Diversen
| Fahy, R., van Hoboken, J.
Smartphone platforms as privacy regulators Computer Law & Security Review, 41 , 2021. @article{vanHoboken2021b,
title = {Smartphone platforms as privacy regulators}, author = {van Hoboken, J. and Fahy, R.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Smartphone-platforms-as-privacy-regulators.pdf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105557}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-06-10}, journal = {Computer Law & Security Review}, volume = {41}, abstract = {A series of recent developments highlight the increasingly important role of online platforms in impacting data privacy in today's digital economy. Revelations and parliamentary hearings about privacy violations in Facebook's app and service partner ecosystem, EU Court of Justice judgments on joint responsibility of platforms and platform users, and the rise of smartphone app ecosystems where app behaviour is governed by app distribution platforms and operating systems, all show that platform policies can make or break the enjoyment of privacy by users. In this article, we examine these developments and explore the question of what can and should be the role of platforms in protecting data privacy of their users.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } A series of recent developments highlight the increasingly important role of online platforms in impacting data privacy in today's digital economy. Revelations and parliamentary hearings about privacy violations in Facebook's app and service partner ecosystem, EU Court of Justice judgments on joint responsibility of platforms and platform users, and the rise of smartphone app ecosystems where app behaviour is governed by app distribution platforms and operating systems, all show that platform policies can make or break the enjoyment of privacy by users. In this article, we examine these developments and explore the question of what can and should be the role of platforms in protecting data privacy of their users.
|
| Fahy, R., van Hoboken, J.
Regulating Disinformation in Europe: Implications for Speech and Privacy UC Irvine Journal of International, Transnational, and Comparative Law, 6 (1), pp. 9-36, 2021. @article{vanHoboken2021,
title = {Regulating Disinformation in Europe: Implications for Speech and Privacy}, author = {van Hoboken, J. and Fahy, R.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Regulating-Disinformation-in-Europe.pdf}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-06-01}, journal = {UC Irvine Journal of International, Transnational, and Comparative Law}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {9-36}, abstract = {This Article examines the ongoing dynamics in the regulation of disinformation in Europe, focusing on the intersection between the right to freedom of expression and the right to privacy. Importantly, there has been a recent wave of regulatory measures and other forms of pressure on online platforms to tackle disinformation in Europe. These measures play out in different ways at the intersection of the right to freedom of expression and the right to privacy. Crucially, as governments, journalists, and researchers seek greater transparency and access to information from online platforms to evaluate their impact on the health of their democracies, these measures raise acute issues related to user privacy. Indeed, platforms that once refused to cooperate with governments in identifying users allegedly responsible for disseminating illegal or harmful content are now expanding cooperation. However, while platforms are increasingly facilitating government access to user data, platforms are also invoking data protection law concerns as a shield in response to recent efforts at increased platform transparency. At the same time, data protection law provides for one of the main systemic regulatory safeguards in Europe. It protects user autonomy concerning datadriven campaigns, requiring transparency for internet audiences about targeting and data subject rights in relation to audience platforms, such as social media companies.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This Article examines the ongoing dynamics in the regulation of disinformation in Europe, focusing on the intersection between the right to
freedom of expression and the right to privacy. Importantly, there has been a recent wave of regulatory measures and other forms of pressure on online platforms to tackle disinformation in Europe. These measures play out in different ways at the intersection of the right to freedom of expression and the right to privacy. Crucially, as governments, journalists, and researchers seek greater transparency and access to information from online platforms to evaluate their impact on the health of their democracies, these measures raise acute issues related to user privacy. Indeed, platforms that once refused to cooperate with governments in identifying users allegedly responsible for disseminating illegal or harmful content are now expanding cooperation. However, while platforms are increasingly facilitating government access to user data, platforms are also invoking data protection law concerns as a shield in response to recent efforts at increased platform transparency. At the same time, data protection law provides for one of the main systemic regulatory safeguards in Europe. It protects user autonomy concerning datadriven campaigns, requiring transparency for internet audiences about targeting and data subject rights in relation to audience platforms, such as social media companies. |
| Drunen, M. van, Helberger, N., Möller, J., Vrijenhoek, S.
Internet Policy Review, 2021, (Opinion). @article{Helberger2021b,
title = {Regulation of news recommenders in the Digital Services Act: empowering David against the Very Large Online Goliath}, author = {Helberger, N. and Drunen, M. van and Vrijenhoek, S. and M\"{o}ller, J.}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/news/regulation-news-recommenders-digital-services-act-empowering-david-against-very-large}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-02-26}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, note = {Opinion}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Arnbak, A., Geursen, W., Yakovleva, S.
Kaleidoscopic data-related enforcement in the digital age Common Market Law Review, 57 (5), pp. 1461-1494, 2020. @article{Yakovleva2020c,
title = {Kaleidoscopic data-related enforcement in the digital age}, author = {Yakovleva, S. and Geursen, W. and Arnbak, A.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/CMLR_2020.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-10-01}, journal = {Common Market Law Review}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, pages = {1461-1494}, abstract = {The interplay between competition, consumer and data protection law, when applied to data collection and processing practices, may lead to situations where several competent authorities can, independently, carry out enforcement actions against the same practice, or where an authority competent to carry out enforcement in one area of law can borrow the concepts of another area to advance its own goals. The authors call this “kaleidoscopic enforcement”. Kaleidoscopic enforcement may undermine existing coordination mechanisms within specif ic areas, and may lead to both the incoherent enforcement of EU rules applicable to data, and to sub-optimal enforcement. An EU level binding inter-disciplinary coordination mechanism between competition, consumer and data protection authorities is needed. Now the Commission has announced ambitious plans to enhance the coherent application of EU law in several areas, it is the perfect time to work towards creating such an enforcement mechanism.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The interplay between competition, consumer and data protection law, when applied to data collection and processing practices, may lead to situations where several competent authorities can, independently, carry out enforcement actions against the same practice, or where an authority competent to carry out enforcement in one area of law can borrow the concepts of another area to advance its own goals. The authors call this “kaleidoscopic enforcement”. Kaleidoscopic enforcement may undermine existing coordination mechanisms within specif ic areas, and may lead to both the incoherent enforcement of EU rules applicable to data, and to sub-optimal enforcement. An EU level binding
inter-disciplinary coordination mechanism between competition, consumer and data protection authorities is needed. Now the Commission has announced ambitious plans to enhance the coherent application of EU law in several areas, it is the perfect time to work towards creating such an enforcement mechanism. |
| Bodó, B.
New Media & Society, 2020. @article{Bod\'{o}2020b,
title = {Mediated trust: A theoretical framework to address the trustworthiness of technological trust mediators}, author = {Bod\'{o}, B.}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820939922}, doi = {10.1177/1461444820939922}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-07-17}, journal = {New Media & Society}, abstract = {This article considers the impact of digital technologies on the interpersonal and institutional logics of trust production. It introduces the new theoretical concept of technology-mediated trust to analyze the role of complex techno-social assemblages in trust production and distrust management. The first part of the article argues that globalization and digitalization have unleashed a crisis of trust, as traditional institutional and interpersonal logics are not attuned to deal with the risks introduced by the prevalence of digital technologies. In the second part, the article describes how digital intermediation has transformed the traditional logics of interpersonal and institutional trust formation and created new trust-mediating services. Finally, the article asks as follows: why should we trust these technological trust mediators? The conclusion is that at best, it is impossible to establish the trustworthiness of trust mediators, and that at worst, we have no reason to trust them.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This article considers the impact of digital technologies on the interpersonal and institutional logics of trust production. It introduces the new theoretical concept of technology-mediated trust to analyze the role of complex techno-social assemblages in trust production and distrust management. The first part of the article argues that globalization and digitalization have unleashed a crisis of trust, as traditional institutional and interpersonal logics are not attuned to deal with the risks introduced by the prevalence of digital technologies. In the second part, the article describes how digital intermediation has transformed the traditional logics of interpersonal and institutional trust formation and created new trust-mediating services. Finally, the article asks as follows: why should we trust these technological trust mediators? The conclusion is that at best, it is impossible to establish the trustworthiness of trust mediators, and that at worst, we have no reason to trust them.
|
| Helberger, N.
Digital Journalism, 8 (6), pp. 842-854, 2020. @article{Helberger2020d,
title = {The Political Power of Platforms: How Current Attempts to Regulate Misinformation Amplify Opinion Power}, author = {Helberger, N.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773888}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-07-14}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {842-854}, abstract = {This contribution critically reviews the ongoing policy initiatives in Europe to impose greater societal responsibility on social media platforms. I discuss the current regulatory approach of treating social platforms as mere 'intermediaries' of the speech of others and propose a different perspective. Instead of perceiving platforms as intermediaries and facilitators of the speech of others, I view social media platforms as active political actors in their own right, and wielders of considerable opinion power. I will explain how taking the perspective of opinion power throws a very different, and rather alarming light on the recent regulatory initiatives.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This contribution critically reviews the ongoing policy initiatives in Europe to impose greater societal responsibility on social media platforms. I discuss the current regulatory approach of treating social platforms as mere 'intermediaries' of the speech of others and propose a different perspective. Instead of perceiving platforms as intermediaries and facilitators of the speech of others, I view social media platforms as active political actors in their own right, and wielders of considerable opinion power. I will explain how taking the perspective of opinion power throws a very different, and rather alarming light on the recent regulatory initiatives.
|
| Arnbak, A., Geursen, W,W,, Yakovleva, S.
Tijdschrift Mededingingsrecht in de Praktijk, (2), pp. 30-37, 2020. @article{Yakovleva2020b,
title = {Drie mogelijke boetes van mededingings-, consumenten- en persoonsgegevensautoriteiten voor hetzelfde datagebruik}, author = {Yakovleva, S. and Geursen, W,W, and Arnbak, A.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/MP_2020_164.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-06-09}, journal = {Tijdschrift Mededingingsrecht in de Praktijk}, number = {2}, pages = {30-37}, abstract = {Door de toename van datagebruik door ondernemingen is er sprake van convergentie tussen het mededingings-, consumenten- en gegevensbeschermingsrecht. Er kan dan parallelle handhaving plaatsvinden ten aanzien van \'{e}\'{e}n en dezelfde handeling door dezelfde onderneming door drie verschillende autoriteiten. Dat noemen wij caleidoscopische handhaving. Dat heeft volgens ons verschillende keerzijden, waaronder het risico op overhandhaving door drie afzonderlijke procedures van drie afzonderlijke autoriteiten en mogelijk drie boetes. Wij onderzoeken in dit artikel waarom het ne-bis-in-idem-beginsel niet van toepassing is en het beginsel van eendaadse samenloop evenmin (net als in de recente Marine Harvest gun-jumping zaak), waardoor proportionaliteit overblijft.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Door de toename van datagebruik door ondernemingen is er sprake van convergentie tussen het mededingings-, consumenten- en gegevensbeschermingsrecht. Er kan dan parallelle handhaving plaatsvinden ten aanzien van één en dezelfde handeling door dezelfde onderneming door drie verschillende autoriteiten. Dat noemen wij caleidoscopische handhaving. Dat heeft volgens ons verschillende keerzijden, waaronder het risico op overhandhaving door drie afzonderlijke procedures van drie afzonderlijke autoriteiten en mogelijk drie boetes. Wij onderzoeken in dit artikel waarom het ne-bis-in-idem-beginsel niet van toepassing is en het beginsel van eendaadse samenloop evenmin (net als in de recente Marine Harvest gun-jumping zaak), waardoor proportionaliteit overblijft.
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| Harkai, I., Katzenbach, C., Magalhães, J.C., Mezei, P., Quintais, J., Riis, T., Schwemer, S.
Webinar on Public and Regulatory Framework of Online Intermediaries 2020. @online{Quintais2020c,
title = {Webinar on Public and Regulatory Framework of Online Intermediaries}, author = {Quintais, J. and Mezei, P. and Harkai, I. and Katzenbach, C. and Magalh\~{a}es, J.C. and Schwemer, S. and Riis, T. }, url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9RccSMBSjE&t=5s https://www.recreating.eu/public-and-regulatory-framework-of-online-intermediaries-workshop/ https://zenodo.org/record/3833714#.XseaZGgzbIW}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-05-22}, abstract = {Recording of the reCreating Europe Online Workshop on Public and Private Regulatory Framework of Online Intermediaries organized on 5 May 2020. Slides and report of the event also available at the links below.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {online} } Recording of the reCreating Europe Online Workshop on Public and Private Regulatory Framework of Online Intermediaries organized on 5 May 2020.
Slides and report of the event also available at the links below. |
| Appelman, N., Fahy, R., Helberger, N., Leerssen, P., McGonagle, T., van Eijk, N., van Hoboken, J.
2020, (Rapport voor het ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, Amsterdam, december 2019). @techreport{vanHoboken2020b,
title = {Het juridisch kader voor de verspreiding van desinformatie via internetdiensten en de regulering van politieke advertenties}, author = {van Hoboken, J. and Appelman, N. and Fahy, R. and Leerssen, P. and McGonagle, T. and van Eijk, N. and Helberger, N.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Rapport_desinformatie_december2019.pdf https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Kamerbrief_desinformatie.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-05-14}, abstract = {Het onderzoek, uitgevoerd in opdracht van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, analyseert het juridisch kader van toepassing op de verspreiding van desinformatie via online diensten. Het rapport biedt een uitgebreid overzicht van de relevante Europese en Nederlandse normen en doet aanbevelingen voor de verbetering van dit juridisch kader. Het onderzoek bevat daarnaast ook een analyse van het relevant wettelijke kader in de V.S., het V.K, Frankrijk, Duitsland, Canada en Zweden. Het rapport maakt duidelijk hoe de vrijheid van meningsuiting als rode draad door het wettelijke kader loopt. Dit fundamentele recht vormt zowel de buitenste grens voor regulering als een basis voor nieuwe maatregelen, bijvoorbeeld voor de bescherming van pluralisme. Het wettelijk kader van toepassing op desinformatie blijkt zeer breed, bevat verschillende reguleringsniveaus, verschuift afhankelijk van de specifieke context en omvat vele al bestaande normen voor de regulering van specifieke typen desinformatie. Verder blijkt het toezicht op dit wettelijk kader vrij gefragmenteerd te zijn. Op basis van deze analyse komt het rapport tot aan aantal aanbevelingen. De aanbevelingen hebben onder andere betrekking op het gebruik van de term desinformatie als beleidsterm, het omgaan met de spanningen op de verschillende beleidsniveaus, de regulering van internettussenpersonen door middel van transparantie verplichtingen en de samenwerking tussen de verschillende toezichthouders. Voorafgaand aan deze eindrapportage is in eind 2019 het interim-rapport gepubliceerd. Dit rapport focuste op de relatie tussen desinformatie en online politieke advertenties. Beide studies zijn onderdeel van het onderzoeksproject ‘Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam’ dat zich buigt over vraagstukken gerelateerd aan kunstmatige intelligentie en publieke waarden, data governance, en online platforms. }, note = {Rapport voor het ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, Amsterdam, december 2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } Het onderzoek, uitgevoerd in opdracht van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, analyseert het juridisch kader van toepassing op de verspreiding van desinformatie via online diensten. Het rapport biedt een uitgebreid overzicht van de relevante Europese en Nederlandse normen en doet aanbevelingen voor de verbetering van dit juridisch kader. Het onderzoek bevat daarnaast ook een analyse van het relevant wettelijke kader in de V.S., het V.K, Frankrijk, Duitsland, Canada en Zweden.
Het rapport maakt duidelijk hoe de vrijheid van meningsuiting als rode draad door het wettelijke kader loopt. Dit fundamentele recht vormt zowel de buitenste grens voor regulering als een basis voor nieuwe maatregelen, bijvoorbeeld voor de bescherming van pluralisme. Het wettelijk kader van toepassing op desinformatie blijkt zeer breed, bevat verschillende reguleringsniveaus, verschuift afhankelijk van de specifieke context en omvat vele al bestaande normen voor de regulering van specifieke typen desinformatie. Verder blijkt het toezicht op dit wettelijk kader vrij gefragmenteerd te zijn. Op basis van deze analyse komt het rapport tot aan aantal aanbevelingen. De aanbevelingen hebben onder andere betrekking op het gebruik van de term desinformatie als beleidsterm, het omgaan met de spanningen op de verschillende beleidsniveaus, de regulering van internettussenpersonen door middel van transparantie verplichtingen en de samenwerking tussen de verschillende toezichthouders. Voorafgaand aan deze eindrapportage is in eind 2019 het interim-rapport gepubliceerd. Dit rapport focuste op de relatie tussen desinformatie en online politieke advertenties. Beide studies zijn onderdeel van het onderzoeksproject ‘Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam’ dat zich buigt over vraagstukken gerelateerd aan kunstmatige intelligentie en publieke waarden, data governance, en online platforms. |
| Appelman, N., Fahy, R., Helberger, N., Leerssen, P., McGonagle, T., van Eijk, N., van Hoboken, J.
2020, (A report for the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, Amsterdam, December 2019). @techreport{vanHoboken2020c,
title = {The legal framework on the dissemination of disinformation through Internet services and the regulation of political advertising}, author = {van Hoboken, J. and Appelman, N. and Fahy, R. and Leerssen, P. and McGonagle, T. and van Eijk, N. and Helberger, N.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Report_Disinformation_Dec2019-1.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-05-14}, abstract = {The study, commissioned by the Dutch government, focusses on the legal framework governing the dissemination of disinformation, in particular through Internet services. The study provides an extensive overview of relevant European and Dutch legal norms relating to the spread of online disinformation, and recommendations are given on how to improve this framework. Additionally, the study includes an analysis of the relevant legal framework in 6 different countries (U.K., U.S., France, Germany, Sweden and Canada). The report makes clear how the freedom of expression runs as a central theme through the legal framework, both forming the outer limit for possible regulation and a legal basis to create new regulation (e.g. protecting pluralism). The legal framework governing disinformation online is shown to be very broad, encompassing different levels of regulation, shifting depending on the context and already regulating many different types of disinformation. Further, oversight seems to be fragmented with many different supervisory authorities involved but limited cooperation. Based on this analysis, the report offers several recommendations, such as on the use of disinformation not as a legal term but a policy term, on negotiating the tensions on the different policy levels, on the regulation of internet intermediaries including transparency obligations and on increased cooperation between the relevant supervisory authorities. Previously, the interim report focussing on political advertising was published in late 2019. Both these studies have been carried out in the context of the research initiative on the Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam, focussing on questions related to AI and public values, data governance and online platforms.}, note = {A report for the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, Amsterdam, December 2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The study, commissioned by the Dutch government, focusses on the legal framework governing the dissemination of disinformation, in particular through Internet services. The study provides an extensive overview of relevant European and Dutch legal norms relating to the spread of online disinformation, and recommendations are given on how to improve this framework. Additionally, the study includes an analysis of the relevant legal framework in 6 different countries (U.K., U.S., France, Germany, Sweden and Canada).
The report makes clear how the freedom of expression runs as a central theme through the legal framework, both forming the outer limit for possible regulation and a legal basis to create new regulation (e.g. protecting pluralism). The legal framework governing disinformation online is shown to be very broad, encompassing different levels of regulation, shifting depending on the context and already regulating many different types of disinformation. Further, oversight seems to be fragmented with many different supervisory authorities involved but limited cooperation. Based on this analysis, the report offers several recommendations, such as on the use of disinformation not as a legal term but a policy term, on negotiating the tensions on the different policy levels, on the regulation of internet intermediaries including transparency obligations and on increased cooperation between the relevant supervisory authorities. Previously, the interim report focussing on political advertising was published in late 2019. Both these studies have been carried out in the context of the research initiative on the Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam, focussing on questions related to AI and public values, data governance and online platforms. |
| Senftleben, M.
2020, (Chapter in T. Mylly/J. Griffiths (eds.), The Transformation of Global Intellectual Property Protection, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2020, forthcoming.). @inbook{Senftleben2020b,
title = {From Flexible Balancing Tool to Quasi-Constitutional Straitjacket - How the EU Cultivates the Constraining Function of the Three-Step Test}, author = {Senftleben, M.}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3576019}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-04-16}, abstract = {In the international intellectual property (IP) arena, the so-called “three-step test” regulates the room for the adoption of limitations and exceptions (L&Es) to exclusive rights across different fields of IP. Given the openness of the individual test criteria, it is tempting for proponents of strong IP protection to strive for the fixation of the meaning of the three-step test at the constraining end of the spectrum of possible interpretations. As the three-step test lies at the core of legislative initiatives to balance exclusive rights and user freedoms, the cultivation of the test’s constraining function and the suppression of the test’s enabling function has the potential to transform the three-step test into a bulwark against limitations of IP protection. The EU is at the forefront of a constraining use and interpretation of the three-step test in the field of copyright law. The configuration of the legal framework in the EU is worrisome because it obliges judges to apply the three-step test as an additional control instrument. It is not sufficient that an individual use falls within the scope of a statutory copyright limitation that explicitly permits this type of use without prior authorization. In addition, judges applying the three-step test also examine whether the specific form of use at issue complies with each individual criterion of the three-step test. Hence, the test serves as an instrument to further restrict L&Es that have already been defined precisely in statutory law. Not surprisingly, decisions from courts in the EU have a tendency of shedding light on the constraining aspect of the three-step test and, therefore, reinforcing the hegemony of copyright holders in the IP arena. The hypothesis underlying the following examination, therefore, is that the EU approach to the three-step test is one-sided in the sense that it only demonstrates the potential of the test to set additional limits to L&Es. The analysis focuses on this transformation of a flexible international balancing tool into a powerful confirmation and fortification of IP protection. For this purpose, the two facets of the international three-step test \textendash its enabling and constraining function \textendash are explored before embarking on a discussion of case law that evolved under the one-sided EU approach. Analyzing repercussions on international lawmaking, it will become apparent that the EU approach already impacted the further development of international L&Es. Certain features of the Marrakesh Treaty clearly reflect the restrictive EU approach.}, In the international intellectual property (IP) arena, the so-called “three-step test” regulates the room for the adoption of limitations and exceptions (L&Es) to exclusive rights across different fields of IP. Given the openness of the individual test criteria, it is tempting for proponents of strong IP protection to strive for the fixation of the meaning of the three-step test at the constraining end of the spectrum of possible interpretations. As the three-step test lies at the core of legislative initiatives to balance exclusive rights and user freedoms, the cultivation of the test’s constraining function and the suppression of the test’s enabling function has the potential to transform the three-step test into a bulwark against limitations of IP protection.
The EU is at the forefront of a constraining use and interpretation of the three-step test in the field of copyright law. The configuration of the legal framework in the EU is worrisome because it obliges judges to apply the three-step test as an additional control instrument. It is not sufficient that an individual use falls within the scope of a statutory copyright limitation that explicitly permits this type of use without prior authorization. In addition, judges applying the three-step test also examine whether the specific form of use at issue complies with each individual criterion of the three-step test. Hence, the test serves as an instrument to further restrict L&Es that have already been defined precisely in statutory law. Not surprisingly, decisions from courts in the EU have a tendency of shedding light on the constraining aspect of the three-step test and, therefore, reinforcing the hegemony of copyright holders in the IP arena. The hypothesis underlying the following examination, therefore, is that the EU approach to the three-step test is one-sided in the sense that it only demonstrates the potential of the test to set additional limits to L&Es. The analysis focuses on this transformation of a flexible international balancing tool into a powerful confirmation and fortification of IP protection. For this purpose, the two facets of the international three-step test – its enabling and constraining function – are explored before embarking on a discussion of case law that evolved under the one-sided EU approach. Analyzing repercussions on international lawmaking, it will become apparent that the EU approach already impacted the further development of international L&Es. Certain features of the Marrakesh Treaty clearly reflect the restrictive EU approach. |
| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 5 november 2019 en Hoge Raad 3 december 2019 Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, (10), pp. 1368-1369, 2020. @article{Dommering2020d,
title = {Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 5 november 2019 en Hoge Raad 3 december 2019}, author = {Dommering, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_20120_72.pdf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-03-03}, journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie}, number = {10}, pages = {1368-1369}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Yakovleva, S.
Privacy Protection(ism): The Latest Wave of Trade Constraints on Regulatory Autonomy University of Miami Law Review, 74 (2), pp. 416-519, 2020. @article{Yakovleva2020,
title = {Privacy Protection(ism): The Latest Wave of Trade Constraints on Regulatory Autonomy}, author = {Yakovleva, S.}, url = {https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol74/iss2/5/}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-02-27}, journal = {University of Miami Law Review}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, pages = {416-519}, abstract = {Countries spend billions of dollars each year to strengthen their discursive power to shape international policy debates. They do so because in public policy conversations labels and narratives matter enormously. The “digital protectionism” label has been used in the last decade as a tool to gain the policy upper hand in digital trade policy debates about cross-border flows of personal and other data. Using the Foucauldian framework of discourse analysis, this Article brings a unique perspective on this topic. The Article makes two central arguments. First, the Article argues that the term “protectionism” is not endowed with an inherent meaning but is socially constructed by the power of discourse used in international negotiations, and in the interpretation and application of international trade policy and rules. In other words, there are as many definitions of “(digital) protectionism” as there are discourses. The U.S. and E.U. “digital trade” discourses illustrate this point. Using the same term, those trading partners advance utterly different discourses and agendas: an economic discourse with economic efficiency as the main benchmark (United States), and a more multidisciplinary discourse where both economic efficiency and protection of fundamental rights are equally important (European Union). Second, based on a detailed evaluation of the economic “digital trade” discourse, the Article contends that the coining of the term “digital protectionism” to refer to domestic information governance policies not yet fully covered by trade law disciplines is not a logical step to respond to objectively changing circumstances, but rather a product of that discourse, which is coming to dominate U.S.-led international trade negotiations. The Article demonstrates how this redefinition of “protectionism” has already resulted in the adoption of international trade rules in recent trade agreements further restricting domestic autonomy to protect the rights to privacy and the protection of personal data. The Article suggests that the distinction between privacy and personal data protection and protectionism is a moral question, not a question of economic efficiency. Therefore, when a policy conversation, such as the one on cross-border data flows, involves noneconomic spill-over effects to individual rights, such conversation should not be confined within the straightjacket of trade economics, but rather placed in a broader normative perspective. Finally, the Article argues that, in conducting recently restarted multilateral negotiations on electronic commerce at the World Trade Organization, countries should rethink the goals of international trade for the twenty-first century. Such goals should determine and define the discourse, not the other way around. The discussion should not be about what “protectionism” means but about how far domestic regimes are willing to let trade rules interfere in their autonomy to protect their societal, cultural, and political values.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Countries spend billions of dollars each year to strengthen their discursive power to shape international policy debates. They do so because in public policy conversations labels and narratives matter enormously. The “digital protectionism” label has been used in the last decade as a tool to gain the policy upper hand in digital trade policy debates about cross-border flows of personal and other data. Using the Foucauldian framework of discourse analysis, this Article brings a unique perspective on this topic. The Article makes two central arguments. First, the Article argues that the term “protectionism” is not endowed with an inherent meaning but is socially constructed by the power of discourse used in international negotiations, and in the interpretation and application of international trade policy and rules. In other words, there are as many definitions of “(digital) protectionism” as there are discourses. The U.S. and E.U. “digital trade” discourses illustrate this point. Using the same term, those trading partners advance utterly different discourses and agendas: an economic discourse with economic efficiency as the main benchmark (United States), and a more multidisciplinary discourse where both economic efficiency and protection of fundamental rights are equally important (European Union). Second, based on a detailed evaluation of the economic “digital trade” discourse, the Article contends that the coining of the term “digital protectionism” to refer to domestic information governance policies not yet fully covered by trade law disciplines is not a logical step to respond to objectively changing circumstances, but rather a product of that discourse, which is coming to dominate U.S.-led international trade negotiations. The Article demonstrates how this redefinition of “protectionism” has already resulted in the adoption of international trade rules in recent trade agreements further restricting domestic autonomy to protect the rights to privacy and the protection of personal data. The Article suggests that the distinction between privacy and personal data protection and protectionism is a moral question, not a question of economic efficiency. Therefore, when a policy conversation, such as the one on cross-border data flows, involves noneconomic spill-over effects to individual rights, such conversation should not be confined within the straightjacket of trade economics, but rather placed in a broader normative perspective. Finally, the Article argues that, in conducting recently restarted multilateral negotiations on electronic commerce at the World Trade Organization, countries should rethink the goals of international trade for the twenty-first century. Such goals should determine and define the discourse, not the other way around. The discussion should not be about what “protectionism” means but about how far domestic regimes are willing to let trade rules interfere in their autonomy to protect their societal, cultural, and political values.
|
| McGonagle, T.
The Council of Europe and Internet Intermediaries: A Case Study of Tentative Posturing Chapter in: Human Rights in the Age of Platforms, ed. R.F. Jørgensen, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2019., pp. 227-253, 2020, ISBN: 9780262039055. @inbook{McGonagle2020b,
title = {The Council of Europe and Internet Intermediaries: A Case Study of Tentative Posturing}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/CoE_and_internet_intermediaries.pdf https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/human-rights-age-platforms}, isbn = {9780262039055}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-02-07}, booktitle = {Chapter in: Human Rights in the Age of Platforms, ed. R.F. J\orgensen, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2019.}, pages = {227-253}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } |
| Dobber, T., Fahy, R., Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.
The regulation of online political micro-targeting in Europe Internet Policy Review, 8 (4), 2020. @article{Dobber2020,
title = {The regulation of online political micro-targeting in Europe}, author = {Dobber, T. and Fahy, R. and Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/regulation-online-political-micro-targeting-europe}, doi = {10.14763/2019.4.1440}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-01-16}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, abstract = {In this paper, we examine how online political micro-targeting is regulated in Europe. While there are no specific rules on such micro-targeting, there are general rules that apply. We focus on three fields of law: data protection law, freedom of expression, and sector-specific rules for political advertising; for the latter we examine four countries. We argue that the rules in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are necessary, but not sufficient. We show that political advertising, including online political micro-targeting, is protected by the right to freedom of expression. That right is not absolute, however. From a European human rights perspective, it is possible for lawmakers to limit the possibilities for political advertising. Indeed, some countries ban TV advertising for political parties during elections.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In this paper, we examine how online political micro-targeting is regulated in Europe. While there are no specific rules on such micro-targeting, there are general rules that apply. We focus on three fields of law: data protection law, freedom of expression, and sector-specific rules for political advertising; for the latter we examine four countries. We argue that the rules in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are necessary, but not sufficient. We show that political advertising, including online political micro-targeting, is protected by the right to freedom of expression. That right is not absolute, however. From a European human rights perspective, it is possible for lawmakers to limit the possibilities for political advertising. Indeed, some countries ban TV advertising for political parties during elections.
|
| Fahy, R., van Hoboken, J.
European Regulation of Smartphone Ecosystems European Data Protection Law Review (EDPL), 5 (4), pp. 476-491, 2019. @article{Fahy2019eb,
title = {European Regulation of Smartphone Ecosystems}, author = {Fahy, R. and van Hoboken, J.}, url = {https://edpl.lexxion.eu/article/EDPL/2019/4/6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.21552/edpl/2019/4/6}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-12-13}, journal = {European Data Protection Law Review (EDPL)}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {476-491}, abstract = {For the first time, two pieces of EU legislation will specifically target smartphone ecosystems in relation to smartphone and mobile software (eg, iOS and Android) privacy, and use and monetisation of data. And yet, both pieces of legislation approach data use and data monetisation from radically contrasting perspectives. The first is the proposed ePrivacy Regulation, which seeks to provide enhanced protection against user data monitoring and tracking in smartphones, and safeguard privacy in electronic communications. On the other hand, the recently enacted Platform-to-Business Regulation 2019, seeks to bring fairness to platform-business user relations (including app stores and app developers), and is crucially built upon the premise that the ability to access and use data, including personal data, can enable important value creation in the online platform economy. This article discusses how these two Regulations will apply to smartphone ecosystems, especially relating to user and device privacy. The article analyses the potential tension points between the two sets of rules, which result from the underlying policy objectives of safeguarding privacy in electronic communications and the functioning of the digital economy in the emerging era of platform governance. The article concludes with a discussion on how to address these issues, at the intersection of privacy and competition in the digital platform economy.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } For the first time, two pieces of EU legislation will specifically target smartphone ecosystems in relation to smartphone and mobile software (eg, iOS and Android) privacy, and use and monetisation of data. And yet, both pieces of legislation approach data use and data monetisation from radically contrasting perspectives. The first is the proposed ePrivacy Regulation, which seeks to provide enhanced protection against user data monitoring and tracking in smartphones, and safeguard privacy in electronic communications. On the other hand, the recently enacted Platform-to-Business Regulation 2019, seeks to bring fairness to platform-business user relations (including app stores and app developers), and is crucially built upon the premise that the ability to access and use data, including personal data, can enable important value creation in the online platform economy. This article discusses how these two Regulations will apply to smartphone ecosystems, especially relating to user and device privacy. The article analyses the potential tension points between the two sets of rules, which result from the underlying policy objectives of safeguarding privacy in electronic communications and the functioning of the digital economy in the emerging era of platform governance. The article concludes with a discussion on how to address these issues, at the intersection of privacy and competition in the digital platform economy.
|
| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 24 september 2019 (Google / Frankrijk) Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, (48/49), pp. 7182-7185, 2019. @article{Dommering2019h,
title = {Annotatie bij Hof van Justitie EU 24 september 2019 (Google / Frankrijk)}, author = {Dommering, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_2019_434.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-12-10}, journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie}, number = {48/49}, pages = {7182-7185}, abstract = {Verantwoordelijkheid zoekmachine bij het produceren van zoekresultaat met gegevens over strafrechtelijke veroordeling.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Verantwoordelijkheid zoekmachine bij het produceren van zoekresultaat met gegevens over strafrechtelijke veroordeling.
|
| Appelman, N., Fahy, R., Helberger, N., Leerssen, P., McGonagle, T., van Eijk, N., van Hoboken, J.
De verspreiding van desinformatie via internetdiensten en de regulering van politieke advertenties 2019, (Tussenrapportage oktober 2019). @techreport{vanHoboken2019c,
title = {De verspreiding van desinformatie via internetdiensten en de regulering van politieke advertenties}, author = {van Hoboken, J. and Appelman, N. and Fahy, R. and Leerssen, P. and McGonagle, T. and van Eijk, N. and Helberger, N.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/verspreiding_desinformatie_internetdiensten_tussenrapportage.pdf}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-10-31}, abstract = {Rapport in opdracht van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, bijlage bij Kamerstuk 2019-2020, 30821, nr. 91, Tweede Kamer.}, note = {Tussenrapportage oktober 2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } Rapport in opdracht van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, bijlage bij Kamerstuk 2019-2020, 30821, nr. 91, Tweede Kamer.
|
| Drunen, M. van, Helberger, N., Leerssen, P.
Germany proposes Europe's first diversity rules for social media platforms LSE Media Policy Project Blog, 2019 , 2019. @article{Helberger2019,
title = {Germany proposes Europe's first diversity rules for social media platforms}, author = {Helberger, N. and Leerssen, P. and Drunen, M. van}, url = {https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mediapolicyproject/2019/05/29/germany-proposes-europes-first-diversity-rules-for-social-media-platforms/}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-06-06}, journal = {LSE Media Policy Project Blog}, volume = {2019}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Coche, E.
Heks'nkaas or the "Fifty Shades of Taste" Explained by the CJEU through EU Copyright Law European Intellectual Property Review, 2019 (3), pp. 173-180, 2019. @article{Coche2019b,
title = {Heks'nkaas or the "Fifty Shades of Taste" Explained by the CJEU through EU Copyright Law}, author = {Coche, E.}, url = {http://uba-sfx.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/uva-linker?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info:sid/sfxit.com:azlist&sfx.ignore_date_threshold=1&rft.object_id=110978977740233&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off;}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-03-12}, journal = {European Intellectual Property Review}, volume = {2019}, number = {3}, pages = {173-180}, abstract = {If the CJEU were to grant a prize to the 2018 most "original" copyright dispute, Levola Hengola v Smilde Foods (C-310/17) (the Heks’nkaas case) would undoubtedly stand among the nominees. The main reason why this case hit the spotlight is most probably because it touched upon the fundamentals of EU copyright law, namely its protectable subject-matter. Intriguingly, the complexities of copyright were unveiled by the following question: "Does Union law preclude the taste of food\textemdashas the author’s own intellectual creation\textemdashfrom being protected by copyright?" Notwithstanding the court’s dissenting answer, which clarified the scope of EU copyright law, it is of paramount importance to also discuss and unravel the ruling’s preceding procedure, including the Opinion by the Advocate General, as it shed light on the many existing controversies within copyright law.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } If the CJEU were to grant a prize to the 2018 most "original" copyright dispute, Levola Hengola v Smilde Foods (C-310/17) (the Heks’nkaas case) would undoubtedly stand among the nominees. The main reason why this case hit the spotlight is most probably because it touched upon the fundamentals of EU copyright law, namely its protectable subject-matter. Intriguingly, the complexities of copyright were unveiled by the following question: "Does Union law preclude the taste of food—as the author’s own intellectual creation—from being protected by copyright?" Notwithstanding the court’s dissenting answer, which clarified the scope of EU copyright law, it is of paramount importance to also discuss and unravel the ruling’s preceding procedure, including the Opinion by the Advocate General, as it shed light on the many existing controversies within copyright law.
|
| Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.
Discrimination, artificial intelligence, and algorithmic decision-making , 2019. @techreport{Borgesius2019,
title = {Discrimination, artificial intelligence, and algorithmic decision-making}, author = {Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.}, url = {https://rm.coe.int/discrimination-artificial-intelligence-and-algorithmic-decision-making/1680925d73}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-02-08}, volume = {2019}, abstract = {This report, written for the Anti-discrimination department of the Council of Europe, concerns discrimination caused by algorithmic decision-making and other types of artificial intelligence (AI). AI advances important goals, such as efficiency, health and economic growth but it can also have discriminatory effects, for instance when AI systems learn from biased human decisions. In the public and the private sector, organisations can take AI-driven decisions with farreaching effects for people. Public sector bodies can use AI for predictive policing for example, or for making decisions on eligibility for pension payments, housing assistance or unemployment benefits. In the private sector, AI can be used to select job applicants, and banks can use AI to decide whether to grant individual consumers credit and set interest rates for them. Moreover, many small decisions, taken together, can have large effects. By way of illustration, AI-driven price discrimination could lead to certain groups in society consistently paying more. The most relevant legal tools to mitigate the risks of AI-driven discrimination are nondiscrimination law and data protection law. If effectively enforced, both these legal tools could help to fight illegal discrimination. Council of Europe member States, human rights monitoring bodies, such as the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, and Equality Bodies should aim for better enforcement of current nondiscrimination norms. But AI also opens the way for new types of unfair differentiation (some might say discrimination) that escape current laws. Most non-discrimination statutes apply only to discrimination on the basis of protected characteristics, such as skin colour. Such statutes do not apply if an AI system invents new classes, which do not correlate with protected characteristics, to differentiate between people. Such differentiation could still be unfair, however, for instance when it reinforces social inequality. We probably need additional regulation to protect fairness and human rights in the area of AI. But regulating AI in general is not the right approach, as the use of AI systems is too varied for one set of rules. In different sectors, different values are at stake, and different problems arise. Therefore, sector-specific rules should be considered. More research and debate are needed. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } This report, written for the Anti-discrimination department of the Council of Europe, concerns discrimination caused by algorithmic decision-making and other types of artificial intelligence (AI). AI advances important goals, such as efficiency, health and economic growth but it can also have discriminatory effects, for instance when AI systems learn from biased human decisions. In the public and the private sector, organisations can take AI-driven decisions with farreaching effects for people. Public sector bodies can use AI for predictive policing for example, or for making decisions on eligibility for pension payments, housing assistance or unemployment benefits. In the private sector, AI can be used to select job applicants, and banks can use AI to decide whether to grant individual consumers
credit and set interest rates for them. Moreover, many small decisions, taken together, can have large effects. By way of illustration, AI-driven price discrimination could lead to certain groups in society consistently paying more. The most relevant legal tools to mitigate the risks of AI-driven discrimination are nondiscrimination law and data protection law. If effectively enforced, both these legal tools could help to fight illegal discrimination. Council of Europe member States, human rights monitoring bodies, such as the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, and Equality Bodies should aim for better enforcement of current nondiscrimination norms. But AI also opens the way for new types of unfair differentiation (some might say discrimination) that escape current laws. Most non-discrimination statutes apply only to discrimination on the basis of protected characteristics, such as skin colour. Such statutes do not apply if an AI system invents new classes, which do not correlate with protected characteristics, to differentiate between people. Such differentiation could still be unfair, however, for instance when it reinforces social inequality. We probably need additional regulation to protect fairness and human rights in the area of AI. But regulating AI in general is not the right approach, as the use of AI systems is too varied for one set of rules. In different sectors, different values are at stake, and different problems arise. Therefore, sector-specific rules should be considered. More research and debate are needed. |
| van Daalen, O.
Het privacy-argument tegen de Dopamine Machine Privacy & Informatierecht, 2018 (2), pp. 39-41, 2018. @article{vanDaalen2018b,
title = {Het privacy-argument tegen de Dopamine Machine}, author = {van Daalen, O.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/PrivacyInformatie_2018_2.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-10-12}, journal = {Privacy & Informatierecht}, volume = {2018}, number = {2}, pages = {39-41}, abstract = {De kinderen van Apple-baas Steve Jobs mochten geen iPad gebruiken. 1 Maar Jobs was niet de enige. Veel techies in Silicon Valley zijn zich bewust van de verslavende effecten van IT \textendash ze hebben de producten namelijk zelf ontwikkeld. En nu steeds meer spijtoptanten oproepen tot regulering van onlinediensten zoals Facebook, vraag ik me af: welke rol kan het privacyrecht daarbij spelen?}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } De kinderen van Apple-baas Steve Jobs mochten geen iPad gebruiken. 1 Maar Jobs was niet de enige. Veel techies in Silicon Valley zijn zich bewust van de verslavende effecten van IT – ze hebben de producten namelijk zelf ontwikkeld. En nu steeds meer spijtoptanten oproepen tot regulering van onlinediensten zoals Facebook, vraag ik me af: welke rol kan het privacyrecht daarbij spelen?
|
| Ryngaert, C.M.J., van Eijk, N.
Expert Opinion: Legal basis for multilateral exchange of information 2018. @techreport{vanEijk2018f,
title = {Expert Opinion: Legal basis for multilateral exchange of information}, author = {van Eijk, N. and Ryngaert, C.M.J.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Expert_opinion_CTIVD.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-05-03}, abstract = {Appendix IV to CTIVD report no. 56 to the review report on the multilateral exchange of data on (alleged) jihadists by the AIVD}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } Appendix IV to CTIVD report no. 56 to the review report on the multilateral exchange of data on (alleged) jihadists by the AIVD
|
| Ryngaert, C.M.J., van Eijk, N.
Deskundigenbericht: Juridische grondslag multilaterale informatie-uitwisseling 2018 , 2018, (Bijlage IV bij CTIVD rapport nr. 56 over de multilaterale gegevensuitwisseling door de AIVD over (vermeende) jihadisten. Zie ook: https://www.ctivd.nl/actueel/nieuws/2018/03/28/index.). @article{vanEijk2018e,
title = {Deskundigenbericht: Juridische grondslag multilaterale informatie-uitwisseling}, author = {van Eijk, N. and Ryngaert, C.M.J.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Deskundigenbericht.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-04-03}, volume = {2018}, note = {Bijlage IV bij CTIVD rapport nr. 56 over de multilaterale gegevensuitwisseling door de AIVD over (vermeende) jihadisten. Zie ook: https://www.ctivd.nl/actueel/nieuws/2018/03/28/index.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Eijkman, Q., van Eijk, N.
Enkele kanttekeningen bij de Wiv 2017: De uitbreiding van bevoegdheden getoetst aan mensenrechten Justitiële Verkenningen, 2018 (1), pp. 99-113, 2018. @article{vanEijk2018d,
title = {Enkele kanttekeningen bij de Wiv 2017: De uitbreiding van bevoegdheden getoetst aan mensenrechten}, author = {van Eijk, N. and Eijkman, Q.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/JV_2018_1.pdf}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-03-20}, journal = {Justiti\"{e}le Verkenningen}, volume = {2018}, number = {1}, pages = {99-113}, abstract = {Wij presenteren in dit artikel een aantal kanttekeningen bij de Wiv 2017. Dit doen wij door een aantal relevante in Nederland en in de Europese Unie verschenen overkoepelende studies over grondrechten te bespreken. Deze kanttekeningen zijn deels gebaseerd op normatieve uitgangspunten en aanbevelingen uit deze studies, deels ontleend aan nog lopend onderzoek. Gezien de aard en omvang van dit artikel is een selectie gemaakt en beperkt de analyse zich tot het schetsen van de belangrijkste dilemma’s.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Wij presenteren in dit artikel een aantal kanttekeningen bij de Wiv 2017. Dit doen wij door een aantal relevante in Nederland en in de Europese Unie verschenen overkoepelende studies over grondrechten te bespreken. Deze kanttekeningen zijn deels gebaseerd op normatieve uitgangspunten en aanbevelingen uit deze studies, deels ontleend aan nog lopend onderzoek. Gezien de aard en omvang van dit artikel is een selectie gemaakt en beperkt de
analyse zich tot het schetsen van de belangrijkste dilemma’s. |
| Bodó, B., Helberger, N., Vreese, C.H. de
Political micro-targeting: a Manchurian candidate or just a dark horse? Internet Policy Review, 2017 (4), 2018. @article{Bod\'{o}2018,
title = {Political micro-targeting: a Manchurian candidate or just a dark horse?}, author = {Bod\'{o}, B. and Helberger, N. and Vreese, C.H. de}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/political-micro-targeting-manchurian-candidate-or-just-dark-horse}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-01-19}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, volume = {2017}, number = {4}, abstract = {Political micro-targeting (PMT) has become a popular topic both in academia and in the public discussions after the surprise results of the 2016 US presidential election, the UK vote on leaving the European Union, and a number of general elections in Europe in 2017. Yet, we still know little about whether PMT is a tool with such destructive potential that it requires close societal control, or if it’s “just” a new phenomenon with currently unknown capacities, but which can ultimately be incorporated into our political processes. In this article we identify the points where we think we need to further develop our analytical capacities around PMT. We argue that we need to decouple research from the US context, and through more non-US and comparative research we need to develop a better understanding of the macro, meso, and micro level factors that affect the adoption and success of PMTs across different countries. One of the most under-researched macro-level factors is law. We argue that PMT research must develop a better understanding of law, especially in Europe, where the regulatory frameworks around platforms, personal data, political and commercial speech do shape the use and effectiveness of PMT. We point out that the incorporation of such new factors calls for the sophistication of research designs, which currently rely too much on qualitative methods, and use too little of the data that exists on PMT. And finally, we call for distancing PMT research from the hype surrounding the new PMT capabilities, and the moral panics that quickly develop around its uses.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Political micro-targeting (PMT) has become a popular topic both in academia and in the public discussions after the surprise results of the 2016 US presidential election, the UK vote on leaving the European Union, and a number of general elections in Europe in 2017. Yet, we still know little about whether PMT is a tool with such destructive potential that it requires close societal control, or if it’s “just” a new phenomenon with currently unknown capacities, but which can ultimately be incorporated into our political processes. In this article we identify the points where we think we need to further develop our analytical capacities around PMT. We argue that we need to decouple research from the US context, and through more non-US and comparative research we need to develop a better understanding of the macro, meso, and micro level factors that affect the adoption and success of PMTs across different countries. One of the most under-researched macro-level factors is law. We argue that PMT research must develop a better understanding of law, especially in Europe, where the regulatory frameworks around platforms, personal data, political and commercial speech do shape the use and effectiveness of PMT. We point out that the incorporation of such new factors calls for the sophistication of research designs, which currently rely too much on qualitative methods, and use too little of the data that exists on PMT. And finally, we call for distancing PMT research from the hype surrounding the new PMT capabilities, and the moral panics that quickly develop around its uses.
|
| McGonagle, T.
“Fake news”: False fears or real concerns? Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 35 (4), pp. 203-209, 2017. @article{McGonagle2017h,
title = {“Fake news”: False fears or real concerns?}, author = {McGonagle, T.}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0924051917738685}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0924051917738685}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-12-05}, journal = {Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {203-209}, abstract = {‘‘Fake news’’ has become a much-used and much-hyped term in the so-called ‘‘post-truth’’ era that we now live in. It is also much-maligned: it is often blamed for having a disruptive impact on the outcomes of elections and referenda and for skewing democratic public debate, with the 2016 US Presidential elections and Brexit referendum often cited as examples. ‘‘Fake news’’ has also been flagged for fuelling propaganda and ‘‘hate speech’’ and even violence. ‘‘Pizzagate’’ is an infamous example of exceptional circumstances in which a false news story had a central role in a shooting incident. In December 2016, a man in Washington D.C. took it upon himself to ‘‘self-investigate’’ a story (a completely unfounded conspiracy theory) that the Hillary Clinton campaign team was running a paedophile ring from the premises of a pizzeria. Shots were fired and he was arrested and charged with assault and related offences. Given all this bad press, it is perhaps little wonder that ‘‘fake news’’ has become a major preoccupation for international organisations, national law- and policy-makers, the media and media actors, civil society and academia. But what exactly is ‘‘fake news’’ and what is all the fuss about? In addressing these questions, this column will also consider historical and contemporary perspectives on the term and its relationship with human rights.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } ‘‘Fake news’’ has become a much-used and much-hyped term in the so-called ‘‘post-truth’’ era that we now live in. It is also much-maligned: it is often blamed for having a disruptive impact on the outcomes of elections and referenda and for skewing democratic public debate, with the 2016 US Presidential elections and Brexit referendum often cited as examples. ‘‘Fake news’’ has also been flagged for fuelling propaganda and ‘‘hate speech’’ and even violence. ‘‘Pizzagate’’ is an infamous example of exceptional circumstances in which a false news story had a central role in a shooting incident. In December 2016, a man in Washington D.C. took it upon himself to ‘‘self-investigate’’
a story (a completely unfounded conspiracy theory) that the Hillary Clinton campaign team was running a paedophile ring from the premises of a pizzeria. Shots were fired and he was arrested and charged with assault and related offences. Given all this bad press, it is perhaps little wonder that ‘‘fake news’’ has become a major preoccupation for international organisations, national law- and policy-makers, the media and media actors, civil society and academia. But what exactly is ‘‘fake news’’ and what is all the fuss about? In addressing these questions, this column will also consider historical and contemporary perspectives on the term and its relationship with human rights. |
| Dommering, E.
De Hoge Raad en Mein Kampf: Over een veranderde maar ongewisse koers 2017, (In: Verandering van Koers, H.A. Groen c.s. red., Uitgeverij Datawyse 2017, ISBN 9789462957404, p. 13-20.). @article{Dommering2017b,
title = {De Hoge Raad en Mein Kampf: Over een veranderde maar ongewisse koers}, author = {Dommering, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/De-Hoge-Raad-en-Mein-Kampf.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-11-16}, note = {In: Verandering van Koers, H.A. Groen c.s. red., Uitgeverij Datawyse 2017, ISBN 9789462957404, p. 13-20.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Irion, K., Ledger, M., Svensson, S.
2017. @misc{Irion2017d,
title = {The independence and functioning of the regulatory authority for electronic media in Serbia, Study commissioned by the Council of Europe, Amsterdam/Brussels/Budapest/Belgrade, 2017.}, author = {Irion, K. and Ledger, M. and Svensson, S.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/rem-report-indiregmethodology-nov17-final-3/}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-10-16}, abstract = {This study carries out an independent assessment of the Regulatory Authority for Electronic Media (REM) of Serbia. The scope of the study is to apply the INDIREG methodology to the REM and provide contextual interpretation of the results with policy recommendations. This study has been commissioned by the Council of Europe, on the request of REM, in the framework of the Project “Reinforcing Judicial Expertise on Freedom of Expression and the Media in South-East Europe (JUFREX)”. REM, seated in Belgrade, is caught and operates in a challenging context: media markets in Serbia are highly saturated and government grants are awarded to selective private media. There is low upfront compliance with programme and advertisements rules as well as an overall squeeze on quality content and the accountability function of the media. Lacking the optimal support of the parliament and being sidelined by the Ministry on Culture and Information can damage the effective functioning of the independent regulator. REM in this situation appears to retreat to overly formalistic (law-abiding) activities without necessarily being effective in regulating the Serbian electronic and audiovisual media. Many stakeholders from the media sector do not perceive of REM as an authority pointing to a lack of enforcement or the deflection of responsibility which has undermined its public credibility. The study concludes with a set of recommendation how to address these challenges.}, This study carries out an independent assessment of the Regulatory Authority for Electronic Media (REM) of Serbia. The scope of the study is to apply the INDIREG methodology to the REM and provide contextual interpretation of the results with policy recommendations. This study has been commissioned by the Council of Europe, on the request of REM, in the framework of the Project “Reinforcing Judicial Expertise on Freedom of Expression and the Media in South-East Europe (JUFREX)”.
REM, seated in Belgrade, is caught and operates in a challenging context: media markets in Serbia are highly saturated and government grants are awarded to selective private media. There is low upfront compliance with programme and advertisements rules as well as an overall squeeze on quality content and the accountability function of the media. Lacking the optimal support of the parliament and being sidelined by the Ministry on Culture and Information can damage the effective functioning of the independent regulator. REM in this situation appears to retreat to overly formalistic (law-abiding) activities without necessarily being effective in regulating the Serbian electronic and audiovisual media. Many stakeholders from the media sector do not perceive of REM as an authority pointing to a lack of enforcement or the deflection of responsibility which has undermined its public credibility. The study concludes with a set of recommendation how to address these challenges. |
| Fahy, R.
The Chilling Effect of Liability for Online Reader Comments European Human Rights Law Review, 2017 (4), pp. 387-393, 2017. @article{Fahy2017b,
title = {The Chilling Effect of Liability for Online Reader Comments}, author = {Fahy, R.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/EHRLR_2017_4.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-08-24}, journal = {European Human Rights Law Review}, volume = {2017}, number = {4}, pages = {387-393}, abstract = {This article assesses how the European Court of Human Rights has responded to the argument that holding online news media liable for reader comments has a chilling effect on freedom of expression. The article demonstrates how the Court first responded by dismissing the argument, and focused on the apparent lack of evidence for any such chilling effect. The article then argues that the Court has moved away from its initial rejection, and now accepts that a potential chilling effect, even without evidence, is integral to deciding whether online news media should be liable for reader comments. Finally, the article argues that this latter view is consistent with the Court’s precedent in other areas of freedom of expression law where a similar chilling effect may also arise.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This article assesses how the European Court of Human Rights has responded to the argument that holding online news media liable for reader comments has a chilling effect on freedom of expression. The article demonstrates how the Court first responded by dismissing the argument, and focused on the apparent lack of evidence for any such chilling effect. The article then argues that the Court has moved away from its initial rejection, and now accepts that a potential chilling effect, even without evidence, is integral to deciding whether online news media should be liable for reader comments. Finally, the article argues that this latter view is consistent with the Court’s precedent in other areas of
freedom of expression law where a similar chilling effect may also arise. |
| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 14 februari 2017 (Mein Kampf) Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, 2017 (28), pp. 4119-4121, 2017. @article{Dommering2017b,
title = {Annotatie bij Hoge Raad 14 februari 2017 (Mein Kampf)}, author = {Dommering, E.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_2017_259.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-07-18}, journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie}, volume = {2017}, number = {28}, pages = {4119-4121}, abstract = {Verspreiding antiquarisch exemplaar Mein Kampf valt wel onder 137e 2e Sr, maar is niet strafbaar omdat de beperking in strijd komt met artikel 10 EVRM.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Verspreiding antiquarisch exemplaar Mein Kampf valt wel onder 137e 2e Sr, maar is niet strafbaar omdat de beperking in strijd komt met artikel 10 EVRM.
|
| Bosch, B.F.E., van Eijk, N.
Wifi-tracking in de winkel(straat): inbreuk op de privacy? Privacy & Informatie, (6), pp. 238-246, 2016. @article{Bosch2016,
title = {Wifi-tracking in de winkel(straat): inbreuk op de privacy?}, author = {Bosch, B.F.E. and van Eijk, N.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/PrivacyInformatie_2016_6.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-20}, journal = {Privacy & Informatie}, number = {6}, pages = {238-246}, abstract = {Tegenwoordig wordt de consument op steeds grotere schaal gevolgd via de wifi-signalen die smartphones uitzenden. Inzicht in hoe consumenten zich gedragen in een winkel levert commerci\"{e}le voordelen op voor de winkeliers, maar ook risico's voor de persoonlijke levenssfeer. Onder de Wet bescherming persoonsgegevens is gegevensverwerking via wifi-tracking toegestaan, mits wordt voldaan aan de strenge eisen die de wet stelt. Ter vergelijking wordt gekeken naar de regulering van wifi-tracking in de Verenigde Staten.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Tegenwoordig wordt de consument op steeds grotere schaal gevolgd via de wifi-signalen die smartphones uitzenden. Inzicht in hoe consumenten zich gedragen in een winkel levert commerciële voordelen op voor de winkeliers, maar ook risico's voor de persoonlijke levenssfeer. Onder de Wet bescherming persoonsgegevens is gegevensverwerking via wifi-tracking toegestaan, mits wordt voldaan aan de strenge eisen die de wet stelt. Ter vergelijking wordt gekeken naar de regulering van wifi-tracking in de Verenigde Staten.
|
| Schulz, W., van Hoboken, J.
2016, ISBN: 9789231001857. @techreport{Schulz2016,
title = {Human rights and encryption}, author = {Schulz, W. and van Hoboken, J. }, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/human_rights_and_encryption.pdf}, isbn = {9789231001857}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-01}, pages = {83 pp.}, publisher = {UNESCO Publishing}, series = {UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom}, abstract = {The study provides an overview of encryption technologies and their impact on human rights. It analyzes in-depth the role of encryption in the media and communications landscape, and the impact on different services, entities and end users. It highlights good practices and examines the legal environment surrounding encryption as well as various case studies of encryption policies. Built on this exploration and analysis, the research provides recommendations on encryption policy that are useful for various stakeholders. These include signaling the need to counter the lack of gender sensitivity in the current debate, and also highlighting ideas for enhancing “encryption literacy”.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } The study provides an overview of encryption technologies and their impact on human rights. It analyzes in-depth the role of encryption in the media and communications landscape, and the impact on different services, entities and end users. It highlights good practices and examines the legal environment surrounding encryption as well as various case studies of encryption policies. Built on this exploration and analysis, the research provides recommendations on encryption policy that are useful for various stakeholders. These include signaling the need to counter the lack of gender sensitivity in the current debate, and also highlighting ideas for enhancing “encryption literacy”.
|
| van der Sloot, B.
Annotatie bij EHRM 19 januari 2016 (Kalda / Estland) 2016. @misc{,
title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 19 januari 2016 (Kalda / Estland)}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1810}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-07-14}, journal = {European Human Rights Cases}, number = {6}, abstract = { De zaak Kalda t. Estland betreft het recht op gedeeltelijke toegang tot het internet van een levenslang gestrafte gevangene. Het gaat hierbij met name om een drietal websites die toegang bieden tot wetgeving, juridische informatie en uitspraken (en vertalingen daarvan) van rechterlijke instanties. Het EHRM stelt in deze zaak dat een dergelijk recht inderdaad wordt beschermd door art. 10 EVRM. Alhoewel de beperking van dit recht in casu is voorgeschreven bij wet en een legitiem doel dient, acht het Hof deze niet noodzakelijk in een democratische samenleving. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
De zaak Kalda t. Estland betreft het recht op gedeeltelijke toegang tot het internet van een levenslang gestrafte gevangene. Het gaat hierbij met name om een drietal websites die toegang bieden tot wetgeving, juridische informatie en uitspraken (en vertalingen daarvan) van rechterlijke instanties. Het EHRM stelt in deze zaak dat een dergelijk recht inderdaad wordt beschermd door art. 10 EVRM. Alhoewel de beperking van dit recht in casu is voorgeschreven bij wet en een legitiem doel dient, acht het Hof deze niet noodzakelijk in een democratische samenleving.
|
| van der Sloot, B.
Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, (3), pp. 439-459., 2016. @article{vanderSloot2016,
title = {The Practical and Theoretical Problems with 'Balancing': Delfi, Coty and the Redundancy of the Human Rights Framework}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1811}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-07-14}, journal = {Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law}, number = {3}, pages = {439-459.}, abstract = {In the realm of privacy and data protection \textendash as in the fundamental rights framework in general \textendash balancing has become the standard approach for dealing with legal disputes. It comes, however, with a number of practical and theoretical problems. Th is article analyses those problems and compares the method of balancing with the original approach of most human rights frameworks, such as the European Convention on Human Rights. It does so by analysing two cases in detail: the European Court of Human Right’s case Delfi v. Estonia and the Court of Justice of the EU’s judgment Coty v. Stadtsparkasse. From this analysis, it follows that the concept of balancing signals a shift away from the deontological and towards a utilitarian understanding of fundamental rights. Th is is not only of theoretical importance, as it could also mean that in time, human rights frameworks as such might become redundant. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In the realm of privacy and data protection – as in the fundamental rights framework in general – balancing has become the standard approach for dealing with legal disputes. It comes, however, with a number of practical and theoretical problems. Th is article analyses those problems and compares the method of balancing with the original approach of most human rights frameworks, such as the European Convention on Human Rights. It does so by analysing two cases in detail: the European Court of Human Right’s case Delfi v. Estonia and the Court of Justice of the EU’s judgment Coty v. Stadtsparkasse. From this analysis, it follows that the concept of balancing signals a shift away from the deontological and towards a utilitarian understanding of fundamental rights. Th is is not only of theoretical importance, as it could also mean that in time, human rights frameworks as such might become redundant.
|
| Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij EHRM 11 maart 2014 (Jelsevar e.a./ Slovenië) 2016. @misc{,
title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 11 maart 2014 (Jelsevar e.a./ Sloveni\"{e})}, author = {E.J. Dommering}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1770}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-05-13}, journal = {NJ}, number = {16/17}, abstract = { Klacht naar aanleiding van roman waarin klagers hun familie en moeder herkenden. Afweging door nationale rechter tussen persoonlijkheidsrechten en artistieke vrijheid redelijk. Belang artistieke vrijheid en getuigenverklaringen. Kennelijk ongegrond en niet-ontvankelijk. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
Klacht naar aanleiding van roman waarin klagers hun familie en moeder herkenden. Afweging door nationale rechter tussen persoonlijkheidsrechten en artistieke vrijheid redelijk. Belang artistieke vrijheid en getuigenverklaringen. Kennelijk ongegrond en niet-ontvankelijk.
|
| Dragstra, L., Efthymiou, N., Hins, A., Lange, R. de
Bewerking 18e druk van Belinfante's 'Beginselen van het Nederlandse staatsrecht' 2015, ( @book{,
title = {Bewerking 18e druk van Belinfante's 'Beginselen van het Nederlandse staatsrecht'}, author = {Dragstra, L. and Efthymiou, N. and Lange, R. de and Hins, A.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1749.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-12-30}, note = { Deventer, Wolters Kluwer 2015.<br /> <br /> Leerboek voor eerstejaars studenten rechtsgeleerdheid. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} } |
| van der Sloot, B.
2015, ( @misc{,
title = {Is the Human Rights Framework Still Fit for the Big Data Era? A Discussion of the ECtHR's Case Law on Privacy Violations Arising from Surveillance Activities}, author = {van der Sloot, B.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1701.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-12-15}, abstract = { Human rights protect humans. This seemingly uncontroversial axiom might become quintessential over time, especially with regard to the right to privacy. Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights grants natural persons> a right to complain, in order to protect their individual interests, such as those related to personal freedom, human dignity and individual autonomy. With Big Data processes, however, individuals are mostly unaware that their personal data are gathered and processed and even if they are, they are often unable to substantiate their specific individual interest in these large data gathering systems. When the European Court of Human Rights assesses these types of cases, mostly revolving around (mass) surveillance activities, it finds itself stuck between the human rights framework on the one hand and the desire to evaluate surveillance practices by states on the other. Interestingly, the Court chooses to deal with these cases under Article 8 ECHR, but in order to do so, it is forced to go beyond the fundamental pillars of the human rights framework. }, note = { In: S. Gutwirth et al. (eds.), <a href="http://www.springer.com/us/book/9789401773751#aboutBook" target="_blank"><em>Data Protection on the Move</em></a>, Law, Governance and Technology Series 24, 2016. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
Human rights protect humans. This seemingly uncontroversial axiom might become quintessential over time, especially with regard to the right to privacy. Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights grants natural persons> a right to complain, in order to protect their individual interests, such as those related to personal freedom, human dignity and individual autonomy. With Big Data processes, however, individuals are mostly unaware that their personal data are gathered and processed and even if they are, they are often unable to substantiate their specific individual interest in these large data gathering systems. When the European Court of Human Rights assesses these types of cases, mostly revolving around (mass) surveillance activities, it finds itself stuck between the human rights framework on the one hand and the desire to evaluate surveillance practices by states on the other. Interestingly, the Court chooses to deal with these cases under Article 8 ECHR, but in order to do so, it is forced to go beyond the fundamental pillars of the human rights framework.
|
| Dommering, E., van Eijk, N.
Onvoldoende waarborgen in het kader van national veiligheid 2015. @misc{,
title = {Onvoldoende waarborgen in het kader van national veiligheid}, author = {N.A.N.M. van Eijk and E.J. Dommering}, url = {http://njb.nl/highlights/onvoldoende-waarborgen-in-het-kader-van-nationale.18644.lynkx}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-12-10}, abstract = { In Nederland is tot dusver in het politieke debat over het noodzakelijke onafhankelijke toezicht op de inlichtingen en veiligheidsdiensten het Europese recht genegeerd of verkeerd uitgelegd. Met het Europese recht bedoelen wij zowel het EU Handvest als het Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens. Dat is op grond van meerdere rechterlijke uitspraken niet langer mogelijk. }, note = { Opinie op NJB blog, 9 december 2015. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
In Nederland is tot dusver in het politieke debat over het noodzakelijke onafhankelijke toezicht op de inlichtingen en veiligheidsdiensten het Europese recht genegeerd of verkeerd uitgelegd. Met het Europese recht bedoelen wij zowel het EU Handvest als het Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens. Dat is op grond van meerdere rechterlijke uitspraken niet langer mogelijk.
|
| Tsoutsanis, A.
Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, (10), pp. 725., 2015, ( @article{,
title = {Back to Black: justice.cn}, author = {Tsoutsanis, A.}, url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2667516}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-10-15}, journal = {Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice}, number = {10}, pages = {725.}, abstract = { This short - peer reviewed - article touches on innovation in China in the field of smart phones, recent legislative reform in China for fostering intellectual property and combating counterfeit and trade mark grabbing. It also touches on human rights in China, the different approach in which the West advances its economic v human rights agenda and the selective way Silicon Valley industry participates in grass roots debate on civil liberties. The article also touches on the 'right to seek counsel' as one of the fundamental rights, which many arrested lawyers in China were deprived of during the July 2015 arrests. }, note = { Editorial. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} }
This short - peer reviewed - article touches on innovation in China in the field of smart phones, recent legislative reform in China for fostering intellectual property and combating counterfeit and trade mark grabbing. It also touches on human rights in China, the different approach in which the West advances its economic v human rights agenda and the selective way Silicon Valley industry participates in grass roots debate on civil liberties. The article also touches on the 'right to seek counsel' as one of the fundamental rights, which many arrested lawyers in China were deprived of during the July 2015 arrests.
|
| Angelopoulos, C.
Info, (6), pp. 72-96., 2015. @article{,
title = {Sketching the outline of a ghost: the fair balance between copyright and fundamental rights in intermediary third party liability}, author = {C.J. Angelopoulos}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/info-05-2015-0028}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-09-01}, journal = {Info}, number = {6}, pages = {72-96.}, note = { DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-05-2015-0028 }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Helberger, N., Kleinen-von Königslöw, K., van der Noll, R.
Regulating the new information intermediaries as gatekeepers of information diversity Info, (6), pp. 50-71., 2015. @article{,
title = {Regulating the new information intermediaries as gatekeepers of information diversity}, author = {K. Kleinen-von K\"{o}nigsl\"{o}w and Rob van der Noll and N. Helberger}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1618.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-09-01}, journal = {Info}, number = {6}, pages = {50-71.}, note = { DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-05-2015-0034 }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
| Margoni, T., van Rompuy, B.
UK Horserace Betting Right: at odds with EU law? 2015, ( @misc{,
title = {UK Horserace Betting Right: at odds with EU law?}, author = {Van Rompuy, B. and Margoni, T.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1615.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-09-01}, journal = {European Intellectual Property Review}, number = {8}, pages = {479-483.}, abstract = { About ten years after a previous initiative to replace the Horserace Betting Levy was abandoned following a judgment from the Court of Justice (CJ),1 the UK government announced that it will introduce a Horserace Betting Right and repeal the Levy that to date has cross-subsidised horseracing. In this comment, the authors warn that the implementation of a Betting Right could be problematic from an EU law perspective. The UK government, and any other interested EU legislator, should reconsider the opportunity of a specifically devised betting right. }, note = { Opinion. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
About ten years after a previous initiative to replace the Horserace Betting Levy was abandoned following a judgment from the Court of Justice (CJ),1 the UK government announced that it will introduce a Horserace Betting Right and repeal the Levy that to date has cross-subsidised horseracing. In this comment, the authors warn that the implementation of a Betting Right could be problematic from an EU law perspective. The UK government, and any other interested EU legislator, should reconsider the opportunity of a specifically devised betting right.
|
| Dommering, E.
2015. @misc{,
title = {De zaak Kreuk versus Danh Vo}, author = {E.J. Dommering}, url = {http://www.egbertdommering.nl/?p=778}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-08-20}, abstract = { Er is de laatste tijd veel publiciteit geweest over een proces dat de Nederlandse verzamelaar Bert Kreuk voor de Rechtbank Rotterdam tegen de van oorsprong Vietnamese kunstenaar Danh Vo heeft gevoerd. Kreuk stelt dat hij ter gelegenheid van de door het Haagse Gemeentemuseum in de tweede helft 2013 georganiseerde tentoonstelling uit zijn collectie met Danh Vo had afgesproken niet alleen dat deze een groot speciaal voor de tentoonstelling vervaardigd werk zou leveren, maar ook dat hij daarvan eigenaar zou worden. Het eerste had de Rechtbank al in een tussenvonnis van 23 juli 2014 bewezen geacht. Het tweede achtte de rechtbank, na door Kreuk naar voren gebrachte getuigen die bij de op 9 januari 2013 in het museum volgens hem gesloten deal aanwezig waren geweest te hebben gehoord, in het vonnis van 24 juni 2015 bewezen. Vervolgens zijn beide partijen in het openbaar ruzie gaan maken over dat laatste vonnis. Naar verluidt is er hoger beroep ingesteld. De zaak stelt principiële vragen over de relatie particuliere verzamelaar, openbaar museum en kunstenaar aan de orde waar ik een paar opmerkingen over wil maken, maar eerst nog even iets over de achtergrond en het vonnis van 24 juni 2015. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
Er is de laatste tijd veel publiciteit geweest over een proces dat de Nederlandse verzamelaar Bert Kreuk voor de Rechtbank Rotterdam tegen de van oorsprong Vietnamese kunstenaar Danh Vo heeft gevoerd. Kreuk stelt dat hij ter gelegenheid van de door het Haagse Gemeentemuseum in de tweede helft 2013 georganiseerde tentoonstelling uit zijn collectie met Danh Vo had afgesproken niet alleen dat deze een groot speciaal voor de tentoonstelling vervaardigd werk zou leveren, maar ook dat hij daarvan eigenaar zou worden. Het eerste had de Rechtbank al in een tussenvonnis van 23 juli 2014 bewezen geacht. Het tweede achtte de rechtbank, na door Kreuk naar voren gebrachte getuigen die bij de op 9 januari 2013 in het museum volgens hem gesloten deal aanwezig waren geweest te hebben gehoord, in het vonnis van 24 juni 2015 bewezen. Vervolgens zijn beide partijen in het openbaar ruzie gaan maken over dat laatste vonnis. Naar verluidt is er hoger beroep ingesteld. De zaak stelt principiële vragen over de relatie particuliere verzamelaar, openbaar museum en kunstenaar aan de orde waar ik een paar opmerkingen over wil maken, maar eerst nog even iets over de achtergrond en het vonnis van 24 juni 2015.
|
| Eskens, S., van Daalen, O., van Eijk, N.
Ten standards for oversight and transparency of national intelligence services Instituut voor Informatierecht 2015. @techreport{,
title = {Ten standards for oversight and transparency of national intelligence services}, author = {Eskens, S. and van Daalen, O. and van Eijk, N.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1591.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-07-23}, institution = {Instituut voor Informatierecht}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |
| Hins, A.
Annotatie bij EHRM 1 juli 2014 (A.B. / Zwitserland) 2015. @misc{,
title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 1 juli 2014 (A.B. / Zwitserland)}, author = {Hins, A.}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1495.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-02-20}, journal = {European Human Rights Cases}, number = {9}, abstract = { In Zwitserland was een journalist strafrechtelijk veroordeeld wegens het publiceren van gegevens uit een strafdossier. De kleinst mogelijke meerderheid van het EHRM acht diens klacht op grond van artikel 10 EVRM gegrond. Botsing van de persvrijheid met het recht op een eerlijk proces en met het recht op privacy van de verdachte. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} }
In Zwitserland was een journalist strafrechtelijk veroordeeld wegens het publiceren van gegevens uit een strafdossier. De kleinst mogelijke meerderheid van het EHRM acht diens klacht op grond van artikel 10 EVRM gegrond. Botsing van de persvrijheid met het recht op een eerlijk proces en met het recht op privacy van de verdachte.
|
| Dommering, E.
Videokunst bekijkt u straks thuis op tv 2015. @periodical{,
title = {Videokunst bekijkt u straks thuis op tv}, author = {E.J. Dommering}, url = {http://fd.nl/fd-outlook/1089620/videokunst-bekijkt-u-straks-thuis-op-tv}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-27}, journal = {Het Financieele Dagblad}, pages = {14.}, note = { 24 januari 2015. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {periodical} } |
| Vallbé, J.
Springer, 2015, ISBN: 9789401794268. @book{,
title = {Frameworks for Modeling Cognition and Decisions in Institutional Environments: A Data-Driven Approach}, author = {Vallb\'{e}, J.}, url = {http://www.springer.com/law/international/book/978-94-017-9426-8}, isbn = {9789401794268}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-13}, pages = {232 }, publisher = {Springer}, series = {Law, Governance and Technology Series}, abstract = { This book deals with the theoretical, methodological, and empirical implications of bounded rationality in the operation of institutions. It focuses on decisions made under uncertainty, and presents a reliable strategy of knowledge acquisition for the design and implementation of decision-support systems. Based on the distinction between the inner and outer environment of decisions, the book explores both the cognitive mechanisms at work when actors decide, and the institutional mechanisms existing among and within organizations that make decisions fairly predictable. While a great deal of work has been done on how organizations act as patterns of events for (boundedly) rational decisions, less effort has been devoted to study under which circumstances organizations cease to act as such reliable mechanisms. Through an empirical strategy on open-ended response data from a survey among junior judges, the work pursues two main goals. The first one is to explore the limits of “institutional rationality” of the Spanish lower courts on-call service, an optimal scenario to observe decision-making under uncertainty. The second aim is to achieve a better understanding of the kind of uncertainty under which inexperienced decision-makers work. This entails exploring the demands imposed by problems and the knowledge needed to deal with them, making this book also a study on expertise achievement in institutional environments. This book combines standard multivariate statistical methods with machine learning techniques such as multidimensional scaling and topic models, treating text as data. Doing so, the book contributes to the collaboration between empirical social scientific approaches and the community of scientists that provide the set of tools and methods to make sense of the fastest growing resource of our time: data.
This book deals with the theoretical, methodological, and empirical implications of bounded rationality in the operation of institutions. It focuses on decisions made under uncertainty, and presents a reliable strategy of knowledge acquisition for the design and implementation of decision-support systems. Based on the distinction between the inner and outer environment of decisions, the book explores both the cognitive mechanisms at work when actors decide, and the institutional mechanisms existing among and within organizations that make decisions fairly predictable.<br />
While a great deal of work has been done on how organizations act as patterns of events for (boundedly) rational decisions, less effort has been devoted to study under which circumstances organizations cease to act as such reliable mechanisms. Through an empirical strategy on open-ended response data from a survey among junior judges, the work pursues two main goals. The first one is to explore the limits of “institutional rationality” of the Spanish lower courts on-call service, an optimal scenario to observe decision-making under uncertainty. The second aim is to achieve a better understanding of the kind of uncertainty under which inexperienced decision-makers work. This entails exploring the demands imposed by problems and the knowledge needed to deal with them, making this book also a study on expertise achievement in institutional environments.<br /> This book combines standard multivariate statistical methods with machine learning techniques such as multidimensional scaling and topic models, treating text as data. Doing so, the book contributes to the collaboration between empirical social scientific approaches and the community of scientists that provide the set of tools and methods to make sense of the fastest growing resource of our time: data. |
| Henderson, J., Yakovleva, S., Yefremova, M.
Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2015, ISBN: 9781849462990. @book{,
title = {Contract Law in Russia}, author = {M. Yefremova and J. Henderson and S.V. Yakovleva}, url = {http://www.hartpub.co.uk/BookDetails.aspx?ISBN=9781849462990}, isbn = {9781849462990}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-09}, pages = {326 pp.}, publisher = {Hart Publishing}, address = {Oxford}, abstract = { The book explains Russian contract law in a form understandable to lawyers qualified in other countries, especially common law countries. The introduction gives a concise overview of the Russian legal system in general and contract law in particular as well as a brief insight into the history of contract law in Russia. Then the main concepts of Russian contract law are explained, using the conceptual framework of English contract law to make them accessible to someone not familiar with the codified Russian system.The book not only considers the legislation regulating Russian contractual relations but also includes appropriate case law to show how the legislation is interpreted. The focus is on contract law in Russia as it actually operates, rather than merely the legislative texts, so that it will be directly relevant to legal practitioners and others who wish to acquire knowledge of the practical application of an important element of the Russian legal system, as well as those seeking an insight into the realities of codified law in action. The target readership therefore includes legal practitioners who have to deal with Russian law, academics and students with an interest in Russian law, the law of contract and comparative civil law, as well as scholars of comparative legal systems and Russian area studies. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} }
The book explains Russian contract law in a form understandable to lawyers qualified in other countries, especially common law countries. The introduction gives a concise overview of the Russian legal system in general and contract law in particular as well as a brief insight into the history of contract law in Russia. Then the main concepts of Russian contract law are explained, using the conceptual framework of English contract law to make them accessible to someone not familiar with the codified Russian system.The book not only considers the legislation regulating Russian contractual relations but also includes appropriate case law to show how the legislation is interpreted. The focus is on contract law in Russia as it actually operates, rather than merely the legislative texts, so that it will be directly relevant to legal practitioners and others who wish to acquire knowledge of the practical application of an important element of the Russian legal system, as well as those seeking an insight into the realities of codified law in action. The target readership therefore includes legal practitioners who have to deal with Russian law, academics and students with an interest in Russian law, the law of contract and comparative civil law, as well as scholars of comparative legal systems and Russian area studies.
|
| Korthals Altes, W.
De Monroe Price Moot Court Competition: een pleidooi Mediaforum, (1), pp. 20-21., 2015. @article{,
title = {De Monroe Price Moot Court Competition: een pleidooi}, author = {W.F. Korthals Altes}, url = {http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1522.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-02}, journal = {Mediaforum}, number = {1}, pages = {20-21.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |