseerde tentoonstelling uit zijn collectie met Danh Vo had afgesproken niet alleen dat deze een groot speciaal voor de tentoonstelling vervaardigd werk zou leveren, maar ook dat hij daarvan eigenaar zou worden. Het eerste had de Rechtbank al in een tussenvonnis van 23 juli 2014 bewezen geacht. Het tweede achtte de rechtbank, na door Kreuk naar voren gebrachte getuigen die bij de op 9 januari 2013 in het museum volgens hem gesloten deal aanwezig waren geweest te hebben gehoord, in het vonnis van 24 juni 2015 bewezen. Vervolgens zijn beide partijen in het openbaar ruzie gaan maken over dat laatste vonnis. Naar verluidt is er hoger beroep ingesteld. De zaak stelt principiële vragen over de relatie particuliere verzamelaar, openbaar museum en kunstenaar aan de orde waar ik een paar opmerkingen over wil maken, maar eerst nog even iets over de achtergrond en het vonnis van 24 juni 2015.

},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}

In dit rapport doen de onderzoekers tien aanbevelingen voor het toezicht op geheime diensten. Zo moet rechterlijke controle bij het toezicht de voorkeur hebben. Ook moet meer openheid worden gegeven over de uitoefening van bevoegdheden, onder meer door het publiceren van statistische gegevens.

De aanbevelingen vloeien voort uit een analyse van Europese mensenrechtenuitspraken van de afgelopen decennia. De onderzoekers hebben hiertoe vonnissen van het Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens en het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie bestudeerd. De onderzoekers hebben zich vooral gericht op het onderscheppen van communicatie, maar de aanbevelingen zijn ook toepasbaar bij het toezicht op andere gebieden.

In this report, the researchers offer ten policy recommendations for oversight on intelligence services. Recommendations include that intelligence services should be subject to independent, prior oversight and that governments should be transparent about the exercise of surveillance powers.

The recommendations are based on an analysis of European human rights jurisprudence of the past decades. The researchers have studied decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union. The researchers mostly focused on the interception of communication, but the policy recommendations are also applicable to oversight on other areas.

},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
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In Zwitserland was een journalist strafrechtelijk veroordeeld wegens het publiceren van gegevens uit een strafdossier. De kleinst mogelijke meerderheid van het EHRM acht diens klacht op grond van artikel 10 EVRM gegrond. Botsing van de persvrijheid met het recht op een eerlijk proces en met het recht op privacy van de verdachte.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}

24 januari 2015.

},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {periodical}
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This book deals with the theoretical, methodological, and empirical implications of bounded rationality in the operation of institutions. It focuses on decisions made under uncertainty, and presents a reliable strategy of knowledge acquisition for the design and implementation of decision-support systems. Based on the distinction between the inner and outer environment of decisions, the book explores both the cognitive mechanisms at work when actors decide, and the institutional mechanisms existing among and within organizations that make decisions fairly predictable.

While a great deal of work has been done on how organizations act as patterns of events for (boundedly) rational decisions, less effort has been devoted to study under which circumstances  organizations cease to act as such reliable mechanisms. Through an empirical strategy on open-ended response data from a survey among junior judges, the work pursues two main goals. The first one is to explore the limits of “institutional rationality” of the Spanish lower courts on-call service, an optimal scenario to observe decision-making under uncertainty. The second aim is to achieve a better understanding of the kind of uncertainty under which inexperienced decision-makers work. This entails exploring the demands imposed by problems and the knowledge needed to deal with them, making this book also a study on expertise achievement in institutional environments.

This book combines standard multivariate statistical methods with machine learning techniques such as multidimensional scaling and topic models, treating text as data. Doing so, the book contributes to the collaboration between empirical social scientific approaches and the community of scientists that provide the set of tools and methods to make sense of the fastest growing resource of our time: data.

},
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tppubtype = {book}
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The book explains Russian contract law in a form understandable to lawyers qualified in other countries, especially common law countries. The introduction gives a concise overview of the Russian legal system in general and contract law in particular as well as a brief insight into the history of contract law in Russia. Then the main concepts of Russian contract law are explained, using the conceptual framework of English contract law to make them accessible to someone not familiar with the codified Russian system.The book not only considers the legislation regulating Russian contractual relations but also includes appropriate case law to show how the legislation is interpreted. The focus is on contract law in Russia as it actually operates, rather than merely the legislative texts, so that it will be directly relevant to legal practitioners and others who wish to acquire knowledge of the practical application of an important element of the Russian legal system, as well as those seeking an insight into the realities of codified law in action. The target readership therefore includes legal practitioners who have to deal with Russian law, academics and students with an interest in Russian law, the law of contract and comparative civil law, as well as scholars of comparative legal systems and Russian area studies.

},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
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This descriptive legal analysis maps and evaluates a four decade legacy of communications security conceptualizations in E.U. law and policy, including four legislative proposals launched in 2013. As the first comprehensive historical analysis of its kind, the paper forwards a range of new scientific contributions in a time secure electronic communications are of historically unparalleled societal, economic and political relevance. Five communications security policy cycles are identified, and their ‘security’ definitions and scope are described. These cycles are: network and information security, data protection, telecommunications, encryption and cybercrime. An evaluation of the current E.U. ‘security’ conceptualizations illuminates the underlying values at stake, the protection offered in current regulations, the formulation of six research themes and an agenda for computer science, political theory and legal research. Despite constitutional values at stake such as privacy and communications freedom and a robust computer science literature, the paper observes a deep lack of conceptual clarity and coherence in E.U. security policymaking. It then concludes that the observed conceptual ambiguity has allowed powerful stakeholders to capture, or paint E.U. network and information security policies in any colour they like.

},
note = {<p>
Draft paper prepared for IViR/Berkman Roundtable - 18 April 2014 - Last update July 28, 2014.</p>
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}

Ingezonden brief in NRC over het gebrek aan zichtbaarheid van de rechtswetenschappen in het debat over de hervorming van het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek in Nederland.

},
note = {

17 juni 2014.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {periodical}
}

Opinie.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}

Dankwoord bij de uitreiking van de Amsterdamse Dekenprijs 2012, 31 oktober 2012.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}

Opinie.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}

1 augustus 2012

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Leerboek voor eerstejaars studenten rechtsgeleerdheid

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}

Legal price fixing for printed books in the Dutch and Frisian languages was introduced in the Netherlands in 2005. Publishers today are required to fix retail prices for new books and retailers are required to charge the prices set. Fixed prices are valid for an indefinite period, but publishers are permitted to adjust them after a period of six months and to discard the fixed price altogether after a year. The Resale Price Maintenance (Books) Act (Wet op de vaste boekenprijs) seeks to contribute towards a large and varied stock and wide geographic availability of books, as well as towards public participation (purchasing and reading habits). With the emergence of e-books, the question arises as to whether it would be possible and desirable to introduce legally enforced price fixing for digital books too. This study examines the feasibility and enforceability of resale price maintenance (RPM) for e-books and analyses the functionality in terms of the degree to which it contributes to pluralism and the broad availability of supply, the market structure of the book business and the diversity and availability of print books.

},
note = {<p>
Report commissioned by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OC&W)</p>
<p>
Originally published in Dutch as: Digitaal gebonden: Onderzoek naar de functionaliteit van een vaste prijs voor het e-boek.</p>
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}

29 december 2009.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {periodical}
}

31 juli 2009.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {periodical}
}

4 juli 2009.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {periodical}
}