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Curriculum Vitae
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| Natali Helberger is
senior onderzoeker aan het Instituut voor
Informatierecht. Natali heeft rechten gestudeerd aan de
Freie Universität Berlin. Als postgraduate student
heeft zij een LLM cursus in Europees Recht gevolgd (met
de nadruk op Europese media en intellectuele
eigendomsrecht). Zij is gespecialiseerd in de regulering
van convergerende informatie- en communicatiemarkten,
Digital Rights Management en de relatie tussen recht en
techniek. In juni 2005
promoveerde zij op het proefschrift getiteld Controlling
access to content: Regulating conditional access in
digital broadcasting. In dit onderzoek staat de
regulering van technische bottlenecks en de implicaties
daarvan voor de regulering van informatiemarkten,
mededingingsrecht, consumentenrechten en belangen
centraal. In 2005 was zij als 'visiting scholar'
verbonden aan de University of California, Berkeley.
Momenteel werkt Natali
Helberger aan een onderzoek dat is getiteld
Pluralisme 2.0. In dit onderzoek, waarvoor zij een
NWO subsidie heeft ontvangen, zal zij bestuderen hoe de
passieve ontvanger een (inter)actieve consument werd en
zal zij analyseren wat dit betekent voor media
pluralisme en de wettelijke regels ter waarborging
daarvan. Ook is Natali betrokken bij een studie voor de
Europese Commissie die onderzoekt hoe het wettelijke
kader een optimaal beschermingsniveau kan bieden voor
consumenten van 'digital content' diensten.
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Publicaties
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(met A. Leurdijk & S. de
Munck)
User Generated Diversity: Some Reflections on How to
Improve the Quality of Amateur Productions,
Communications & Strategies, 2010-77, p. 55-77.
The potential of
user created content to make a meaningful
contribution to media diversity is subject to
debates. Central to these debates is the argument of
the quality of amateur productions. This article
will take a close look at this argument, and make
some suggestions on how to improve the quality and
utility of amateur productions with regard to the
democratic functions of media.
22.04.2010
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(met
L. Guibault,
E.H. Janssen, N.A.N.M.
van Eijk, C.J.
Angelopoulos, J.V.J.
van Hoboken, E. Swart, et al.)
User-Created-Content: Supporting a participative
Information Society, Final Report, Studie in
opdracht van de Europese Commissie, uitgevoerd door
IDATE, TNO en IViR, 2008.
28.10.2009
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(met
M.M.M. van Eechoud,
P.B. Hugenholtz,
S. van Gompel en
L. Guibault)
Harmonizing European Copyright Law: The Challenges of
Better Lawmaking, Information Law Series 19, Alphen
aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International 2009.
Nobody likes today’s
copyright law. Widespread unauthorized use of copyright material proliferates
with impunity, while citizens and users protest that intrusive copyright
and related rights law stifle cultural expression. Equipment manufacturers
and intermediaries complain about yet more ’security’ features
that complicate their products and services and encumber marketing, while
content owners desperately want enforcement to work. And of course it is
crucial that whatever regulatory instruments come into play must not age
prematurely in Internet time.
The European Union faces the daunting challenge of articulating coherent
copyright policies that satisfy these contradictory multiple demands. Yet
the legal framework must conform to the European Union’s remit of fostering
economic growth in a common market, while respecting the national traditions
of its still growing family of Member States. Clearly, an extraordinary balancing
act is called for if justice is to be done to all of the private and public
interests affected.
So how has the European acquis communautaire scored on these issues so far?
In this groundbreaking study the Institute for Information Law of the University
of Amsterdam brings its extensive academic expertise to bear on this question.
The authors scrutinize the present law as laid down in the seven copyright
and related rights directives, against the background of the relevant international
standards of the Berne Convention, the TRIPs agreement, and the WIPO Internet
Treaties. They map out in detail the degree to which certain areas of copyright
have been harmonized as they expose the gaps and inconsistencies in the acquis
and the urgent unresolved issues that persist. They identify the EU’s
ambitions in relation to its present and future competences (following the
Lisbon Reform) to regulate copyright, and to its Better Regulation agenda.
Following a comprehensive analysis of almost two decades of regulatory intervention,
they move on to the salient current trends that point toward a more coherent
and balanced European copyright law.
13.10.2009
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(met J.V.J.
van Hoboken)
Looking
Ahead—Future Issues when Reflecting on the Place of
the iConsumer in Consumer Law and Copyright Law, Journal
of Consumer Policy 2008-31, p. 489-96.
30.03.2009
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(met A. Huygen, N.A.N.M.
van Eijk et al.)
Ups
and downs. Economic and cultural effects of file sharing
on music, film and games (authorised translation),
onderzoek door een consortium van TNO Informatie- en
Communicatietechnologie, SEO Economisch Onderzoek en het
Instituut Voor Informatierecht, in opdracht van de
ministeries van OCW, EZ en Justitie, februari 2009.
27.02.2009
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'Making
place for the iConsumer in Consumer Law', Journal
of Consumer Policy 2008-31, p. 385-391.
27.02.2009
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'"Access
denied": How some e-commerce businesses re-errect
national borders for online consumers, and what European
law has to say about this', European Journal of
Consumer Law 2007/2008-4, p. 472-506.
27.02.2009
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(met A. Huygen, N.A.N.M.
van Eijk et al.)
Ups
and downs. Economische en culturele gevolgen van file
sharing voor muziek, film en games, onderzoek door
een consortium van TNO Informatie- en
Communicatietechnologie, SEO Economisch Onderzoek en het
Instituut Voor Informatierecht, in opdracht van de
ministeries van OCW, EZ en Justitie, januari 2009.
20.01.2009
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From
eyeball to creator - toying with audience empowerment in
the Audiovisual Media Service Directive, Entertainment
Law Review, 2008-6, p. 128-137.
06.10.2008
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(met N. Dufft, S.J.
van Gompel & P.B.
Hugenholtz)
Never
Forever: Why Extending the Term of Protection for Sound
Recordings is a Bad Idea, E.I.P.R., 2008-5,
p. 174-181.
This article
critically examines the arguments put forward in
favour of a term extension of related rights of
phonogram producers. The authors conclude that there
are no convincing reasons to extend the existing term
of protection. The article also explains why the
popular argument that a term extension would improve
the situation of performers is probably a fallacy.
04.06.2008
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The
Media-Literate Viewer, in: N.A.N.M.
van Eijk & P.B.
Hugenholtz (red.) Dommering-bundel: Opstellen
over informatierecht aangeboden aan prof. mr. E.J.
Dommering, Amsterdam: Otto Cramwinckel Uitgever
2008, p. 135-148.
15.05.2008
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(met P.B.
Hugenholtz)
No
Place Like Home for Making a Copy: Private Copying in
European Copyright Law and Consumer Law, Berkeley
Technology Law Journal, 2007-3, p. 1061-1098.
This article examines
the intersection between copyright law and consumer
law relating to private copying in Europe. In doing
so, we will query the effectiveness of copyright law
and consumer law as legal instruments to protect
consumers in their dealings with information
suppliers. Our goal is to demonstrate that while
copyright law in Europe does offer a measure of
comfort to consumers, the legal instruments of
European consumer law are potentially more effective
in achieving the freedom to make private copies that
European consumers generally expect.
24.01.2008
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The Changing Role of
the User in the "Television Without Frontiers
Directive", in Legal
Aspects of Video on Demand, IRIS Special,
december 2007.
The changing role of
users of audiovisual services might eventually shake
the very base of traditional media policy. It is early
days yet. It is certainly not too early, however, to
become aware of changes and muse about possible
implications for media law and policy. The objective
of this article is to scrutinize some aspects of
traditional government involvement with audiovisual
media from the perspective of the changing role of the
users. Aspects that will be discussed include the
justification for government intervention in the first
place, the image of the user, the character of
intervention and the new issues that are likely to
play a role in future media law and policy. The point
of reference will be the revised proposal for a
Directive on the Regulation of Audiovisual Media
Services.
24.01.2008
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Some
critical reflections about access obligations under the
European Communications Framework, Communications
& Strategies, 2007-68.
European
communications and competition policy has a tradition
on access obligations as primary tool to discipline
exclusive control over so called bottleneck
facilities. In the 2007 Communication on the Review of
the European Communications Framework, the European
Commission stressed once more the importance of access
rules as a tool to realize consumer welfare,
competition and user rights, notably the right for
users to access and distribute lawful content. This
article will place some critical reflections on access
obligations. Using the example of bottlenecks in
digital broadcasting, it will show that access
obligations that were successfully applied to
traditional bottleneck situations are not necessarily
the best or effective way of guaranteeing openness of
the digital service market. The example of digital
broadcasting is for many reasons interesting.
24.01.2008
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L.
Guibault, G. Westkamp, T. Rieber-Mohn, P.B.
Hugenholtz, et al.
Study
on the Implementation and Effect in Member States' Laws
of Directive 2001/29/EC on the Harmonisation of Certain
Aspects of Copyright and Related Rights in the
Information Society, rapport aan de Europese
Commissie, DG Interne Markt, februari 2007.
This study,
commissioned by the European Commission, examines the
application of Directive 2001/29/EC in the light of
the development of the digital market. Its purpose is
to consider how Member States have implemented the
Directive into national law and to assist the
Commission in evaluating whether the Directive, as
currently formulated, remains the appropriate response
to the continuing challenges faced by the stakeholders
concerned, such as rights holders, commercial users,
consumers, educational and scientific users. As set
out in specifications of the study set out by the
Commission, its aim is "to assess the role that
the Directive has played in fostering the digital
market for goods and services in the four years since
its adoption". The impact of the Directive on the
development of digital (chiefly online) business
models, therefore, will be the focal point of our
enquiry throughout this study.
22.03.2007
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Refusal
to Serve Consumers because of their Nationality or
Residence - Distortions in the Internal Market for
E-commerce Transactions?, Briefing Note, European
Parliament's Committee on Internal Market and Consumer
Protection, januari 2007.
Technological
progress and the internet bring the promise of an
Internal Market for electronic services closer than
ever into the reach of Europe's citizens. Yet, while
European and national policies are committed to
removing government-made obstacles to the free
movement of services, some e-commerce businesses use
technology to actually re-introduce territorial
barriers. The goal of this briefing paper is to
provide a first overview of the motives of e-commerce
businesses to engage in territorial differentiation,
to examine whether territorial differentiation can
result in a serious distortion of the Internal Market
and to make recommendations what measures should be
taken to remove barriers that prevent consumers from
buying goods and services on-line throughout the
Internal Market.
20.03.2007
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P.B.
Hugenholtz, M.M.M. van
Eechoud, S.J. van Gompel,
et al.
The
Recasting of Copyright & Related Rights for the
Knowledge Economy, rapport aan de Europese
Commissie, DG Interne Markt, november 2006, 308 p.
Zie ook de executive
summary.
Study carried out by
the Institute for Information Law for the European
Commission (DG Internal Market). Chapters 1 and 2
describe and examine the existing 'acquis
communautaire' in the field of copyright and related
(neighbouring) rights, with special focus on
inconsistencies and unclarities. Chapters 3-6 deal
with distinct issues that were identified a priori by
the European Commission as meriting special attention:
possible extension of the term of protection of
phonograms (Chapter 3), possible alignment of the term
of protection of co-written musical works (Chapter 4),
the problems connected to multiple copyright
ownership, including the issue of 'orphan works'
(Chapter 5), and copyright awareness among consumers
(Chapter 6). Chapter 7 provides an overall assessment
of the benefits and drawbacks of the fifteen years of
harmonisation of copyright and related rights in the
EU and dwells on regulatory alternatives.
10.01.2007
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Christophe
R. vs Warner Music: French court bans private-copying
hostile DRM, INDICARE Monitor, 24 februari
2006.
France is one of the
European countries where a particularly vivid public
discussion about DRM and the private copying exception
took place. This is thanks to the efforts of French
consumer organisations taht initiated a number of
court cases dealing with complaints of consumers about
CDs and DVDs that could, among others, not be copied
and ripped because of technical protection measures in
place. This article discusses that latest DRM decision
in France, a decision that went one step further than
its predecessors when dealing with the difficult
question of the relationship between DRM and private
copying.
07.03.2006
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Vive
la Balance! Pleading for a French revolution of
copyright, INDICARE Monitor, 24 februari
2006.
This article reports
about the French implementation of the famed Article 6
(4) of the European Copyright Directive, the article
that orders member states to guarantee that consumers
can benefit from exceptions despite the application of
technological protection measures. Considering the
fact that France is the origin of a series of
groundbreaking decisions in favour of a balance
between DRM use and consumer interests, figuring
prominently among them the private copyying exception,
and all the public discussion those cases triggered,
we have all reason to be curious about what the French
legislator will come up with.
07.03.2006
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The
"Right to Information" and Digital
Broadcasting: About Monsters, Invisible Men and the
Future of European Broadcasting Regulation, Entertainment
Law Review, 2006-2, p. 70-80.
As a result of modern
content management technologies, individualisation,
differentiation and conditioned access step into the
place of traditional models of broad-casting content.
In the light of these developments, the article
provides a critical analysis of the proposals that
were made to revise the Television Without Frontiers
Directive and to protect “the right to information”
of the broadcasting audience. The article will show
that instead of modernizing the European broadcasting
framework the proposals are focused on maintaining the
status quo of an analogue past. It will make an
argument in favor of a more viewer-oriented approach.
03.03.2006
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The
Sony BMG rootkit scandal, INDICARE Monitor,
27 januari 2006.
The article will have
a closer look at the charges of the EFF and a
Californian lawyer against Sony BMG's latest DRM
strategy. The Sony BMG case adds a number of new
dimensions to the DRM and Consumer debate. The article
will highlight some aspects, also against the
background of similar recent case law in Europe.
14.02.2006
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Digital
Rights Management from a Consumer's perspective, IRIS
plus, 2005-8, p. 1-8.
The purpose of this
article is to consider the impact of DRM on people's
use of digital content and on its availability and
accessibility for consumers. It describes the area of
conflict between the economic interest of the media
industry to use DRM to protect rights to and marketing
of digital content, and consumers' desire to use
digital content in accordance with their own rights
and legitimate interests without suffering any
unfavourable consequences as they do so. The article
explains why the current approach, where DRM is
considered to be exclusively a copyright issue, is too
narrow. It lists a series of equally important
individual or informational interests which must be
respected, linking DRM to the protection of consumers
and access to digital content. The article makes some
suggestions how this theme might be usefully dealt
with in the future.
23.11.2005
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Using
competition law as tool to enforce access to DRM...and
failing, INDICARE Monitor, 28 oktober 2005.
Apple's tight control
over the FairPlay DRM system has caused many iPod
users to complain that they cannot play certain files
on their iPod, namely the files they bought from other
online services, using a different DRM system. The
proprietary control over FairPlay is also a thorn in
the flesh of iTunes rivals who sought various ways to
get around FairPlay's lack of interoperability. The
French enterprise VirginMega tried it the legal way
and so did it come that Apple's FairPlay was probably
also the first case in which a competition authority
in Europe had to decide if access to a Digital Rights
Management system can be enforced on grounds of
competition law.
02.11.2005
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Not
so silly after all - new hope for private copying, INDICARE
Monitor, 26 augustus 2005.
The decision of the
French court in Paris in the so-called Mulholland case
has left a sour after-taste since. Could it be true
that the privat copying exception, a long standing
tradition in many national copyright laws, was in fact
not much more than a toothless paper tiger? When we
reported about this case we expressed our disbelief
that this should have been the end of the private
copying exception. And indeed, as the Court of Appeals
has recently decided, the tiger may be made of paper,
but it still has its teeth.
13.10.2005
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Controlling Access to
Content: Regulating Conditional Access in Digital
Broadcasting, Information Law Series 15, Den Haag:
Kluwer Law International (2005). ISBN 9041123458.
Control of access to
content has become a vital aspect of many business
models for modern broadcasting and online services.
Using the example of digital broadcasting, the author
reveals the resulting challenges for competition and
public information policy and how they are addressed
in European law governing competition, broadcasting,
and telecommunications. Controlling Access to
Content explores the relationship between
electronic access control, freedom of expression and
functioning competition. It scrutinizes the interplay
between law and technique, and the ways in which
broadcasting, telecommunications, and general
competition law are inevitably interconnected.
Zie ook de samenvatting
van het proefschrift.
30.06.2005
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| (met N. Dufft, M.M.
Groenenboom, K. Kerényi, C. Orwat en U. Riehm)
Digital
Rights Management and Consumer Acceptability: A
Multi-Disciplinary Discussion of Consumer Concerns and
Expectations, State of the Art Report - First
Supplement, mei 2005.
21.06.2005
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(met L.
Guibault)
Copyright
Law and Consumer Protection, European Consumer
Law Group, februari 2005.
Policy conclusions of the European Consumer Law Group
(ECLG) based on a study carried out by L. Guibault and
N. Helberger.
The purpose of this
study is to provide an overview of certain key aspects
of the relationship between copyright law and consumer
protection. More particularly, the paper concentrates
on what would appear today as the most problematic
issue, from the perspective of the consumer,
understood in the narrow sense of the word, namely the
implementation of technological protection measures
(TPM) and digital rights management (DRM) systems and
its implication for the exercise of the private use
exemption.
20.05.2005
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Thou
shalt not mislead thy customer! The pitfalls of
labelling and transparency, INDICARE Monitor,
vol. 1, nr. 9, 25 februari 2005.
03.03.2005
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(met N.A.N.M
van Eijk, L.F. Asscher, J.J.C.
Kabel)
De
regulering van media in internationaal perspectief
Achtergrondstudie voor het WRR-rapport
'Focus op functies : uitdagingen voor een
toekomstbestendig mediabeleid'. Deze publicatie is ook
als boek te bestellen bij Amsterdam
University Press (AUP).
04.02.2005
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| (met N. Dufft, S. van
Gompel, K. Kerényi, B. Krings, R. Lambers, C. Orwat en
U. Riehm)
‘Digital
Rights Management and Consumer Acceptability: A
Multi-Disciplinary Discussion of Consumer Concerns and
Expectations’, State-of-the-Art
Report, INDICARE, december 2004.
14.12.2004
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| ‘It's
not a right, silly! The private copying exception in
practice’, INDICARE Monitor, 7 oktober
2004.
22.10.2004
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| ‘Access
to technical bottleneck facilities: the new European
approach’, Communicaties & Strategies
2002-2, p. 33.
19.09.2002
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| ‘Brood
en spelen - De implementatie van de evenementenlijst van
artikel 3a van de Televisierichtlijn’, Mediaforum
2002-3, p. 78-84.
10.04.2002
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Study
on the use of conditional access systems for reasons
other than the protection of remuneration, to examine
the legal and the economic implications within the
Internal Market and the need of introducing specific
legal protection, Report presented to the
European Commission by N.
Helberger, N.A.N.M. van Eijk
& P.B. Hugenholtz.
The study offers an
analysis of the use of conditional access systems for
other reasons than the protection of remuneration
interests. The report also examines the need to
provide for additional legal protection by means of a
Community initiative, such as a possible extension of
the Conditional Access Directive. The report will give
a legal and economic analysis of the most important
non-remuneration reasons to use conditional access
(CA), examine whether services based on conditional
access for these reasons are endangered by piracy
activities, to what extent existing legislation in the
Member States provides for sufficient protection, and
what the possible impact of the use of conditional
access is on the Internal Market. Furthermore, the
study analysis the specific legislation outside the
European Union, notably in Australia, Canada, Japan
and the US, as well as the relevant international
rules at the level of the EC, WIPO and the Council of
Europe.
06.08.2001
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| (met Alexander Scheuer
& Peter Strothmann) ‘Diskriminierungsfreier
Zugang zu digitalen Zugangskontrolldiensten’, IRIS
Plus, IRIS 2001-2.
01.05.2001
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Report
for the Council of Europe on the Neighbouring Rights
Protection of Broadcasting Organisations: Current
Problems and Possible Lines of Action.
This report analyses
to what extent the Rome Convention (1961) and relevant
instruments of the Council of Europe in the
intellectual property field provide for sufficient
protection of broadcasters in Europe. Background to
the report is the changing technological environment
over the last 40 years, particularly as regards
convergence of the telecommunications, media and
information technologies, piracy and the development
of new services such as digital broadcasting services.
The situation will be compared to current legal
developments at EC and WIPO level.
The aim of the report was to examine eventual gaps in
protection where existing regulations are applied in
modern times and to investigate in further activities
which could be undertaken within the framework of the
Council of Europe to ensure the satisfactory
protection of the rights of broadcasting
organisations.
The study was commissioned by the Council of Europe.
Views expressed in the report are not those of the
Organisation.
29.11.2000
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‘Urheber-
und Nachbarrechtsschutz im audiovisuellen Sektor’
(Copyright and related rights in the audiovisual
sector), IRIS 2000-2, p. 15.
The article gives an
overview on the existing international and regional
provisions, particular at the level of WIPO and the
European Community on the legal protection of
copyrights and related rights in the audiovisual
sector. Secondly, it introduces the most important
pending proposals for an update of those provisions
and concludes with some comparative remarks on the
expected future state of protection.
27.03.2001
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‘Hacking
BskyB: The legal protection of conditional access
services under European law’, Entertainment Law
Review, 1999-5, p. 88.
De bescherming van op
voorwaardelijke toegang gebaseerde diensten (zoals
betaaltelevisie) in Europa is niet zo volledig als de
dienstenaanbieders wellicht hopen. Dit artikel
onderzoekt in hoeverre de recent aangenomen Richtlijn
Voorwaardelijke Toegang hierin verandering brengt.
24.02.2000
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[not yet available]
‘Der rechtliche Schutz von zugangskontrollierten
Diensten’.
This article provides
a critical description of the provisions of the
recently adopted Conditional Access Directive, with
particular emphasis on the present legal situation in
Germany as regards the legal protection of conditional
access devices. In this context, the author examines
to what extent existing legislation in Germany meets
the requirements of the Directive.
24.02.2000
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‘Liechtenstein
- Developments in the Audiovisual Sector’, in: Legal
Guide to the Audiovisual Media in Europe - Recent Legal
Developments in Broadcasting, Film, Telecommunications
and the Global Information Society in Europe and the
Neighbouring States, Straatsburg: European
Audiovisual Observatory 1999, p. 75-78.
In het kader van de
'Legal Guide to Audiovisual Media in Europe' van het
European Audiovisual Observatory, beschrijft dit
artikel de huidige juridische toestand op het gebied
van omroep, film, telecommunicatie en de Global
Information Society in Liechtenstein. Naast een
compleet overzicht van de relevante wetgeving en de
meest recent juridische ontwikkelingen, geeft het
rapport relevante literatuur en adressen van de
verantwoordelijke instanties.
24.02.2000
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‘Monaco
- Developments in the Audiovisual Sector’ , in: Legal
Guide to the Audiovisual Media in Europe - Recent Legal
Developments in Broadcasting, Film, Telecommunications
and the Global Information Society in Europe and the
Neighbouring States, Straatsburg: European
Audiovisual Observatory 1999, p. 192-193.
De bijdrage aan de
'Legal Guide to the Audiovisual Media in Europe' van
het European Audiovisual Observatory, geeft een
introductie van de recente wetgeving over de
audiovisuele sector van Monaco. In het artikel worden
de bestaande wetgeving en recente ontwikkelingen in
deze sector behandeld en worden relevante literatuur
en adressen gegeven.
24.02.2000
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‘Die
Präzisierung des Sendestaatsprinzips in der
Rechtsprechung des EuGH’, Zeitschrift für
Urheber- und Medienrecht (ZUM), 1/98, p. 50-60 (
also
available in zip-format - only 69 kB).
The jurisdiction of
member states over transnationally operating
broadcasters as laid down in the former version of the
Television without Frontiers Directive has repeatedly
caused legal conflicts. The issue of jurisdiction is
of particular importance for the transborder
activities of broadcasters, since national laws
governing the transmission of broadcasts differ
considerably in such important areas as advertisement
rules and the protection of minors. In a number of
recent decisions, the European Court of Justice
clarified the principle of member states’
jurisdiction over broadcasters. This article provides
an overview of the relevant judgements of the court,
also taking into account the corresponding provisions
of the (revised) Television without Frontiers
Directive.
24.02.2000
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Bijgewerkt
22.04.2010
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